基于椭球拟合的三轴陀螺仪快速标定方法

陀螺仪是惯性导航系统的核心器件,其测量精度直接影响惯性导航系统的姿态解算的准确性,对其准确、快速地校准显得至关重要.目前陀螺仪所采用的位置标定和速率标定方法,存在测试条件苛刻,需要精密的标定测试设备和高精度的北向基准,且标定时间长等问题.在分析了三轴陀螺仪误差模型的基础上,提出了一种基于椭球拟合算法的三轴陀螺仪快速标定方法.该方法通过对三轴陀螺仪在不同姿态下对同一角速度矢量的测量数据进行椭球拟合,可快速标定出该三轴陀螺仪的零偏、灵敏度、不正交等静态误差,进而对角速度矢量测量数据进行补偿,以提高测量结果的准确度.实验结果表明该方法可有效提高三轴陀螺仪的测量精度.     

基于两步修正法的 MEMS 三轴陀螺仪标定方法

针对目前三轴陀螺仪标定存在依赖于昂贵的转台设备或标定参数不完全的问题,本文提出了一种了基于两步修正法的MEMS三轴陀螺仪标定方法。该方法首先使用六位置法对加速度计12参数模型、三轴陀螺仪比例因子、三轴陀螺仪静态零偏进行标定补偿,然后对三轴陀螺仪非正交误差模型建模,进行系统级标定。两步修正法可实现在无精密设备条件下快速准确的对各项误差进行辨识,获得良好的标定效果。仿真实验表明,本文算法所获得的非正交误差均值接近1%,标准差小于0.1%;比例因子误差均值小于0.14%,标准差小于0.004%,且具有很好的一致性。实际实验表明,65 s纯惯性导航姿态更新结果中,该标定方法的俯仰角误差精度可以达到0.624°,横滚角误差精度可以达到0.67°。     

基于旋转变分模态分解的IMU角速度去噪算法

惯性测量单元(IMU)的应用中,角速度的噪声误差积累对姿态解算性能有较大的影响。针对角速度中存在的噪声,提出一种融合了变分模态分解(VMD)和角速度旋转三维分解的去噪算法。首先通过坐标系旋转获得角速度在不同虚拟轴的输出,再利用VMD提取合适分量重构虚拟轴信号。VMD的非线性重构使得各个虚拟轴的残留误差相对独立,最终多个虚拟轴的反向旋转回到原始坐标系后通过独立信号的均值合并能有效消除IMU中角速度的噪声。基于EuRoC数据集的实验结果表明：该算法降噪效果显著,均方根误差降低70%～85%,且能有效平衡三轴误差。     

无人机磁惯导系统中航向校正的双内积算法

针对无人机磁惯导系统中广泛采用的三轴磁强计,建立航向角误差模型,分析出航向角的非对准误差等效为常值误差加半圆罗差,提出了一种基于双内积的航向误差校正方法,即利用地磁场矢量与自身内积得到的模值为定值以及地磁矢量与重力矢量二者的内积为常数原理进行航向角解算补偿。该方法能克服基于矢量模值不变校正方法无法补偿非对准误差的缺陷,可实现三轴磁强计的完全校正。数值仿真及实验结果显示,该方法校正效果优于标量校正法、点积不变法以及两步法,能有效降低磁场矢量的模值误差和无人机航向角误差,且对磁惯导系统中的传感器噪声有较好的鲁棒性。     

基于商空间的五轴数控机床几何误差标定与补偿算法

提出了一种基于商空间和指数积的五轴数控机床几何误差标定与补偿算法。首先,利用提出的机床几何误差标定模型可以快速、准确识别出机床各运动轴的实际旋量坐标,采用商空间法去除伴随变换冗余参数,避免了旋量坐标重复正交化和归一化。其次,采用基于微分法的雅克比矩阵补偿算法,可以在不求取机床运动学逆解的情况下,对机床几何误差进行补偿。最后,通过MATLAB仿真对误差标定模型和补偿算法模型进行验证。     

基于位形优化的机器人基坐标系标定与跟踪

为了精确标定测量设备和机器人基坐标系之间的坐标变换关系,建立了机器人运动学模型以及待标定关系模型,基于差分进化算法对机器人位形进行优选,提出了一种离散型差分进化算法结合线性最小二乘法的标定方法。实验表明,与同样数目随机姿态下的标定结果相比,优选姿态可以显著降低机器人基坐标系的标定误差。针对基坐标系跟踪问题,测量机器人移动前后基座处多个光靶坐标值,通过基于单位四元数法点集匹配,实现基坐标系的实时跟踪。与新位置下的标定结果对比,该方法的跟踪误差与标定误差相近,从而避免了烦琐的机器人标定过程。     

面向机器人遥操作的数据手套设计及仿真验证

针对面向机器人遥操作的数据手套精度低、成本高以及惯性测量单元校正难、校正不完全等问题,基于9轴惯性测量单元设计了一款数据手套,对传感器数据进行了校正、融合,并在Simulink中搭建了仿真系统。采用LM算法校正加速度计和陀螺仪数据,椭球拟合算法校正磁力计数据;采用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法融合校正后的9轴数据,得到传感器的实时姿态。实验结果表明：经校正、融合得到的传感器三轴动态角度,其均方根误差小于1.5°,最大误差绝对值小于3°,计算得到的手指关节静态角度误差小于1°。该数据手套系统可以较准确地检测手指的姿态,并能实时控制虚拟灵巧手的运动,同时也能获得手指关节运动的角度、角速度等信息。     

航姿参考系统三轴磁强计校正的点积不变法

为改善航姿参考系统中三轴磁强计校正精度,提出了一种基于泊松模型以及矢量点积不变性的校正方法。该方法利用地磁场矢量与一辅助矢量的点积为常数,无需本地地磁场精确数据,能完全确定泊松模型中的12个补偿系数,并能同时实现三轴磁强计的坐标系对准。针对辅助矢量的不同选择对该方法校正结果的影响,在电子罗盘上进行了实验验证及讨论。实验结果表明,该方法可使电子罗盘航向误差均方值减小到0.1°。     

轮式移动机器人运动学建模方法

研究轮式移动机器人运动学建模方法问题。提出用于不规则地形下的轮式移动机器人运动学建模方法——轮心建模法(Wheel-center modeling,WCM)在分析多刚体链式机构运动的速度特性以及不规则地形上轮式移动机构转动角速度特性的基础上,建立车轮轮心速度的矢量表达式,即确立WCM。以六轮摇臂转向架月球漫游车的运动学建模为例,分析各关节转动角速度矢量在车体坐标系下的投影,并根据转动矢量方向在车体坐标系中变化与否,将矢量叉乘的投影写成不同的形式,利用车轮轮心坐标系、轮地接触坐标系相对于车体中心坐标系的齐次变换矩阵中的相应元素,将车轮轮心的速度矢量表达式投影到车体中心坐标系下,建立车体运动学模型,从中阐述WCM的方法和过程,并分析WCM的特点。用试验和仿真验证该建模方法的正确性。     

基于IMU在线校准的SLAM精度提升方法研究

基于多传感器融合的SLAM算法是当前移动机器人实现精准定位和导航的关键技术之一,在分析了惯性测量单元(IMU)的系统误差会对SLAM算法的建图和导航精度影响较大,并且IMU的系统误差会随工作时间发生变化的问题后,提出了一种易于实现的IMU在线标定方法。该标定方法首先建立了IMU中加速度计和陀螺仪的误差模型。其次通过二维云台实现IMU的姿态调整。然后通过读取加速度传感器的静态数值实现加速度计的误差参数辨识。最后以标定后的加速度计输出数据和陀螺仪计算的旋转矩阵,实现陀螺仪的误差参数辨识。为验证以上标定算法的效果,文中基于标定前后的IMU分别进行SLAM建图实验,实验结果表明,基于标定后IMU的建图精度更好。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.