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1.
Chaza Darwich Thomas&#x;M. Klaptke Jan&#x;M. Welch Muhamed Suceska 《Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics》2007,32(3):235-243
3,4,5‐Triamino‐1,2,4‐triazolium 5‐nitrotetrazolate ( 2 ) was synthesized in high yield from 3,4,5‐triamino‐1,2,4‐triazole (guanazine) ( 1 ) and ammonium 5‐nitrotetrazolate. The new compound 2 was characterized by vibrational (IR and Raman) and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 15N), elemental analysis and single crystal X‐ray diffraction (triclinic, P(‐1), a=0.7194(5), b=0.8215(5), c=0.8668(5) nm, α=75.307(5), β=70.054(5), γ=68.104(5)°, V=0.4421(5) nm3, Z=2, ϱ=1.722 g cm−1, R1=0.0519 [F>4σ(F)], wR2(all data)=0.1154). The 15N NMR spectrum and X‐ray crystal structure (triclinic, P‐1, a=0.5578(5), b=0.6166(5), c=0.7395(5) nm, α=114.485(5)°, β=90.810(5)°, γ=97.846(5)°, V=0.2286(3) nm3, Z=2, ϱ=1.658 g cm−1, R1=0.0460 [F>4σ(F)], wR2(all data)=0.1153) of 1 were also determined. 相似文献
2.
Thomas&#x;M. Klaptke Konstantin Karaghiosoff Peter Mayer Alexander Penger Jan&#x;M. Welch 《Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics》2006,31(3):188-195
1,4‐Dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium 5‐nitrotetrazolate ( 2 ) was synthesized in high yield from 1,4‐dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium iodide ( 1 ) and silver 5‐nitrotetrazolate. Both new compounds ( 1, 2 ) were characterized using vibrational (IR and Raman) and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 14N, 15N), elemental analysis and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. 1,4‐Dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium 5‐nitrotetrazolate ( 2 ) represents the first example of an energetic material which contains both a tetrazole based cation and anion. Compound 2 is hydrolytically stable with a high melting point of 190 °C (decomposition). The impact sensitivity of compound 2 is very low (30 J), it is not sensitive towards friction (>360 N). The molecular structure of 1,4‐dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium iodide ( 1 ) in the crystalline state was determined by X‐ray crystallography: orthorhombic, Fddd, a=1.3718(1) nm, b=1.4486(1) nm, c=1.6281(1) nm, V=3.2354(5) nm3, Z=16, ρ=1.979 g cm−1, R1=0.0169 (F>4σ(F)), wR2 (all data)=0.0352. 相似文献
3.
Plaques of blends of Eudragit RL 100 (EU) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with different weight‐per‐weight ratios were prepared by compression molding at 150°C. The X‐ray diffraction profiles of the blends were studied and compared, and the interplanar distance, crystallite size, and crystallinity were computed for various peaks. The Eu/PMMA blend with a 70:30 (w/w) ratio had the maximum crystallinity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1835–1838, 2005 相似文献
4.
Shinichi Sakurai 《Polymer International》2017,66(2):237-249
Synchrotron radiation facilities have been established and become very familiar in the polymer community not only from academic but also industrial viewpoints. It is not so unusual now to conduct simultaneous measurements of small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) with other techniques such as wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, stress–strain, light scattering, and so forth. New techniques have also been established and have become more familiar in recent years. In this review, recent developments in polymer applications of synchrotron SAXS are summarized. Instrumental developments and progress in data analyses are reviewed from the following aspects: ultra‐small‐angle X‐ray scattering, anomalous SAXS, X‐ray photon correlation spectroscopy, new types of simultaneous measurements, grazing‐incidence SAXS, new trends in nanoparticle analyses and industrial applications. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
5.
Thomas&#x;M. Klaptke Burkhard Krumm F.&#x;Xaver Steemann 《Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics》2009,34(1):13-23
1,3‐Diazido‐2‐nitro‐2‐azapropane (DANP) and 1,7‐diazido‐2,4,6‐trinitro‐2,4,6‐triazaheptane (DATH) were synthesized, thoroughly analyzed, and their explosive properties and sensitivities toward friction and impact were measured. The precursors 1,3‐diacetoxy‐2‐nitro‐2‐azapropane ( 1 ), 1,3‐dichloro‐2‐nitro‐2‐azapropane ( 3 ), and 1,7‐dichloro‐2,4,6‐trinitro‐2,4,6‐triazaheptane ( 4 ) – as well as DATH – were furthermore characterized by X‐ray diffraction. 相似文献
6.
Nanocomposites based on an organically modified bentonite, from Maghnia Algeria (OBT) and a copolymer of methyl methacrylate with 4‐vinylpyridine (PMM4VP) synthesized in dioxan at room temperature using a neutral Ni(II)α‐benzoinoxime complex as a single component initiator, were elaborated via solution intercalation method and characterized by several techniques. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy investigations indicate that mainly exfoliated and intercalated PMM4VP/OBT nanocomposites were elaborated and that the degree of exfoliation decreases with an increase of the OBT loading. Thermal analyses of these nanocomposites compared with their virgin copolymer confirmed a significant improvement of their thermal stability as evidenced by an increase of 28°C in their onset degradation temperatures. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry displayed an increase in the range of 12–18°C in their glass transition temperatures relative to their virgin copolymer. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013 相似文献
7.
Flexible and nonpoisonous X‐ray‐shielding membranes supported by bacterial cellulose (BC) were prepared, in which X‐ray‐shielding materials were of microcapsule structure by using polyvinyl alcohol as shell and lead salt as core. The effect of the wall/core interaction and the amount of cross‐linking agent were taken into consideration to find the optimal reaction conditions. The morphology, microcapsule size, and lead salt release properties were investigated. After supported by BC, the flexible and potable membranes for X‐ray radiation protection were prepared and the shielding properties were evaluated, which indicated a good X‐ray‐shielding material. We set up a new method to prepare flexible and portable X‐ray radiation protection membranes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43120. 相似文献
8.
The effect of sintering time on the melt evolution of Ultra‐High Molecular Weight Polytetrafluoroethylene was studied in situ by high temperature Wide Angle X‐ray Scattering, and by cyclic thermal loading profiles within a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Thermo‐Mechanical Analyzer (TMA). Results obtained from these techniques support the concept of molecular ordering in the melt state as a function of sintering time well above the melting temperature. TMA, which is not a conventional technique for monitoring thermal transitions, is shown to be sensitive enough for such purposes. Both DSC and TMA exhibit nonequilibrium melt behavior even 30°C above its equilibrium melting temperature for long time periods. A correlation between the DSC and TMA results is established. The cyclic thermal profile leads to a dramatic growth in enthalpy of crystallization/melting. The mechanism for this growth is associated with two independent processes; isothermal annealing at the sintering temperature and lamellar thickening in the solid state. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40967. 相似文献
9.
Sulfonated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (SPET)/montmorillonite nanocomposites were prepared by in situ intercalative polymerization. The microstructure, morphology, and properties of the nanocomposites were studied with wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results indicated that an increase in the ? SO3Na content improved the dispersion of organically modified montmorillonite in the SPET ionomer matrix, and the dispersed layered silicates in the SPET matrix acted as nucleating agents in SPET crystallization processes and improved the thermal stability of SPET. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1150–1156, 2005 相似文献
10.
Tongxin Lv Chengbo Zhou Jingqing Li Shaoyong Huang Huiying Wen Yanfeng Meng Shichun Jiang 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2018,135(2)
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a bio‐based and compostable polymer that has quickly developed into a competitive material, but the control of crystallinity is a bottleneck in extended utilization. The crystallization of PLA has been a rich topic because of the existence of two enantiomeric forms of poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(d ‐lactic acid) (PDLA) can form stereocomplex (SC) crystal with high melting point that can be used to control the crystallization behaviors. The SC crystal was regarded as an effective nucleating agent for promoting the crystallization rate and crystallinity of PLA. We investigated cold crystallization of PLLA/PDLA (1:1) mixture with in situ WAXS measurements and found that the homo‐crystal of PLA formed earlier than the SC‐crystal in the mixture within the measured temperature range, which is different from the melting crystallization. The final crystalline structures are in correspondence with the melting and cold crystallization temperature, and the transition of homo‐PLA (δ to α) is not altered by the crystallization procedure. The SC‐crystal can be detected in both cold and melting crystallization of the mixture at the temperatures lower than 150 °C, which is conflict with the reported results. A new crystallization mechanism of the mixture was proposed to understand the crystallization behaviors in PLLA/PDLA mixtures. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45663. 相似文献
11.
A series of cationic nickel(II) compounds with various counter ions ([BF4]–, [CF3SO3]–) and N‐bearing ligands (1,10‐phenanthroline, benzimidazole and terpyridine) were synthesized. The simple compound, Ni(Phen)2Cl2, was prepared as a reference compound. All title compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, and infrared spectra analyses and compounds, some specific ones, were further examined by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Upon treatment with ethylaluminum sesquichloride, these nickel(II) compounds exhibited high activities (up to 88.5%/4 h) for butadiene polymerization and afforded liquid polybutadiene (Mw < 30,000) with a high cis‐content (up to 92.1%). Various polymerization conditions were investigated in detail, and it was found that less steric hindrance of the ligands enhanced the catalytic activities of the nickel(II) compounds. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40511. 相似文献
12.
Polyurethane dispersions containing phosphate and siloxane groups in the main chain were investigated as possible self‐assembling metal coatings. Improved adhesion of the polymer to the metal was observed because of the formation of an insoluble metal phosphate layer at the metal–coating interface. The neutralizing amine of the dispersions affected the formation of this metal phosphate, and the metal phosphate formation was dependent on the curing temperature and boiling point of the amine used for neutralization. A crosscut comparative study of adhesion proved that the phosphate‐containing coatings had better adhesion because of the formation of ionic bonds at the metal–coating interface. A solid‐state adhesion prediction method based on thermodynamic considerations was used. The results of the solid‐state adhesion method correlated well with that obtained from the crosscut adhesion test method. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 900–907, 2003 相似文献
13.
Fabiola Navarro‐Pardo Julio Laria Tomas Lozano Ana B. Morales‐Cepeda Pierre G. Lafleur Saul Sánchez‐Valdés Francisco Rodríguez‐González 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2013,130(4):2932-2937
In this work, we investigated the effect of four different configurations at the exit of a single‐screw extruder on the induction of beta phase in PP for four different rotational speeds. The configuration of a breaker plate with 120 orifices of 1‐mm diameter and 7‐mm length each, give the highest content of beta‐phase (56.92%), for a screw rotational speed of 20 rpm. It was due to the shear caused separation of the melt when it passes through the orifices of the breaker plate. The breaker plate of configuration 4 (breaker plate with the greatest number of orifices) provided the largest number of contacts between the melt and the orifice walls resulting in chain alignment. The results show that the beta‐phase can be induced in the polymer without any further additives, especially without any nucleating agents, but rather by using a special breaker plate configuration at the exit of the single‐screw extruder. The skin‐core structure of the polymer was only developed with one type of extruder configuration. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2932–2937, 2013 相似文献
14.
Lu Li Bing Yuan Shi‐Wei Liu Shi‐Tao Yu Cong‐Xia Xie Fu‐Sheng Liu Xian‐Ying Guo Sheng Liang 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2012,123(6):3772-3780
Glycine hydrochloride ([Gly]Cl), a room‐temperature ionic liquid (IL), is proposed as a new, good solvent for chitosan with different deacetylation degrees and molecular weights. However, considered from the viscosity of a solution of chitosan and [Gly]Cl, a 2% [Gly]Cl IL aqueous solution was selected as an optimum solvent system for dissolving chitosan. X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to visualize the modifications of the native structures of chitosan during the dissolution and the regeneration processes, morphological features, and properties of the reconstituted chitosan membranes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012 相似文献
15.
A new iodine‐containing methacrylate monomer, 3,4,5‐triiodobenzoyloxyethyl methacrylate (TIBEM), was synthesized by coupling 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with 3,4,5‐triiodobenzoic acid. The monomer was characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared (IR), and ultraviolet spectra. Homopolymerization and copolymerization of the monomer with methyl methacrylate (MMA) were carried out using 2,2′‐azobis isobutyronitrile as the initiator. A terpolymer of TIBEM, MMA, and HEMA was also synthesized. The copolymers were characterized by IR, gel permeation chromatography, differential thermal analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). High molecular weight polymers were produced with MMA at different feed compositions of TIBEM. The polymers were found to be freely soluble in common solvents for acrylic polymers. TGA showed little decomposition of the copolymer below 280°C. Copolymers showed good radiopacity at 25 wt % of TIBEM in the feed. These copolymers could find applications in medical and dental areas where radiopacity is a desirable feature of the implants. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 2580–2584, 2003 相似文献
16.
The properties of nanocomposites of poly(ε‐caprolattone) (PCL) were studied, the pristine PCL was implemented with the introduction of electrospun fibers of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), containing a cationic (Cloisite) or an anionic (Perkalite) clay. These multicomponent composites containing a very low amount of clay confined in fibers are different from usual nanocomposite materials containing clay dispersed in the polymer matrix, which are produced by solvent casting or melt extrusion. To analyze the influence of the different fillers on the final composite, a preliminary study on PHB cast films and fibers prepared from the same solution was carried out, and then a thorough analysis was accomplished of the behavior of these particular nanocomposites PCL/PHB fibers/clay to elucidate the effects of the filled electrospun fibers on the PCL matrix. The structure and morphology of the samples were characterized by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and small angle X‐ray scattering; differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were used to understand the influence of the fillers on the thermal behavior and stability; mechanical properties were evaluated and biodegradation studies were carried out. The PHB electrospun fibers and the fractured surface of the final composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42342. 相似文献
17.
Mohd Zikrilhakim Bidin Ng Hon Ming Fatin Saiha Omar K. Ramesh S. Ramesh 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2018,135(8):45902
Solid terpolymer electrolytes (STEs) consist of different ratios of poly(vinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) (PVBVA) and bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonamide lithium salt (LiTFSi) were prepared and the ionic conductivity of the prepared STEs was evaluated. The optimized STE (denoted as STE 20) was further doped with various amount of tetraglyme (10, 20, and 30 wt % and denoted as G10, G20, and G30, respectively). G20 enhanced the ionic conductivity from 6.22 (for STE 20) to 21.9 µS cm−1. This enhancement is due to the presence of abundant oxygen-containing functional group in tetraglyme that provides more charge carrier mobility in the polymer matrix. The structure and complexation of the materials are authenticated via X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The performance of electric double layer capacitors based on activated carbon (AC) fabricated with STE 20 (AC/STE 20/AC) and G20 (AC/G 20/AC) were studied via cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. AC/G 20/AC achieved the maximum specific capacitance of 10.20 F/g [which is higher than AC/STE 20/AC (9.30 F/g)] with 75% of specific capacitance retention after 1500 cycles. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45902. 相似文献
18.
Polyurethane dispersion coatings containing phosphate and siloxane chains were evaluated for their self‐assembling properties for a single‐coating system. Dynamic contact angles (DCAs) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to study the coating–air interface. The siloxane chains were the predominant species on the surfaces of the coatings. The wetting properties of the coating–air interface were reversed when the coated panels were immersed in an ionic solution, and the decrease in hydrophobicity was linear with time. Results from XPS and DCA analyses were similar. The self‐assembling properties of the coatings could be useful in the development of hydrophobic coatings from hydrophilic polymers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 893–899, 2003 相似文献
19.
Polymers have been studied extensively because of their wonderful array of properties. Their properties can be tailored by many means and can be made useful in many ways. Polymers can be crosslinked or branched and can provide different properties, such as conduction and passivation. This study dealt with the RF sputter deposition of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) films with the aim of using them as masking materials during the fabrication of various micromachined structures. The films were deposited on silicon substrates at different plasma powers (100, 150, and 200 W) for a constant deposition time (60 min). To test the masking properties, the deposited films were immersed in a 20 wt % aqueous KOH solution at 80°C for 60 min. The films showed lower contact angles and interfacial tension, and this indicated good adhesion of the films to the silicon substrates. Good adhesion is an essential quality of masking materials during micromachining. The structural properties of the as‐deposited and etched films were studied with Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These indicated that the bonding groups and binding energies of C? F and C? CF matched the reported values well. Furthermore, the presence of C? F and C? CF bonds, even after the etching of silicon substrates in highly alkaline KOH solutions for 60 min, showed that the PTFE films remained unchanged in the etchant and, therefore, could function as good masking materials during the fabrication of micromachined structures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1183–1192, 2004 相似文献
20.
Wide‐angle (WAXS) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) studies of dry granular zein, zein fibers, zein–oleic acid resin, and zein–oleic acid films are reported. WAXS patterns showed two diffuse rings for these samples indicative of noncrystalline structures. Measured d‐spacings of ∼ 4.6 Å and ∼ 10.5 Å were found for zein–oleic acid resins and films, consistent with the presence of α‐helical segments. The granular zein and zein fibers had ∼ 4.6‐Å and ∼ 9.5‐Å spacings. Neither the films nor the fibers showed evidence of orientation of the molecular axes. SAXS studies of zein–oleic acid films indicated that the structure of the films was affected by preparation method. Biaxially drawn resin films showed periodicities of ∼ 170 Å along the film surface direction and ∼ 135 Å in the thickness direction, while the cast films had weaker intensity periodicities of ca. 80 Å for all beam directions; a weak, diffuse 45‐Å spacing was also observed for both samples. The 170‐Å periodicity was present in the resin before deformation and following uniaxial deformation. No SAXS periodicity was observed for the granular zein or zein fibers. Several structural models are presented for the resin films that are consistent with reports in the literature that zein, in solution, consist of prism‐like particles consisting of four or more molecules. ? 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 1267‐1281, 1999 相似文献