改进型卡塞格伦天线电气设计程序的分析

<正> 引言在卫星通信地面站大天线中,大多数天线是按波动条件修正反射面以提高增益和噪声温度特性。本文先简介改进型卡塞格伦天线的双镜系统,用电流法求出副面散射图,接着分析天线计算程序以实现双镜系统的高效率。近年来,我们在每秒百万次655高速数字电子计算机上算出天线主副面的轮廓曲线提供工厂生产,所计算的副面散射图数据与国外杂志基本吻合。关于天线的计算比较复杂,如何以数字近似法解微分方程、积分方程和三角方程已渗透在部分程序中。对于这样一个     

副面修正卡塞格伦天线设计中的几个问题

本文根据几何光学理论,介绍了副面修正双反射面天线组合馈源相位中心的计算方法.并利用并矢反射系数,导出了包括差波束在内的副面散射场及天线口径分布,因而解决了副面修正天线性能参数的计算问题.     

扭极化变形卡塞格伦天线的雷达截面分析

扭极化变形卡氏天线由于其结构上和电气上的一系列优点,已被广泛地应用于飞行器雷达系统,但对这种天线的散射特性和雷达截面(RCS),至今尚未进行系统的理论和实验研究。本文从天线散射机理出发,分析了这种天线对带内外各种极化波的RCS,给出了轴向入射时天线RCS的计算结果。     

一种ka大口径天线电气设计

随着ka频段卫星的逐渐成熟,宽带Ka频段天线的需求也在不断增加,文章介绍一种大口径ka天线的电气设计思路和实例。对13m天线电气进行了优化设计,对天线副面进行了二次赋形,同时给出了宽带ka频段单脉冲馈源的设计。而后进行了仿真计算和实际加工测试。给出了仿真和实测结果。仿真和实测结果表明,设计的天线电气性能优良,具有良好的实用性。     

高效双反射面天线的一种新设计

双反射面高效天线除了要求使用标量馈源外,还要求对反射面进行赋形,目前广泛使用几何光学(G.O)赋形。Wood指出了用绕射理论进行赋形,可得到比G.O赋形更高的效率。对于中小天线(D～200λ)只对副面赋形,效率也有一定提高,但这些方法都是从减小口面场分布不均匀的角度来提高效率。本文提出进一步提高效率的方法,即减小赋形天线的绕射损失;介绍了只对副面赋形的情况。所用原理亦可用于主、副面赋形,但计算与制造都要复杂得多。文中比较了(1)标准双反射面卡氏天线;(2)只延伸副面的标准卡氏天线;(3)延伸副面最佳绕射赋形双反射面天线的理论计算效率和馈源-副面组合的散射方向图,并对后者作了带宽计算。     

修正双反射面天线的理论评述

本文综述修正双反射面天线的一些理论分析问题,指出某些方法的近似性,并阐述修正双反射面天线在工程设计中应考虑的一些问题。本文侧重探讨单脉冲卡氏天线采用镜面修正技术的有关问题。     

单脉冲寻向天线和目标的一体化仿真及测角误差分析

本文通过矩量法及其高效数值方法（MLFMA）对近距离目标--单脉冲收发天线的电磁互作用进行一体化数值仿真,定量研究了单脉冲天线的近场角度测量特性.在该近场模型中,目标散射近场的幅、相分布和同轴探针激励的喇叭单脉冲天线的辐射场（对应远场和波束）、接收端响应（对应远场差波束）均采用全波数值模拟获得.首先,计算单脉冲天线的辐射场并将其作为对目标照射的激励条件;接着,计算目标散射近场的空间分布;并计算出单脉冲天线所接收到的目标散射场;最后,使用幅值法和相位法计算出单脉冲天线近场测角角度,并在此基础上对近距离测角误差进行研究.在导弹目标算例中,将天线--目标一体化建模和天线口径面上散射近场的幅、相分布计算结果用于近距离条件下单脉冲天线测角误差的研究,并通过频率、距离的变化对测角精度做了对比分析;发现目标近场散射幅、相分布的非均匀性,是导致单脉冲天线近距离角度测量产生较显著的测角误差的主要原因;而频率较低时,测角误差较小.文中给出了物理解释,并提出近距离测向时借助于较低频信号的校正以降低测角误差的建议.     

双频共面单脉冲天线研制

论述了双频共面单脉冲天线的设计方法。天线口径较小时,馈源的遮挡口径相对较大,这对天线的性能影响很大,选择口径较小的双频馈源是实现双频共面的关键。天线低频段馈源采用4喇叭单脉冲形式,高频段馈源采用单口多模单脉冲喇叭,通过各自的馈电网络实现单脉冲功能。天线采用卡塞格伦形式,通过对天线和馈源的优化设计,可实现天线双频段工作性能,实测结果与计算结果基本吻合。     

非对称副镜卡塞格伦天线辐射场的计算

深空探测天线的多频段特性要求天线能够实现馈源间的快速切换。针对以旋转非对称副镜方式切换频段的大型卡塞格伦天线不再满足原有的口面场分布,利用口面场分布函数积分求解天线远场辐射方法失效的情况,提出了一种计算该型天线的有效方法。给出了一种适合于数值计算的镜面网格划分方法,并利用线性相位近似的物理光学法计算了副镜散射场及天线远区辐射场。计算结果与软件仿真结果的对比表明这种方法是准确实用的。     

仅修正付面的小口徑卡塞格倫天线

电尺寸小(70λ以下)的卡塞格伦天线,只要对副面进行修正,主面保持为拋物面,天线的效率便可提高到70％左右。困难在于要实验确定整形副面的等效相位中心。本文导出一组公式,可用以计算确定整形副面的等效相位中心,无需进行困难的副面散射场测量。     

1～12GHz单通道单脉冲跟踪天线

介绍了以六单元圆形阵列天线作为照射器的超宽频带双圆极化单脉冲抛物面天线的工作机理,并给出了通过数字移相器和耦合器将宽频带的和差两个通道变成单通道的途径.成功研制了一套超宽频带单通道单脉冲天线系统,天线系统由大、小两个抛物面天线组成,小天线置于大天线的边缘.进行了试验研究,给出了和差方向图的测试结果.该天线系统具有同时左右旋圆极化、十二倍频程自跟踪、单通道、馈源体积小等特点.     

Plane wave spectrum scattering analysis of near-field obstacle effects on directive antenna patterns

A plane wave spectrum scattering analysis of the effects of a near-zone obstacle on the pattern performance of a directive antenna is discussed. The free-space azimuth monopulse antenna is characterized by its sum and difference mode plane wave spectra, and a computed plane wave scattering dyad is used to characterize the scattering by a metallic right circular cylinder when it is excited by the incident antenna spectra. An efficient computer algorithm has been developed to compute the far-zone scattered and total fields for the antenna/cylinder system. Extensive experimental data have been obtained, and the patterns calculated using the present analysis are in agreement with the measured data.     

Monopulse Operation with Continuously Variable Beamwidth by Antenna Defocusing

Monopulse tracking operation with continuously variable beamwidth may be obtained by antenna defocusing. To demonstrate this property, antenna patterns (including phase) of a square aperture for large amounts of defocusing have been computed by diffraction theory for the case of highly tapered illumination in both the sum and difference antenna modes. From an examination of the computed patterns over a 10 to 1 beamwidth range, it is shown that with the increasing defocusing, the patterns in the sum and difference modes exhibit smoothly increasing width. Some change of shape is noted, but the pattern amplitudes and phase relationships are still suitable for on-axis tracking or off-axis location by monopulse techniques. To achieve monopulse operation with the defocused patterns two modifications to ordinary monopulse receivers are necessary. A phase shifter, inserted in the difference or sum channel and ganged to the amount of defocusing, is needed to cancel the phase variation with defocusing. In addition, amplitude correction is required to keep the error-signal slope constant.     

基于准光技术的亚毫米波单脉冲天线

基于准光技术在亚毫米波频段设计分析了一种单脉冲天线。采用时域有限差分(FDTD) 方法结合斯特拉顿-朱兰成(Stratton-Chu)公式对该准光单脉冲天线的辐射性能进行了严格的仿真分析。为了进一步抑制辐射和波束方向图的副瓣电平,引入了修正的介质双曲透镜。仿真结果表明,该单脉冲介质透镜天线具有良好的辐射特性,其中和波束的副瓣电平小于-11.9 dB,差波束的零深低于-30.0 dB,不平衡度小于0.50 dB。     

UTD analysis of a shaped subreflector in a dual offset-reflectorantenna system

The geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) is known as an efficient high-frequency method for the analysis of electrically large objects such as a reflector antenna. However it is difficult to obtain geometrical parameters in order to apply GTD to an arbitrary shaped reflector, especially a subreflector. The geometrical parameters of an arbitrary shaped subreflector for the uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) analysis are derived based on differential geometry. The radiation patterns of various subreflector types, including hyperboloidal and a shaped subreflector, are evaluated by UTD. The computed result for the hyperboloidal reflector agrees well with that obtained by uniform asymptotic theory (UAT)     

非赋形双偏置高性能椭圆波束天线

分析了非赋形双偏置天线产生椭圆波束的机理,将馈源的椭圆波束照射到轮廓线为椭圆形的付反射面上,通过双偏置天线的对称转换原理,主反射面产生椭圆波束.馈源波束由矩形口径的多模喇叭产生,它提供了等化的方向图.给出了馈源及天线的方向图计算公式.实验结果表明,实测方向图基本与理论计算一致.与其他类型的椭圆波束天线相比,本天线加工简单,同时天线效率也较高.     

Electromagnetic scattering by arbitrarily shaped reflectors: Subreflector efficiency

A general expression for the electromagnetic scattering by an arbitrarily shaped reflector is developed and applied in a computer model of offset hyperboloid reflectors. The computed scattering is shown to be in excellent agreement with scattering measurements made on an offset reflector of projected diameter = 24 cm, at frequencies of 10.35 GHz, 20.7 GHz, and 44.5 GHz. Next, using the computer model, the efficiency of the subreflector in a dual-reflector antenna is calculated as a function of subreflector diameter and for two values of illumination taper. For subreflectors truncated at the ray-optics boundary the calculated efficiency is 0.83 and 0.91, respectively, for truncation diameter of7.7 lambdaand30.4 lambda, and with 5 dB of illumination taper; these respective efficiencies increase to 0.91 and 0.95 with 12 dB of illumination taper. However, subreflectors of diameter about two wavelengths larger than the ray-optics diameter have very nearly unit efficiency.     

Low-loss offset feeds for electrically large symmetric dual-reflector antennas

Circularly symmetric, dual-reflector, high-gain antenna systems often require feeds placed off the system's axis because of the need for multiple feeds to use the reflector antenna. Also, the constraint requiring the hyperboloid or shaped subreflector to remain circularly symmetric is sometimes added. In a Cassegrainian system, the subreflector and feed may be rotated off-axis around the paraboloid focus and retain main reflector focusing. However, substantial spillover results in considerable noise in a high-gain/low-noise temperature system. In a shaped system, the tilt of the shaped subreflector and feed together results in substantial defocusing as well as spillover noise. If the subreflector is tilted approximately one-half the angle of the feed tilt in either the Cassegrainian or the dual-shaped reflector antenna, it is found that spillover and noise are substantially reduced with tolerable defocusing. An extensive numerical analysis of these effects was conducted to determine the characteristics of a 70-meter, dual-shaped reflector versus Cassegrainian antenna and to gain some understanding of the cause of the observed effects.     

Subreflector extension for improved efficiencies in Cassegrain antennas--GTD/PO analysis

Both offset and symmetric Cassegrain reflector antennas are used in satellite and ground communication systems. It is known that the subreflector diffraction can degrade the performance of these reflectors. A geometrical theory of diffraction/physical optics (GTD/PO) analysis technique is used to investigate the improving effects of the extended subreflector, beyond its optical rim, on the reflector efficiency and farfield patterns. Representative numerical results are shown for an offset Cassegrain reflector antenna with different feed illumination tapers and subreflector extensions. It is observed that for subreflector extensions as small as1 lambdanoticeable improvements in the overall efficiencies can be expected. Useful design data are generated for the efficiency curves and far-field patterns.