海河流域1961-2010年极端气温与降水变化趋势分析

以海河流域30个气象基准站1956年－2010年气温和降水日值资料为基础,选取12个表征极端气候变化指标,分析了海河该流域极端气温与降水的变化趋势。结果表明：海河流域极端高温的强度、频度和持续时间均有较强的增加趋势,;极端低温的强度、频度显著降低,反映出流域整体增温的气候变化背景。;海河流域短历时极端降水强度有增大趋势,年极端降水的发生频次降低,连续湿日表现出一定的减少趋势,而连续干日在近几十年来有一定的增加趋势,区域呈现弱干化趋势。从年代际变化特征看,20世纪90年代以来,年极端高温事件和短历时强降水事件发生趋于频繁,而长持续性降水事件的降水量减少。海河流域整体的暖干趋势以及降水集中的趋势,将对农业生产、水资源开发利用造成不利影响;,同时,短历时极端强降水事件的增加可能加剧局地的山洪灾害和城市内涝的风险。     

近50年辽宁省极端气候事件的趋势变化及空间特征

为明确辽宁省近50年极端气候事件的趋势变化特征以及时空分布情况,本文以辽宁省1964—2015年逐日平均气温、最低气温、最高气温以及降水数据为基础,选取省域范围内的23个气象站点,依据世界气象组织(WMO)确定的"气候变化检测和指标",选取适用于研究区的8个极端气温指数和4个降水指数,采用线性趋势法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法及反距离加权插值法,分析近50年来辽宁省极端气温和降水事件的时空演变特征。结果表明:时间尺度上,表征极端高温事件的极端最高温、夏日日数、暖昼、暖夜日数逐渐增多且在未来一段时间具有持续上升趋势;极端低温事件指数如霜冻日数、冷昼数、冷夜数均表现为下降趋势变化;极端降水指数除普通日降水强度较为平稳外均呈上升趋势,辽宁省极端降水事件增加。空间尺度上,极端最高温、最低温、霜冻日数、夏日日数呈由北向南递减的规律,冷夜、冷昼、暖夜、暖昼数呈不规律分布。与降水量相关的极端降水指数呈南高北低,东高西低的格局。     

布哈河流域水资源的气候演变特征

布哈河是青海湖最重要的径流补给河流,其流域水资源气候演变分析对于青海湖生态安全有重要意义。通过天骏、刚察、茶卡气象站长系列气温、降水数据分析布哈河流域气候变化特征。结果表明,近50年来,流域内气温均显著升高,海拔越高升温越明显,冬季升温较其它季节明显。采用Mann-Kendall趋势分析法和累计距平曲线对各时段的升温趋势变化进行了分析,升温自1986年开始至1997年有一个10年左右的波动期,随后在1997出现显著的突变过程,在与青藏高原整体趋势一致的基础上表现出区域自身的增温特点。降水呈增加趋势,但不如温度明显。海拔越高降水增加越明显,夏季降水增加较其它季节明显。根据气温和可利用降水变化特征,流域20世纪80年代开始进入增温增湿期,在20世纪90年代进入相对暖干期,21世纪前10年复转为暖湿期。     

The effect of climate change on urban drainage: an evaluation based on regional climate model simulation.

That we are in a period of extraordinary rates of climate change is today evident. These climate changes are likely to impact local weather conditions with direct impacts on precipitation patterns and urban drainage. In recent years several studies have focused on revealing the nature, extent and consequences of climate change on urban drainage and urban runoff pollution issues. This study uses predictions from a regional climate model to look at the effects of climate change on extreme precipitation events. Results are presented in terms of point rainfall extremes. The analysis involves three steps: Firstly, hourly rainfall intensities from 16 point rain gauges are averaged to create a rain gauge equivalent intensity for a 25 x 25 km square corresponding to one grid cell in the climate model. Secondly, the differences between present and future in the climate model is used to project the hourly extreme statistics of the rain gauge surface into the future. Thirdly, the future extremes of the square surface area are downscaled to give point rainfall extremes of the future. The results and conclusions rely heavily on the regional model's suitability in describing extremes at timescales relevant to urban drainage. However, in spite of these uncertainties, and others raised in the discussion, the tendency is clear: extreme precipitation events effecting urban drainage and causing flooding will become more frequent as a result of climate change.     

不同气候条件的抚河流域SWAT径流模拟与验证

以鄱阳湖水系的抚河流域为研究对象,构建了抚河流域的SWAT模型,并对李家渡水文站的径流数据进行了模拟。模拟结果表明该模型适用于抚河流域的径流模拟。为了进一步验证模型在极端气候条件下的稳定性,分别选取连续丰水年(1975—1977年)和枯水年(1963—1965年)、连续高温年(1963—1965年)和低温年(1969—1971年)对模型进行验证。通过对气候变化条件下流域径流的模拟,率定期的决定系数R²与效率系数ENS均在0.85以上,验证期(1991—1998年)的R²与ENS均在0.80以上,说明构建的模型在极端气候年份具有一定的稳定性。     

蚂蚁森林种植地鄂尔多斯市1959-2018年气温及降水变化特征研究

基于鄂尔多斯市3个气象站点1959-2018年逐月降水及气温数据,使用M-K检验法、滑动平均、Morlet小波分析法、线性回归及R/S分析法,对蚂蚁森林种植地鄂尔多斯市1959-2018年气温及降水特征进行分析。结果表明:近60年鄂尔多斯市年平均气温、年降水量和年极端气温呈上升趋势,气候正向暖湿化发展; 1993、1970、1987和1961年分别为年平均气温和年极端最高、最低气温以及年降水量的突变时间;年极端最低、最高气温和年降水量以及年平均气温的共振周期为28 a;在鄂尔多斯市未来气候变化特征分析的Hurst指数中,年降水量小于0. 5,年极端最低气温、最高气温和年平均气温均高于0. 5,表明气温在未来一段时期还会呈上升趋势,降水则呈下降趋势。     

深圳市1953-2012年极端气候事件变化分析

全球气候变化导致极端气候事件频发,选择描述极端气候事件的相关指标,利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法等对深圳市1953-2012年极端气候指标进行分析。结果表明:总体上深圳市降水频次与极端降水量均呈现起伏不定的变化规律,四季极端降水量主要集中在夏季,全年和四季降水量均没有明显的变化趋势。深圳市极端气温总体呈现较为显著稳定的变化状况;极端高温事件不断增加,极端低温事件不断减少,且趋势显著,同一季节的气温差异性较大,且差异性呈现出比较显著的加大趋势。     

Generation of Daily and Hourly Weather Variables for use in Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment

This paper evaluates the impact of climate change, as projected by two Global Climate Models (GCMs) on the occurrence of extreme precipitation events in the Upper Thames River Basin in the Canadian province of Ontario. The modelling approach presented herein involves a two-stage process of generating daily weather data followed by disaggregation to an hourly time step of select variables for some events. Monthly change fields for three weather variables (maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation) were obtained from the output of two GCMs. The historical data set is modified by applying change fields to the weather variables simultaneously and then using this as the driving data set for an improved K-nearest neighbour weather-generating model. Weather sequences representative of climatic conditions in 2050 were simulated. Disaggregation of precipitation data is carried out using a new method that is a hybrid key site approach. A distinct practical advantage of the approach presented here is that extreme wet and dry spells are simulated, which is crucial for evaluation of effective flood and drought management policies for the basin.     

马尔康市1954—2019年降水与旱涝灾害变化

利用马尔康市1954—2019年逐月气温、降水量实测资料,基于气候倾向率、突变检验、信噪比检验、周期估算等方法对本区气候变化、旱涝灾害演变特征进行分析,并借助ADF检验、Granger因果关系分析来验证旱涝灾害的驱动因子。结果显示：马尔康市年均气温、年降水量均呈显著上升趋势,气候有暖湿化倾向;多年平均降水量以16.29 mm/(10 a)的速率增加,以夏季、秋季增多明显,春季增幅最小;2001年为本区气候突变点,气温突变后的旱涝灾害呈增多态势,极端洪涝事件更为频繁,2015—2019年是一次重大洪涝事件;太阳黑子活动与ENSO事件皆为降水量变化的Granger原因。厄尔尼诺与南方涛动事件(ENSO)事件与马尔康地区的旱涝灾害在6.6 a上有较同步的共振周期,滞后期为2 a的ENSO事件是旱涝变化的主要诱因之一。ENSO事件在年尺度上为区域旱涝预警提供了重要理论支撑。     

昆明地区降水、气温及极端天气的长期变化趋势

利用昆明气象站1951年-2013年逐日气温和降水资料,采用线性趋势、Sen斜率估计、Mann-Kendall等方法分析昆明降水、气温和极端天气的变化特征与趋势,结果表明:1951年-2013年间,1994是年平均气温突变点;年平均气温和四季气温均呈升温趋势;年降水量和夏、秋两季降水量呈下降趋势,春、冬两季降水呈上升趋势,但趋势并不显著;在极端降水指数中,持续湿期呈下降趋势,持续干期和一日最大降水量呈上升趋势,趋势并不显著;在极端温度指数中,热日持续指数、暖夜指数及暖昼指数均呈显著上升趋势,冷日持续指数、冷夜指数及冷日指数均呈显著下降趋势。     

1960-2016年陕西省极端气温的时空变化研究

针对陕西省近年来极端气温事件发生频率增加这一现象,选用1960-2016年陕西省34个气象站年逐日气温资料,运用线性倾向法、M-K突变检验法、小波分析法研究陕西省极端气温事件的时空变化规律。结果表明:时间上对极端气温指数的全省均值和分区均值的突变分析可知,极端气温冷指数频率减少且数值呈现下降趋势,极端气温暖指数频率增加且数值呈现上升趋势;其中关中地区的指数突变的权重对于陕西省整体的贡献最大。陕西省各季度平均气温均以11 a、16 a、29 a为周期,29 a为主周期(冬季以9 a为主周期除外),极端气温暖指数中热夜日数、暖昼日数和暖夜日数均存在5 a或6 a的主周期,极端气温冷指数中冰冻日数、冷昼日数和冷夜日数均存在27 a的主周期,且在陕北、关中、陕南三个分区,极端气温冷暖频率的变化周期一致;空间上陕西省1960-2016年气温异常的空间型表现主要为总体一致性,极端气温暖指数普遍呈上升趋势且主要集中于关中与陕南地区;极端气温冷指数变化普遍呈下降趋势且主要集中于关中与陕北地区;陕西省各分区极端气温指数变化对全球气候变暖有较好的响应。     

Heatwaves and storms contribute to degraded water quality conditions in the nearshore of Lake Ontario

As extreme climatic events, such as heatwaves and storms, become more frequent in response to changing climates, understanding the role climatic events play on water quality is essential. Here, we use water quality monitoring data collected from the nearshore of Lake Ontario between 2000 and 2018 to ask: i) which sites in the nearshore of Lake Ontario have statistically extreme water quality conditions?; ii) do water quality conditions differ in extreme versus non-extreme climate years?; and iii) what are the significant antecedent extreme weather drivers of water quality in the nearshore of Lake Ontario? Three sites with the highest chlorophyll a concentrations and eutrophic conditions, two of which are in Areas of Concern, exhibited the strongest responses to climate extremes. Antecedent weather conditions explained 87.2% of the variation in extreme chlorophyll a concentrations. In particular, warmer temperatures and heatwaves corresponded with statistical extremes in chlorophyll a concentrations. Precipitation accounted for 35.5% of the variation in extreme conditions of turbidity, including storm events the day prior to sampling. When considering site-specific extreme conditions, antecedent weather conditions explained 66.8% of the variation in turbidity. We illustrate the strong role that heatwaves and storm events play on spatial and temporal patterns in extreme water quality conditions, highlighting the importance of incorporating climate change adaptation plans into ecosystem management strategies to preserve water quality in the highly important and iconic nearshore regions of the Laurentian Great Lakes.     

1969—2018年青海省生长季降水时空变化特征

降水量的变化情况一直是气候问题的讨论焦点.使用1969—2018年青海省生长季(5—9月份)降水量数据,借助ANUSPLIN插值、Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析等方法,研究青海省近50 a生长季降水量变化特点.结果显示:①50 a间降水量总体趋势为增加,倾斜率为2.12 mm/a,变化周期主要有22、8、4 a...     

Evaluating Future Joint Probability of Precipitation Extremes with a Copula-Based Assessing Approach in Climate Change

Changes in climate extremes may cause the variation of occurrence and intensity of floods and droughts. To investigate the future changes in joint probability behaviors of precipitation extremes for water resources management, an approach including three stages for analyzing the spatial variation of joint return periods of precipitation extremes is proposed in this paper. In the first stage, a weather generator model (WGM) was conducted with general circulation models (GCMs) under representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios to generate daily rainfall time series during 2021–2040 (S) and 2081–2100 (L) based on the statistics of the observed rainfall data. Four extreme precipitation indices are defined to represent extreme precipitation events. In the second stage, copula methods are adopted to establish the joint distribution of the precipitation extreme indices. The watershed-scale assessment of flood and drought applied in Shih-Men reservoir in northern Taiwan is conducted to demonstrate the possible change of joint return period. In the third stage, the change rates of joint return periods for bivariate extreme indices are demonstrated to present the occurrence possibility of floods or droughts in the future. The results indicate that floods and droughts might occur more frequently in the upstream region of the reservoir during the twenty-first century. The reservoir operations would be more important for water supply and flood mitigation. In conclusion, the possible changes of future joint probability of the precipitation extremes should be paid attention to for water resources management and draft plans to confront potential challenges in the future.     

近50年来西藏极端降水时空变化特征

利用1961~2010年西藏地区9个气象站点逐日降水资料,结合百分位方法定义的极端降水阈值,分析了该地区极端雨日及其平均降水强度、不同持续时间的极端降水事件、气候变化对极端降水的时空变化特征的影响。结果表明:(1)92°E以西的地区,极端雨日平均降水强度呈现出增加的趋势,而在92°E以东的地区,呈现出减小的趋势;(2)极端降水事件以持续1 d为主,其频率一般在4.3次/年以上,强度一般在20 mm/d以上,林芝站和波密站为频率和强度高值区;(3)气候变化背景下,极端降水的频率、强度表现出西移的态势。     

1961-2005年黄河流域极端气候事件变化趋势

利用黄河流域58个气象站点1961-2005年的逐日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温和逐日降水量数据,采用百分比阈值法定义极端气温和极端强降水事件,计算气象综合干旱指数(CI),并分析了黄河流域极端气候事件的变化趋势及其空间格局.结果表明:黄河流域极端低温和极端高温天数分别呈减少和增加趋势,平均速率分别为-3.8d/10a和1.7d/10a;年极端强降水总量的变化趋势存在着明显的区域差异,河源区增加最显著,而中游的黄土高原中、东部减少最显著;干旱天数呈减少趋势,河源区减幅最大,河套-宁夏平原以及鄂尔多斯高原西北部的减幅最小.     

马海盆地近 40 年以来气温、 降水演变规律

为研究在全球气温变暖条件下以马海盆地为代表的青藏高原北缘地区的气候变化特征,运用累积距平法、Mann-Kendall检验法、小波分析法对马海盆地的年降水量和年平均气温时间序列变化进行了多周期分析。研究表明,1970年-2010年马海盆地年降水量基本处于稳定状态,而年均气温有升高的趋势;在2001年之前,马海盆地降水呈减少的趋势,之后降水有增多的趋势,而年均气温在1995年之前呈现下降的趋势,之后开始回升;这一地区降水量变化震荡周期主要为15a、30a,气温变化则以26a为主周期;研究区降水和气温在不同的时间尺度上经历了不同的多-少及冷-暖的循环变化过程。对于不同的尺度周期,同一时段的降水量、气温变化会有所不同,时间尺度越小,气温、降水变化位相差异越小。     

Effects of Global Warming on Precipitation Extremes: Dependence on Storm Characteristics

This study investigates the relationship between historically observed changes in extreme precipitation magnitudes and temperature (P_ex-T relationship) at multiple locations in Canada. The focus is on understanding the behavior of these relationships with regards to key storm characteristics such as its duration, season of occurrence, and location. To do so, three locations are chosen such that they have large amounts of moisture available near them whereas four locations are chosen such that they are located in the land-locked regions of Canada and subsequently have no nearby moisture source available on them. To investigate the effect of different storm durations on P_ex-T relationship, storms of durations: 5, 10, 15, 30 min, 1, 2, 6, 12, 24 h are considered. Finally, P_ex-T relationship is analyzed separately for summer and winter seasons to quantify the influence of seasons. Results indicate strong influences of storm duration, season of occurrence, and location on observed precipitation scaling rates. Drastic intensification of precipitation extremes with temperature is obtained for shorter duration precipitation events than for longer duration precipitation events, in summers than in the winters. Furthermore, in summertime, increases in the intensity of convection driven precipitation extremes is found highest at locations away from large waterbodies. On the other hand, in wintertime most drastic increases in extreme precipitation are obtained at locations near large waterbodies. These findings contribute towards increasing the current understanding of precipitation extremes in the context of rapidly increasing global temperatures.     

近57来和丰县气温和降水量的趋势性及突变特征分析

对和丰县1954年-2010年近57年的年均气温以及降水量的资料,在进行距平分析和M-K非参数统计检验的基础上,运用M-K突变检测法和Pettitt突变检测法分别计算和分析了年均气温和降水量的突变特征。结果显示:1988年-2010年,有20年的气温距平值大于0,说明气温自1988年起呈现显著增加趋势,M-K趋势性检验结果也证明了这一点;突变检测未发现气温突变年份。年降水量总体呈现上升的趋势,最小值出现在1977年,最大值出现在2007年,总体变化趋势不显著,丰枯降水年交错分布;突变检测确定2007年为降水量突变年份。     

The Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Extreme Precipitation Events in the Western United States

Changes in the frequency or intensity of extreme precipitation events would have profound impacts on both human society and the natural environment. In this paper, we present the results of a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal changes of extreme precipitation in the western United States. The analyses explore the spatial characterization of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-extreme precipitation response pattern and identify the multi-scale temporal variability in precipitation extremes in the western United States. Results indicate: (1) Extreme precipitation expressed in indices such as seasonal count of days when precipitation is large than 10 mm (R10), seasonal maximum 5-day precipitation (R5D), maximum length of dry spell (CDD), and seasonal total precipitation exceeding 95 percentile (R95) have a dipolar pattern and a transition zone which separates the west into two main dipolar centers regarded as Pacific Northwest and Desert Southwest. The simple precipitation intensity index (SDII) has little correlation with large scale natural oscillations over most of the west. (2) The spatial distributions of annual trend of R10, R5D, SDII, and R95 have seasonal variability in southern California and Lower Colorado River Basin. (3) There are consistent multi-year bands ranging from 2 to 20 years in the R10, R5D, CDD, and R95 winter time series which may be caused by the inter-decadal or multi-decadal modulation of ENSO effects on precipitation extremes. The results can provide beneficial reference to the prediction of precipitation extremes in the west.