Orthotrope Fahrbahnplatte – Entwicklungen und Möglichkeiten für die Zukunft

Orthotropic decks – developments and future outlook. Bridges with steel orthotropic decks, first introduced in the 1950s in Germany, have been subsequently built in other countries, with several thousand of such structures now in service throughout the world. The performance record of orthotropic decks has been satisfactory, excepting occasional fatigue cracking which had occurred on some decks built in the 1960s and 1970s, mainly caused by inappropriate details and fabrication defects. Specific causes of such failures are discussed. Developments of design methods for orthotropic decks are discussed. For basic design simplified approaches, such as the Pelikan‐Esslinger method, are generally used. The applicability of the classical (Wöhler's) fatigue theory is limited. Therefor current design specifications permit empirical fatigue safety assessment by conformance with approved geometric standards. Due to their light weight, durability and load carrying capacity, orthotropic decks have a promising future being indispensable in the super‐long span bridges. Because of their capability for being structurally integrated with the main members of the existing steel bridges, orthotropic decks are also excellently suited for replacing the deteriorating concrete decks. In the U.S. nearly 40% of highway bridges are now considered “structurally deficient” or “functionally obsolete”, with failed concrete decks accounting for about two‐thirds of the deficiency cases. Several major U.S. bridges have recently received new orthotropic decks. Special problems encountered with redecking are discussed.     

Die Stahlverbundbrücke über die Müglitz im Zuge der Autobahn Dresden–Prag – Entwurf und Ausführung

The composite bridge across the Müglitz on the highway Dresden–Prag. Design and construction. The bridge across the Müglitz transfers the newly built Federal Highway A17 over the small town Dohna near by Dresden. The bridge has a total length of 310 m and crosses a railway, a state highway and the river Müglitz. The bridge dominates the townscape. Extensive design investigations were performed to find the technically and aesthetically right solution for the given situation. Chosen and built was a continuous girder bridge as a composite structure with a span sequence of 45 – 55 – 55 – 55 – 55 – 45 m. The construction is composed of two bridges, one for each carriageway. Each superstructure has two airtight steel box girders, which are in composition with the concrete deck slab. To give the bridge a differentiated view, the main girders are built with shallow but significant haunches and emphasized stiffening boxes in the bearing zones. In the design of the composite columns these criteria reappear in the widening of the column heads and the eight‐cornered cross‐sections. Special consideration was given to a simple fabrication and an unproblematic erection with as far as possible reduced welding at the site. The article covers the planning and the building of the bridge. In addition experiences made in building other bridges with airtight box girders are reported.     

Bauwerksprüfung unterstützt durch neuartige Besichtigungstechniken – Erste Erfahrungen

Structural inspection supported by new inspection techniques – First results The road infrastructure has reached the edge of its service capability by increased external impacts and increasing average age and maintenance measure will be implemented in future to a considerable extent. To carry out the maintenance measures in a technically and economically optimal may, it's necessary to be informed at an early stage as fully as possible about the current state of the structure. For this it's necessary to find and evaluate new innovative techniques to support bridge inspection in accordance with German Standard DIN 1076. Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) provide a range of possibilities of photo recording and may thus be used as an auxiliary in bridge inspections. As part of this research project, flights were operated to three bridges and the use of UAS allowed identifying damage to the bridges in question. Given the possibility to operate flights to areas which are not easily accessible as well as time savings during testing offered by the use of UAS, this technology seems attractive for inspections of bridges. The targeted use of UAS will result in reduced service failures and an increase in the quality of results.     

The art of arches

People have been building beautiful arch bridges for more than 2000 years. From the spectacularly solid Roman arch to today's elegant and graceful styles, there are a large variety of arch shapes. The development of arches was influenced by the construction materials available at the time. Today, with more versatile materials such as steel and reinforced concrete, many beautiful signature arch bridges are being built.     

SPS – ein neues Verfahren zur Instandsetzung und Ertüchtigung von stählernen orthotropen Fahrbahnplatten

SPS – an innovative method for the repair and refurbishment of orthotropic deck‐plates of steel‐bridges. This contribution describes how the new SPS‐Overlay technology has been applied in a pilot project for the refurbishment of orthotropic deckplates of road bridges in Germany. The main reason for such a refurbishment of orthotropic deckplates that have been designed and executed according to modern design rules as in EN 1993‐2 and that after 40 years of use have not yet exhibited any considerable fatigue damage is to make provisions for the current enhancement of traffic loads and traffic volume that could cause fatigue in the near future. The stepwise procedure to study the experience made with the SPS‐technology in the ship‐building area first, then to apply it to the retrofitting of damaged deckplates of a temporary bridge system (D‐Bridge) to gain experiences before it is used for retrofitting the deck of an old metro‐bridge in Berlin and to enter into the refurbishment of a bridge in the highway (Schönwasserparkbrücke near Krefeld) is explained in detail. Particular challenges for the use of the SPS‐technology for a highway bridge were: –·applicability on site under climate conditions –·fast execution to reduce restraints to traffic –·applicability of the guss asphalt layer with 75–80 mm thickness with a temperature of 225 °C without damaging the PUR sandwich core. The paper presents the technical developements including details of the scientific support, to justify the solution chosen toward the regulatory authorities. In conclusion the SPS‐technology has proved to be an efficient refurbishment method that meets all requirements.     

Vom Hofbräuhaus zum Deutschen Museum – Münchner Bauten aus Eisenbeton 1890 bis 1914 (2)

From Hofbräuhaus to the German Museum – reinforced concrete buildings in Munich from 1890 to 1914. This year (2008) Munich celebrates its 850‐year anniversary and in appropriate publications the authors try to work out the special Munich style. Little attention will be paid to a special chapter of Munich's history – the beginning of construction with reinforced concrete about 1900. Munich can claim that city to have been first in the new building technology and important buildings in reinforced concrete were designed and erected. Unfortunately, today this extraordinary architectural and engineering development is widely forgotten.     

基于液压传感技术的智能型隔震橡胶支座的性能研究

目前隔震橡胶支座在桥梁、建筑等工程结构中得到了广泛地运用 ，并且能够起到显著的隔震作用，但是传统的隔震橡胶支座没有有效的测力装置来检测 、读取支座的受力状况 ，不能监测和评估桥梁、建筑结构的运营状态 。随着桥梁 、建筑工程技术 的发展 ，人们对桥梁 、建筑 的舒适性 和安全性要求 越来 越高 。从适应市场的发展前景和结构健康监测技术的要求方面考虑，智能型隔震橡胶支座成为了一种具有相当潜力的新产品。一种新型智能型隔震橡胶支座是在原隔震橡胶支座结构上布设液压测力传感器，利用压力传感技术来检测、读取支座的竖向承载力，很好地为工程结构健康状况的评估和分析收集了有力的数据。文章为验证其可行性和可靠性进行了测力试验，并对其效果进行了分析和总结     

Vom Hofbräuhaus zum Deutschen Museum – Münchner Bauten aus Eisenbeton 1890 bis 1914 (1)

From Hofbräuhaus to the German Museum – reinforced concrete buildings in Munich from 1890 to 1914. This year (2008) Munich celebrates its 850‐year anniversary and in appropriate publications the authors try to work out the special Munich style. Little attention will be paid to a special chapter of Munich's history – the beginning of construction with reinforced concrete about 1900. Munich can claim that city to have been first in the new building technology and important buildings in reinforced concrete were designed and erected. Unfortunately, today this extraordinary architectural and engineering development is widely forgotten.     

宜昌长江公路大桥钢箱梁制造

我国在 2 0世纪 90年代建造的大跨度桥梁数量猛增 ,前所未有。这 10年是我国建桥史上大跨度桥梁发展的 10年。悬索桥、斜拉桥等形式的大跨度桥梁中大量采用钢箱梁桥体形式。在此 ,详细介绍宜昌长江公路大桥钢箱梁的制造程序 ,从钢箱梁的分解单元件制造到钢箱梁匹配拼装技术 ,无余量下料 ,反变形施焊 ,机械化焊接等     

Instandsetzung und Verstärkung von Stahlbrücken mit Kategorie‐3‐Schäden

Reinforcing steel bridges with category 3 damages – report on a BASt research project. In recent years, fatigue damages have been observed at the main supporting structure of steel bridges, the orthotropic decks, as well as the transverse structure of steel bridges (the so‐called category 3‐failure). The rapidly increasing road traffic intensifies the situation resulting in a huge amount of steel bridges affected by fatigue damages. Existing steel bridges with category 3‐fatigue cracks have been intensively investigated. Fatigue failure modes and general evaluation criteria have been summarized, analysed and categorized, in order to enable first fundamental and time‐efficient definition and classification of category 3‐damages. FE‐simulations of transversal steel bridge structures (with and without reinforcements) have been carried out to evaluate and review the structural bridge concepts. Based on these studies, a special way of the steel bridges' maintenance has been followed up, which is removing all possible transversal bracings. Finally, different options of maintenance and repair have been investigated both newly and successfully applied in the recent past. Appropriate actions for solving essential category 3‐fatigue problems are presented.     

Erneuerung von Großbrücken im Zuge hoch belasteter Autobahnen – Randbedingungen und Lösungsansätze am Beispiel der Urselbach‐Talbrücke

Renewal of highly frequented large‐scale motorway bridges. The bridge over the Urselbach – edge conditions and solutions. The newly built bridge across the Urselbach, which has a total length of 332 m, is part of the Federal Highway A5 near Frankfurt. The construction is composed of two bridges, one for each carriageway. Each superstructure consists of two steel box girders. Over these steel box girders, and resting on their top flange, is a cast‐in‐place concrete slab that becomes a part of the roadway. For a future renewal of the concrete slab it is requested that eight traffic lanes still have to remain during reconstruction. As one superstructure is passed by maximum six traffic lanes, the other must still be partly passable during its renewal. That's why the concrete slab can be demolished partly and afterwards concreted if it's necessary. Therefore the composite construction offered many advantages. The form of composite construction of the bridge across the Urselbach results from the combined action of structural steel and a concrete deck slab, which has the function of a replaceable structural member under traffic use. This conception was achieved by a structural analysis taking the substantial influences into account and the arrangement of some additional structural parts. The found solution should give some ideas on the way to a technical guide‐line for dimensional and structural design of concrete bridges with replaceable deck slabs.     

Höhepunkte im modernen Verbundbau – eine beispielhafte Entwicklungsgeschichte

Highlights in modern composite construction – an exemplary historical development. The development of the steel composite construction for buildings is pointed out. For the last forty years the milestones are described in particular, which contributed to the advancement and thus to the meaning of this building method: economic shear connectors, integrated fire protection, modern connection technology and ambitious architecture because of apparent steel surface.     

Brücken aus hochfestem Beton: Praxiserfahrungen mit Pilotprojekten in Sachsen und Thüringen

Bridges made of High Strength Concrete – Experiences with Pilot Projects High strength concrete (HSC) has taken its place in building construction in recent years. Design rules are available in the new German standard 1045-1 [1]. For the application on bridge construction, an “administrative consent as exceptional case” is still necessary, although this building material is predestined for bridges due to its high strength and increased durability. In this contribution four bridges made of HSC as pilot projects are presented. The main experiences regarding planning, concrete technology, tendering, and implementation of these pilot projects are summarized. The achievements of the projects with different construction companies reveal that the characteristics of HSC in bridge construction are manageable if sufficient experience is available. The attained experiences can be applied well to other projects.     

小半径小断面圆形钢箱梁建造技术

简要介绍了某小型市政桥梁的概况及结构特点,针对该桥钢箱梁的施工难点进行了分析,阐述了小型钢箱梁施工技术,重点对钢箱梁的组装、焊接工艺以及现场安装技术进行了详细的介绍,解决了小型钢箱梁的制造及安装难题。     

Ganzheitliche Analyse von Stahl‐ und Verbundeisenbahnbrücken

Holistic analysis on steel‐ and composite railway bridges – Innovative solutions for strengthening durability and reducing construction times (Part 1). Investigations on sustainability on infrastructure projects differ from comparable investigations on building constructions through their longer life‐cycle of the objects. Questions regarding sustainability are thus accompanied by questions of durability and simple, mostly undisturbed maintenance through the whole life‐cycle. By the application of innovative railway bridges with steel and composite constructions blocking times induced by the construction time and maintenance actions within the usage phase, can be effectively reduced. Additionally the optimization of restrictive fatigue‐details can affect the whole life‐cycle of a bridge‐construction. In the frame of the FOSTA‐AiF‐research project „Holistic Assessment of steel‐ and composite railway bridges according to criteria of sustainability“ different innovative railway bridge types have been compared to their corresponding conventional bridge types and evaluated over their whole life‐cycle to quantify their advantageousness. While this article shows the investigated innovative bridge‐variants in constructive regards and optimization proposals and design approaches are explained, the second article is about the holistic approach and the results of the sustainability assessment of the investigated steel‐and composite railway bridge.     

Erinnerung an Max Carstanjen (1856–1934) – Brückenbauer,Werksleiter, Begründer des Großwehrbaues in Gustavsburg

In remembrance of Max Carstanjen (1856–1934) – bridge builder, factory manager, founder of the large weir construction in Gustavsburg. In the year of 1860 the Nuremberg engine Comp. Klett & Co. arranged for the building of a railway bridge over the Rhine above Mainz a building site on the “Mainspitze”, made of which in the following years the bridge construction workshop Gustavsburg developed. After Heinrich Gerber (1832–1912) and Anton Rieppel (1852–1926) Max Carstanjen was from 1901 to 1923 director of this important company, which later belonged to the MAN. In planning and building preparation of bridges and steel structures he carried protruding out there at home and abroad (e.g. Suspension railway in Wuppertal, road bridge in Worms, festival hall in Frankfurt/M.). His special interest applied however for the theoretical and practical treatment of questions of the water movement and the pilot adjustment of rivers, for which he developed the roller drum gate, as well as different designs of ship lifts.     

栓焊结合钢桥高强度螺栓施工质量控制

高强度螺栓连接是继铆接、焊接之后发展起来的一种现代钢结构的典型连接方式,由于其具有施工简便、受力合理、耐疲劳、方便拆卸且安全可靠的优点,现已广泛地被用于大跨度结构、厂房结构、桥梁、高层建筑框架等相关钢结构的连接。本文就栓焊结合型钢结构斜拉桥-重庆粉房湾长江大桥的大六角高强度螺栓施工,论述施工过程中的质量控制问题。     

我国绿色建筑与建筑节能技术应用研究进展

当前,伴随着我国国民经济发展迅速,建筑行业的能源消耗问题也开始逐渐变的突出,在这种情况下,应用建筑节能施工技术、寻求新的节能技术和材料,并打造绿色建筑成为了人们研究的热点话题。本文首先探讨了绿色建筑发展以及建筑节能技术应用的重要性,然后结合绿色建筑的设计原则,对建筑节能技术在绿色建筑中的应用进行了详细的探讨,希望可以为同类的工程实践提供借鉴。     

Gegenüberstellung der statischen Berechnungen einer Stahlbrücke nach DIN ‐Fachberichten und bisher gültigem Regelwerk

Structural analysis and design of a steel bridge – comparing the new standards with the previous ones. The DIN ‐Fachberichte were adopted in 2003 as new standards for structural analysis and design of bridges. Their application results in changes of loading, design methods and design of bridges compared to the previous regulations. This contribution will illustrate the effects of the new standards on the steel construction of a railway bridge by comparing its structural analysis and design both according to new standards and previous ones. As a result the comparison shows that mainly due to more conservative load distribution in the road bed the trackway needs to be reinforced.