脂肪酶水解壳聚糖作用研究

通过还原端基含量测定、粘度测定研究了脂肪酶非专一性对壳聚糖的降解作用,探索了酶反应过程中温度、pH、加酶量、底物浓度、反应时间、金属离子等因素对脂肪酶降解壳聚糖的影响,以及不同脱乙酰度和不同分子量的壳聚糖与脂肪酶降解反应的关系。结果表明,以壳聚糖为底物的脂肪酶的一些催化特性为最适温度50～55℃,最适pH5～5.5,反应时间在3～4h范围内;降解作用随着酶用量和底物浓度的增加而增加,水解反应不符合Michaelis-Menten方程;3mmol/L的Cu2 ,10mmol/L的Mg2、Ca2 对脂肪酶有一定的激活作用,10mmol/L的Ba2 、Zn2 、Fe3 对该酶有一定的抑制作用,随着底物壳聚糖脱乙酰度的提高,降解速度降低。     

纤维素酶中双功能酶水解壳聚糖作用方式的研究

采用HPLC、HPLC-MS及TLC等方法,研究了从纤维素酶中分离得到的既具有纤维素酶活又具有壳聚糖酶活———双功能酶的水解壳聚糖的专一性。通过对氨基低聚糖(GlcN)n、乙酰氨基低聚糖(GlcNAc)n标样及壳聚糖的双功能酶水解进程及水解产物分析,表明该双功能酶能水解(GlcN)n,而不能水解(GlcNAc)n,即它能水解GlcN-GlcN之间的-β1,4糖苷键,但不能水解GlcNAc-GlcNAc之间的糖苷键。不同脱乙酰度壳聚糖经酶水解,其产物大部分为单糖,壳聚糖脱乙酰度(DD)对水解反应产物的形成和反应速率影响较小,表明该酶也可作用于GlcN-GlcNAc之间的-β1,4糖苷键。运用Time-Course分析法对双功能酶水解壳四糖(GlcN)4的进程进行分析,表明其作用方式为外切,推测此双功能酶为一外切氨基葡萄糖苷酶。     

酶法降解壳聚糖及壳寡糖的初步研究

利用Mitsuaria sp.141-2发酵所得的粗酶液降解壳聚糖,研究了反应时间、底物浓度、pH、温度、加酶量、脱乙酰度对酶促反应的影响。结果表明,该酶降解壳聚糖的最适条件为:底物浓度3%,pH 5.2～5.6,温度65℃,加酶量7 U/g壳聚糖。利用薄层层析法对酶解产物进行分析,酶解产物大部分为三糖和四糖,单糖的含量随酶解时间延长而逐步增多。酶解3 h后可得到平均聚合度小于10的壳寡糖混合物。     

4种α-壳聚糖载体固定化糖化酶的比较研究

通过对4种α-壳聚糖载体固定化糖化酶的性质及动力学参数比较研究。结果表明：①酸法处理的载体固定化酶效果差;②脱乙酰度为84．6％的壳聚糖载体有好的固定化性能,其酶回收率达75％;最适pH为6．0-7．5;最适温度为50℃;米氏常数为22．63mg／L,对底物的亲和力增强。     

壳聚糖/海藻酸钠固定化β-葡萄糖苷酶的研究

以壳聚糖、海藻酸钠为包埋材料,戊二醛为交联剂,固定化β-葡萄糖苷酶,研究了固定化条件与固定化酶的活力回收的关系.通过单因素和正交实验确定了最佳的固定化方法,即:壳聚糖(脱乙酰度=85%)浓度为1.5%、海藻酸钠浓度为2%、戊二醛浓度为1.0%、钙离子浓度为0.7mol/L、pH为5,固定化酶的活力回收达到83.8%.固定化酶的最适温度为60℃,最适pH为5,该固定化酶重复使用5次后,其活力仍能保持70%.由于β-葡萄糖苷酶比较昂贵,采用固定化技术将其固定在载体上反复使用,可以达到简化工艺、降低成本的目的,作用于大豆异黄酮的水解方面具有潜在的应用前景.     

青霉纤维素酶催化水解壳聚糖的研究

利用青霉来源的纤维素酶水解壳聚糖,由黏度变化的对比图可以看出:该酶对壳聚糖具有较强的水解活力.本文分别讨论了pH、温度、酶浓度及反应时间等因素对壳聚糖水解反应的影响,得到最佳反应条件为:pH为5.1,温度45℃,酶浓度为5g/L(酶:底物为1:10),反应时间为6h.反应6h后,由光度法测得的相对分子质量大约为2000.     

绿色木霉产壳聚糖酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

对绿色木霉所产的壳聚糖酶进行分离纯化,结果表明当壳聚糖酶经过20%和60%的硫酸铵分级沉淀、透析、超滤浓缩、苯乙烯系阴离子交换柱以及Sephdex G-75层析柱的分离纯化,发现该酶的纯化倍数达到29.13倍,回收率达到53.9%,经SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定该酶达到了电泳纯,其分子质量为51.235 ku,最适温度为50℃,最适pH值为5.2,具有较强的底物特异性,K+和Mn2+对酶有一定的激活作用,Mg2+、Fe3+、Ca2+和Pb2+的影响不明显,Zn2+、Cu2+和Hg2+对酶有较强的抑制作用.通过Lineweaver-Burk法求得动力学参数,该酶Km值为0.048 mg/mL,Vmax值为0.6 mg·L-1·min-1.据酶解产物薄层层析实验分析其水解产物,说明此酶主要以内切方式作用于壳聚糖,该酶既能水解GclN-GlcN糖苷键,也能水解GlcNAc-GlcN糖苷键.     

芝麻肽最适酶类的选择与水解条件的确定

以芝麻蛋白为底物,用改进的pH-stat法比较四种蛋白酶对芝麻蛋白质的水解能力,从中选出对芝麻蛋白具有较强水解能力的酶,并通过正交试验确定了酶的最适反应条件.结果显示:AS1.398对芝麻蛋白的水解能力最强;其最佳水解条件为:温度40℃,pH值为7.0,0.001?Cl2添加量为2mL,底物/酶量比为40(g/g),4h后水解度可达23.64%.     

萎缩芽孢杆菌Rk1壳聚糖酶高效制备及特性表征

壳聚糖酶在壳寡糖酶法制备过程中发挥重要作用,高效制备壳聚糖酶为其产业化应用奠定基础。采用同源克隆获得萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus)Rk1壳聚糖酶基因(bacsn46)。将密码子优化和分子伴侣蛋白共表达进行结合,实现萎缩芽孢杆菌壳聚糖酶(BaCsn46)高效表达。通过表征分析获得重组BaCsn46酶学特性。bacsn46基因全长825个碱基,编码274个氨基酸,其中前32个氨基酸为信号肽序列。在7 L发酵罐条件下,重组菌最高发酵酶活力和总蛋白质量浓度分别达到7 356 U/mL和5.95 g/L。重组BaCsn46最适反应温度和pH分别是60℃和6.0,金属离子Mg²⁺和Mn²⁺对重组BaCsn46具有激活作用,重组BaCsn46最小和最适水解底物分别是壳四糖和95%脱乙酰度胶体壳聚糖。此外重组BaCsn46能够高效水解不同浓度胶体壳聚糖,制备不同聚合度壳寡糖。     

绿色木霉产内切壳聚糖酶的鉴定及酶学性质的研究

以实验室前期从Trichoderma viride XW01微晶纤维素诱导的发酵液中分离纯化的一种新壳聚糖酶组分Csn为对象,采用SDS-PAGE分析、不同反应时间水解产物的粘度测定和薄层层析（TLC）分析、还原糖含量的测定等手段对壳聚糖酶Csn进行了初步鉴定及酶学性质研究,结果显示：Csn的分子量为45ku,最适作用温度和最适pH分别为60℃和pH5.0,在低于50℃、pH4.8～7.5范围内非常稳定;脱乙酰度DD对Csn的催化速率影响显著,其对83%DD的壳聚糖的催化活力最高;金属离子Mn2＋、Mg2＋、Ca2＋、Zn2＋对该酶有明显的促进作用,而Fe3＋、Cu2＋和Hg2＋则对该酶有强烈的抑制作用;该酶的米氏常数为1.10mg/mL,最大反应速度为7.15μmol/mL·min;该酶以内切方式作用于壳聚糖,主要水解GlcNAc-GlcN和GlcN-GlcN之间的糖苷键,水解产物以四糖以上的壳寡糖为主。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the