MMPI characteristics of alcoholics: A review.

Empirical research concerning the usefulness of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in the identification of personality characteristics of alcoholics is reviewed. Scales, profile configurations, and item analyses are discussed. No single personality type is characteristic of all alcoholics. Although six cluster types occur with consistency, none of these types is unique to alcoholics. A focus on individual differences in future research and treatment planning is suggested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MMPI studies of counselors: A review.

Presents a current, systematic review of published MMPI research on counselor characteristics and effectiveness and discussed the importance of continuing research in this area. Counselors appear different from the general norms on the L, K, Hy, Pd, Mf, Ma, Si, Es, Do, Re, St, and Pr scales but only the L, K, Ma, and Si scales distinguish between counselors and persons in other professions. Only the Ma and Sc scales show promise of discriminating between effective and ineffective counselors in training. Weaknesses of the existing research are indicated and 2 basic questions are raised regarding inventory research on counselor effectiveness. (22 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ethnicity and MMPI performance: A review.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) performance as a function of ethnic group membership was reviewed in Asian Americans, Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans. There did not appear to be a simple relation between ethnic group membership and MMPI performance, either within or between such populations as normal individuals, psychiatric patients, prisoners, or substance abuse patients. Moderator variables, such as social class, education, and type of setting, seem to play an important role in determining the specific pattern of scores that are found. There is a paucity of studies that have investigated whether there are any empirical correlates of the obtained differences when two ethnic groups are compared on the MMPI, that is, investigations of the external validity of the MMPI in various ethnic groups. It seems premature to conclude that new norms for the MMPI are needed for specific ethnic groups without additional research that examines the issues raised in this review. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MMPI clinical scale correlates.

Discusses and compares the results of 7 independent studies that have attempted empirically to identify the behavioral or symptom correlates of individual MMPI clinical scales for psychiatric patients. Symptom correlates, in general, tend to provide construct validity for the "traditional" interpretation of individual scales. The correlations are uniformly quite low, however, and individual scales evidence relatively few instances of unique discrimination. Major symptom correlates for individual scales also tend to be significantly related to 2-point profile codes that include the individual scales, although there are obvious differences that may be associated with scale profiles. Some possible interactions of scale correlates with race, sex, and clinical setting are noted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Teaching the MMPI: APA-approved clinical internships.

A questionnaire on teaching of the MMPI was sent to 139 American Psychological Association-approved clinical internship programs. The questionnaire asked the faculty member primarily responsible for teaching psychological assessments to indicate how much of an intern's time was spent in psychological assessment; whether the test was taught didactically and, if so, how; how many interns received clinical supervision on the test; and whether interns completed research employing the MMPI. It was found that (a) 78% of the programs teach the MMPI, (b) 99% of the programs that teach the MMPI supervise its clinical use, (c) 86% of the internships that teach the test offer seminars dealing with it, and (d) interns do research with the MMPI in 54% of the programs that deal with it. (35 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A perspective on developments in assessing psychopathology: A critical review of the MMPI and MMPI-2.

Many concerns have been raised about the MMPI, but the emphasis on continuity during its revision precluded addressing many of these problems in the new MMPI-2. In this review, problems with the MMPI and MMPI-2 are explicated in an effort to promote more informed use of this and other tests of psychopathology. Major theoretical concerns include the lack of a consistent measurement model, heterogeneous scale content, and suspect diagnostic criteria. Serious structural problems include the overlap among scales, lack of cross-validation of the scoring keys, inadequacy of measures of response styles, and suspect norms. Six minor problems and new issues for the MMPI-2 are also discussed. It is concluded that although the MMPI-2 is an improvement over the MMPI, both are suboptimal from the perspective of modern psychometric standards for the assessment of psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Prediction of dissimulation on the MMPI in a clinical field setting.

Evaluated the effectiveness of the F and F-K indices of the MMPI in detecting dissimulation with 4 female and 80 male VA psychiatric patients applying for disability benefits. Four groups of Ss were identified that differed in terms of inferred motivation to exaggerate psychopathology so as to obtain benefits at desired levels. When psychopathology level and age were controlled, elevations of F and F-K indices coincided monotonically with conditions predicted to correspond with increasing motivation to dissimulate. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of the clinical utility of the MMPI basic scales and specific MMPI state-trait scales: A test of Dahlstrom's hypothesis.

Tested W. G. Dahlstrom's (1972) hypothesis that the clinical utility of the MMPI could be improved through the use of dimensionally pure personality trait and psychopathological state scales to supplant the present dimensionally complex clinical and validity scales. 508 male psychiatric patients (mean age, 37.7 yrs) were diagnostically categorized using a structured classification algorithm; discriminant functions were then computed first for a relatively untainted set of symptom, characterological, and validity scales, then for the basic MMPI clinical and validity scales as independent variates. Results fail to confirm Dahlstrom's hypothesis. The MMPI clinical scales distinguished diagnostic categories better than did the state and trait scales. Possible reasons for lack of confirmation of Dahlstrom's hypothesis are discussed, and alternative modes of analysis are suggested. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Standardization of the Chinese MMPI–A in Hong Kong: A preliminary study.

The Chinese Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—Adolescents (MMPI—A) was applied in Hong Kong to a normative sample of 565 male and 664 female students ages 14–18. The Chinese adolescents' MMPI–A T scores based on the U.S. adolescent norms were elevated more than 1 SD on Scale 2. Similar elevations were found on Scale L (Lie) for the female students and on Scale A-lse (Adolescent Low Self-Esteem) for the male students. Moderate elevations were also shown on several scales, although none of the clinical scales exceeded a T score of 65, the clinical cutoff point based on U.S. norms. Whether these elevations were due to cultural differences in item interpretation or higher levels of psychopathology among the Hong Kong students cannot be concluded from the present data. However, previous findings on the Chinese MMPI favors the former explanation. These cultural differences should be taken into consideration in clinical interpretations of elevated scores on the Chinese MMPI—A. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Chinese MMPI profiles among neurotic patients.

The Chinese Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles of 1,112 neurotic patients were scored with the Chinese norm, the original MMPI norm, and the MMPI—2 Uniform T scores. In comparison with the Chinese normative sample, the neurotic profiles were elevated on all the clinical scales except Scale 5 (Mf). The neurotic patients also scored higher than schizophrenic patients on Scales 1 (Hs), 2 (D), 3 (Hy), 7 (Pt), 8 (Sc), and 0 (Si). The Chinese normative profiles produced typical neurotic code types of 12/21, 13/31, 23/32, and 27/72. However, the overall T score elevations of the clinical scales were much lower than those found on the American norms. Profiles based on the 3 American norms bore the characteristic peaks on Scales 2 and 8 found among Chinese samples. The authors recommend using both the Chinese and the American norms in the interpretation of the Chinese MMPI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Feedback and accuracy of clinical judgments from the MMPI.

21 judges from each of 3 clinical experience levels judged 90 MMPI profiles as being either neurotic or psychotic. Judges receiving feedback after each trial achieved a higher accuracy rate than judges receiving no feedback. Although experience level was not significant as a main effect, the differences among feedback groups were greatest for the more experienced judges. Accuracy increased as a function of number of trials, but the greatest accuracy achieved by any group of judges after 90 trials was 72%. Several possible reasons for the low accuracy rates are suggested. (24 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychophysical approach to clinical judgment of low T scores on the MMPI.

Presented randomly and individually T scores on the MMPI, ranging from 30-110, to 14 PhD clinicians in Minnesota and 18 clinicians in Kansas for evaluation of pathology. Ss showed low agreement on 2 scales (Pa and Ma) and were significantly different on 7 out of the 10 scales. Minnesota judges tended to regard low scores as representing less pathology and to view pathology in a linear manner. Limitations of the study are noted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Measuring depression in a clinical population using the MMPI.

When the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) has been compared with other objective depression measures in terms of validity, results have been inconsistent. Administering the MMPI to samples of 72 clinically depressed and 61 clinically nondepressed inpatients and comparing scores from its Depression scale with scores from the Beck Depression Inventory was the purpose of this study. A positive linear relation between the two measures and their ability to discriminate between depressed and nondepressed groups was demonstrated. When obvious subscale items were removed from the MMPI Depression scale and were analyzed separately, results improved on a hit rate of 70% for depression in this population. Research findings based on MMPI Depression scale data from clinical populations may be misleading unless variance due to face-valid or obvious items is taken into account. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A note on the MMPI as a suicide predictor.

Offers comments on C. V. Leonard's (1977) article on the MMPI as a suicide predictor. Her appraisal of former studies and her consideration of the differences between individuals with different suicidal behaviors are critically evaluated. It is suggested that future research should emphasize the development of useful MMPI indices of suicidal risk and should recognize the need to cross-validate these indices. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

韶钢信息化建设之实践

韶钢的信息化建设主要经历了三个阶段：初步开发、规模开发、协同应用,同步实施ERP与MES,实现产销一体化、财务业务一体化、管理控制一体化．     

Contextual effects on the MMPI.

This study was designed to determine in what ways and to what extent MMPI scores are influenced by the ordering of their items. 12 shortened forms of the MMPI were developed, using 4 different scales (paranoia, social desirability, physical health, and acquiescence) and 3 different patterns of ordering (all items appearing first, being scattered throughout, or appearing last in the test). Ss included 473 college students, 108 neurotics, and 54 paranoid schizophrenics. Each S was administered 2 of the test forms, each of which contained a different ordering schema of the same items, with a 1-week interval between test administrations. Findings indicated no significant contextual effects on any of the scales. (42 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A comparison of three MMPI short forms: Limited clinical utility in classification.

A multivariate classification method was used to compare the Mini-Mult, Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI, and MMPI-168 with the standard MMPI profiles of 252 psychiatric inpatients (mean age 27.4 yrs). Profiles were classified as 1 of 3 previous identified superordinate types (neurotic, psychotic, and sociopathic), using the standard MMPI profile as a criterion. Overall classification was below clinical utility, with distortions of profile shape the most serious error. No form was judged to be adequate for most clinical purposes. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A unidimensional depression scale for the MMPI.

To develop a depression scale that differentiates consistently not only between normal and abnormal samples but also within such samples, items from the MMPI D scale were selected on the basis of consistent relationship to the major dimension or factor underlying the 60 items as determined by a contextual analysis of responses in each of 4 normative samples of 40 Ss (normal and abnormal divided also by sex). The final 30-item scale, called the D30 scale, showed greatly improved within-group distinctions, particularly among normals, dimensionality coefficients (rd) of .97, .95, and .98 being obtained in cross validation in contrast to values of .67, .45, and .87 for the original. Split-half reliability showed improvement despite shorter length, and test-retest estimates in 2 normal samples were .88 and .92. Since part-whole correlations indicated that D30 scale scores account for the systematic differences in scores on the 60-item scale, the D30 scale was recommended for general use in lieu of the original. T score norms based on 424 Ss were presented and scale content discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MMPI and MMPI-2 performance of the Chinese: Cross-cultural applicability.

Psychologists are being increasingly asked to evaluate culturally diverse individuals, and it is critical that assessment instruments be appropriately adapted to the populations being evaluated. Chinese Americans have been underrepresented in the normative samples of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; S. R. Hathaway & J. C. McKinley, 1983) and the revised MMPI (MMPI-2; J. N. Butcher, W. G. Dahlstrom, J. R. Graham, A. Tellegan, & B. Kaemmer, 1989), and research with exclusive Chinese samples in the United States is lacking. Adaptability studies of the Chinese MMPI in Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China, however, have demonstrated the instrument's clinical utility. In this article, MMPI and MMPI-2 studies with Chinese are reviewed. Implications of the instrument's applicability to Chinese in the United States are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)