煤层气井用压裂液的建议

煤层气是一种重要的非常规能源,但煤层气的特征决定了必须对其进行水力压裂改造措施方可获得工业气流,本文分析了压裂作业中压裂液对煤层的伤害机理,并提出了相应的建议,对提高煤层气井的采收率具有一定的现实意义。     

水力空化对水中微生物的灭活作用及特性

在以文丘里管为空化发生器的水力空化装置中,对含有大肠杆菌的水体进行灭菌处理。通过检测大肠杆菌的灭菌率,考察了水力空化对水中微生物的灭活效果。分析了水流空化数、文丘里管入口压力、空化作用时间、文丘里管结构特性等参数对灭菌效果的影响。结果表明,水力空化的能量效应对水中微生物能够产生灭活作用,实现对含菌污水的灭菌消毒处理。提高文丘里管入口压力、增加空化处理时间、优化空化器结构设计均有利于增强空化灭菌效果。     

孔板水力空化装置的数值模拟

基于FLUENT软件,采用]k-ω模型对孔板水力空化进行数值模拟,将相同条件下模拟所得的空化区与实验空化区进行比较.结果表明,模拟计算得到的汽含率分布与实验拍摄的汽含率分布相似,k-ω模型模拟结果与实验结果吻合.采用该模型分析了不同入口压力、孔板结构参数、液体物性参数对空化强度的影响,模拟结果表明,入口压力越大,空化强...     

高温超临界混合气驱提高煤层气采收率机理研究

针对国内煤层气井产量低、采收率低的问题,文章提出了一种提高煤层气采收率的新工艺—高温超临界混合气体注入煤层提高煤层气采收率。通过实验与理论分析的方法,对高温超临界CO_2、N_2混合气体注入煤层提高采收率的机理进行了研究,发现机理主要为:(1)升温、CO_2与CH_4竞争吸附、N_2降低CH_4分压等作用使CH_4在煤岩中的吸附能力降低,导致解吸气量增加;(2)升温后煤岩脱水、热应力作用以及气体解吸后基质收缩等作用使渗透率增加。     

水力空化对亚甲基蓝的去除研究

采用多孔孔板水力空化器对亚甲基蓝进行去除实验。研究了温度、入口压力、空化时间与孔径、孔数对亚甲基蓝去除效果的影响,探讨了水力空化去除亚甲基蓝机理。结果表明,水力空化对亚甲基蓝的去除效果随着时间的增加而增强,随着入口压力与温度的增大先增强后减弱,亚甲基蓝去除的优化条件为:入口压力0.35 MPa,时间4.0 h,温度35℃。对于排布与孔个数相同而孔径不同的孔板空化器,小孔径的孔板空化器可以提高亚甲基蓝的去除效果。对于流动面积相同而孔数不同的孔板空化器,多孔数的孔板空化器可以提高亚甲基蓝的去除效果。水力空化去除亚甲基蓝的机理是羟基自由基的氧化降解作用。     

水力空化对亚甲基蓝的去除研究

采用多孔孔板水力空化器对亚甲基蓝进行去除实验。研究了温度、入口压力、空化时间与孔径、孔数对亚甲基蓝去除效果的影响,探讨了水力空化去除亚甲基蓝机理。结果表明,水力空化对亚甲基蓝的去除效果随着时间的增加而增强,随着入口压力与温度的增大先增强后减弱,亚甲基蓝去除的优化条件为:入口压力0.35 MPa,时间4.0 h,温度35℃。对于排布与孔个数相同而孔径不同的孔板空化器,小孔径的孔板空化器可以提高亚甲基蓝的去除效果。对于流动面积相同而孔数不同的孔板空化器,多孔数的孔板空化器可以提高亚甲基蓝的去除效果。水力空化去除亚甲基蓝的机理是羟基自由基的氧化降解作用。     

水力空化强化臭氧降解水中苯酚影响因素研究

研究了在水力空化强化臭氧降解苯酚时臭氧通入量、多孔板的参数、多孔板的入口压力对苯酚降解的影响。研究表明:三者对苯酚的降解均有较大影响。增加臭氧通入量、提高入口压力都有利于苯酚的降解。研究水力空化强化臭氧氧化作用的动力学,结果表明,苯酚在单独水力空化、臭氧氧化以及它们的联合工艺下的降解均符合表观一级动力学;且在水力空化强化臭氧氧化的工艺中苯酚的去除率比在单独水力空化、臭氧氧化时有显著的提高,表明水力空化强化臭氧氧化的工艺中存在协同作用。     

沁南区块煤层气井压裂液体系研究

我国大部分煤层属于低压、低渗、低饱合状态,水力压裂是煤层气开采的主要手段,压裂液的选择对压后煤层气产量影响巨大。通过对沁南区块不同矿区煤层气井压裂及排采效果的分析评价,认为活性水和活性水伴注氮气是最经济有效的入井液,为该区块煤层气井压裂液选择提供技术支持。     

水力空化技术在饮用水消毒中的应用

水力空化技术是一种新型的物理工艺化学机理的消毒方法。本文考察了入口压力和多孔板几何参数对消毒效果的影响,水力空化技术对次氯酸钠消毒效果及副产物的形成与去除的影响．结果表明,入口压力越大,消毒效果越好：水力空化技术与次氯酸钠联合使用时,提高了药剂的杀茵效果,既可以减少药剂的用量,也缩短了杀茵时间;而且对次氯酸钠消毒产生的三氯甲烷,水力空化技术有抑制和消除作用。     

孔板水力空化装置的模拟优化

基于FLUENT软件,采用标准模型对孔板水力空化进行数值模拟,将相同条件下模拟所得的空化区与实验空化区进行比较。结果表明,模拟计算的气含率分布与实验拍摄的气含率分布相似,模型模拟结果与实验结果吻合。采用该模型分析了不同入口压力、孔板结构参数对空化强度的影响。模拟结果为孔板的优化设计提供了依据。     

煤层气集输管道设计影响因素研究

煤层气田的特点是煤层气组分较纯,气田单井产量低,井网分布密集且井口数量众多,井口压力较低。由于煤层气田集输管网压力较低,需建设大量管道,投资费用高。研究煤层气集输管道计算影响因素及其规律对管道参数设计和优化、降低管道总体投资具有重要意义。采用多相流模拟软件OLGA建立了煤层气集输管道水力计算模型,模拟分析了管道流量、管径、含水率、进站压力对管道压降参数的影响,得出管径是集输设计的主要影响参数。敏感性分析结果显示煤层气集输管道设计参数的关键影响因素为管径和流量,且管径的影响最大。研究对于煤层气田的集输管道的计算和设计具有指导意义。     

Numerical analysis of the flow field inside an entrained-flow gasifier

The flow field of an entrained-flow gasifier was numerically simulated to describe coal gasification process. The standard k-ε turbulence model and SIMPLE procedure were used with the Primitive-Variable method during computation. In order to investigate the influencing factors on the flow field that may have a great effect on coal gasification process, some parametric studies were performed by changing the gas injection angle, gas inlet diameter, gas inlet velocity, extension in burner length and gasifier geometry. The calculation results showed that the basic patterns of the flow field inside the gasifier were nearly the same with a parabolic distribution irrespective of the change in parameters. There existed an obvious external recirculation zone with axial length less than 1.0 m and a narrow internal recirculation region was observed in the entrance of gasifier inlet. The geometry parameters of the burner, such as the oxygen inlet diameter and angle, influenced the flow field at the inlet region near the burner. But after a certain length along the gasifier, the flow field was nearly the same as that in the basic case.     

煤粉上出料式发送罐气力输送特性

在常压上出料式发送罐气力输送试验台上,以氮气为输送介质,研究煤粉气力输送特性。通过试验分析了流化风量、充压风量、提升管入口处气体注入速度对煤粉质量流量、固气比等特征参数的影响,并将典型试验工况与高压输送进行了比较。结果表明：随着流化风量的增大,煤粉质量流量、固气比均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。随着充压风量的增大,煤粉质量流量逐渐增大,固气比呈现先增大后减小的趋势。随着提升管入口处注入速度的增大,煤粉质量流量逐渐增大,固气比呈现先增大后减小的趋势。与高压输送相比,常压输送的质量固气比较高,气耗率及输送能耗较低。     

基于粒子图像测速技术的流浆箱阶梯扩散器性能试验

采用粒子图像测速(PIV)系统对两种出口段型式阶梯扩散器的内流场进行了测试,得到了多种流量工况下阶梯扩散器轴向水平截面的速度分布、阻力损失及阶扩处空化等情况。测试结果表明,入口浆速为8～24m.s-1时,出口段横向速度分布在长径比为3～5时达到均匀,随后圆管出口段横向速度分布再由均匀发展到不均匀,而方管出口段的横向速度在达到均布后,后续流动没有明显不均匀的横向速度分布。入口浆速越大,对纤维的解絮越有利,但随着入口浆速的增大,流动阻力急剧增加,阶扩处空化区域增大,故在纤维充分分散的前提下,入口浆速以不超过空化的临界浆速为宜。研究表明,方管出口阶梯扩散器更适用于高速纸机,适当高的浆速和合适的形状尺寸是获得定量均匀、匀度好纸张的保证。     

万吨片碱分离装置性能研究

分离器是万吨质量分数72%片碱生产系统中重要设备之一,采用数值模拟方法研究分离器的压力分布,分析了旋流板式分离器内部的三维二相流场,气相采用RNG湍流模型,液相采用离散相模型,选择SIMPLE算法进行计算,讨论了不同入口气速对旋流板式分离器性能的影响.计算结果表明:在入口气速为3-13 m/s时,旋流板式分离器的分离压...     

空气钻井环空气固两相流三维数值模拟

应用CFD软件对空气钻井环空气固两相流动进行数值模拟研究。模拟结果显示,不同入口速度条件下,压强分布的趋势基本一致,气体入口速度越大,压强速率变化越快;在斜井中,空气和岩屑的速度分布并不均匀,环空区域明显大于近壁面区域,最大流速发生在井筒环空区域上部,当气体流速与岩屑速度接近时,携岩效果并不理想;井筒内岩屑浓度的分布并不相同,环空区域岩屑的平均浓度明显大于近壁面处。     

Effects of effective stress changes on permeability of latrobe valley brown coal

One of the key issues with geological sequestration of carbon dioxide in coal seams is change of permeability caused by carbon dioxide (CO₂) injection, and especially any resulting reduction in injectivity. Injection causes changes in pressure and effective stress, with further changes caused by coal matrix swelling associated with adsorption of CO₂. In this paper we aim to study how the change in effective stress and coal swelling may influence the gas permeability in brown coal using natural coal and reconstituted coal specimens. Tests were conducted at different confining pressures to represent conditions at different depths. Different gas injection pressures were also employed at each confining stress stage. The test results clearly depicted an exponential reduction of coal permeability to CO₂ gas when effective stress increases. Based on the experimental results, an empirical correlation to represent the effect of stress on permeability was developed. The results also showed that increase in pore pressure can induce further swelling of the coal specimens, and this can lead to further decrease in permeability which can have important impact on field injectivity. Test results for natural brown coal specimens were compared with results of tests on reconstituted coal specimens made from compaction of coal particles obtained from crushing of blocks of natural coal. Observed permeability behaviour of gas in reconstituted coal was similar to the natural coal specimen permeability trend, when effective stress increases.     

A model for stress-dependence of apparent permeability in nanopores of shale gas reservoirs

Predicting long-term production from gas shale reservoirs is a challenging task due to changes in effective stress and permeability during gas production. Unlike coal, the variation of sorbing gas permeability with pore pressure in shale does not always feature a biphasic trend under a constant confining pressure. The present contribution demonstrates that the biphasic dependence of permeability on pore pressure depends on a number of physical and geometrical factors, each with a distinct impact on gas permeability. This includes pore size, adsorption isotherm, and the variation of gas viscosity with pore pressure. A single-capillary model is proposed for the apparent permeability of real gas in shale. Results indicate that the biphasic relation between apparent permeability and pore pressure is prevalent when the sorbing gas flows in sufficiently small pores. In addition, the effects of sorption isotherm and internal resistance of nonideal gas to flow cannot be ignored.     

模拟分析小颗粒对T型管的冲蚀

T型管道在天然气输送中较为常见的管件,气体在管道内流动时流向会发生改变导致气体直接冲击管壁,此时气体内夹带的微小颗粒也会冲击管壁,形成冲蚀降低管道输送的安全性。为了充分了解颗粒对管壁冲蚀影响,以两端为入口,一端为出口的T型管为研究对象,利用FLUENT模拟不同流速下产生的冲蚀情况。在T型管的一个入口端注入小颗粒并且保持入口条件不变,另外一个入口端不加颗粒而改变气体的速度来观察产生冲蚀的情况。结果显示改变无颗粒进气端的速度会对冲蚀的位置产生影响,同时冲蚀的程度也会产生一些变化。对比分析在不同气体流速下管道内压力云图、速度云图和流线图,来揭示颗粒的运动规律进而说明气体流速对于颗粒对于管壁冲蚀的影响。为实际生产中确定管道危险位置提供依据。     

Numerical simulation of cavitation in the conical-spray nozzle for diesel premixed charge compression ignition engines

The conical-spray injector is capable of achieving lean mixture with high homogeneity in the cylinder for diesel Premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine with advanced injection timing. To better understand the cavitating flow inside the conical-spray injector, numerical simulations have been conducted by using a mixture multiphase model and a full cavitation model in this study. The results indicate that the cavitation evolution significantly affects the liquid sheet thickness and velocity at nozzle exit, which further change the spray angle and droplet Sauter mean diameter (SMD) dramatically. Based on the cavitation distribution inside the nozzle, the cavitating flow inside the conical-spray nozzle can be classified into four regimes with no cavitation, cavitation inception at inlet, developing cavitation at nozzle exit and super cavitation respectively. The extension of cavitation to nozzle exit in the super cavitation regime significantly improves the fuel atomization by increasing the injection velocity and decreasing the thickness of the liquid sheet. A cavitation map for the conical-spray injector has been developed by sweeping the ambient pressure and injection pressure simultaneously. It is found that the phenomenon of super cavitation only occurs in a narrow region where ambient pressure is very low. Therefore, the start of injection timing should be kept well before top dead center (TDC) to ensure the occurrence of super cavitation inside the nozzle in order to provide more homogeneous fuel/air mixture for diesel PCCI engines.