ANFO炸药的微观结构

为了更好地认识铵油(ANFO)炸药的微观结构,采用扫描电镜(SEM)和密度测试方法,对4种不同状态硝酸铵(AN)和燃料油组成的ANFO炸药的微观结构进行表征,采用切片技术观察ANFO炸药颗粒的内部微观结构.结果表明,未膨化ANFO炸药颗粒内部及外部的孔洞和裂纹很少,颗粒表面比膨化ANFO炸药表面光滑;膨化ANFO炸药颗粒表面存在大量孔洞、裂纹和突起,表面凹凸不平,颗粒内部存在大量毛孔和孪晶;EANFO-34样品在颗粒孔洞和不规则方面具有一些鲜明特征,颗粒内部也存在大量孔洞.研究也表明,膨化AN颗粒的晶体生长并未完成.     

C/C复合材料微观结构的CT分析

C/C复合材料具有复杂的内部微观结构,含有很多孔洞和裂纹,这些孔洞和裂纹对C/C复合材料的宏观性能有重要的影响.本文用高精度Micro-CT对C/C复合材料的内部结构进行了观测,发现使用Micro-CT能够获得无损的原位的C/C复合材料的内部微观结构特征.通过观测发现在C/C复合材料的内部,纤维与基体界面上存在大量的脱层和裂纹,而在基体内部存在大量的空洞,而纤维束内部的裂纹和空洞非常少见.在观测的基础上对C/C复合材料内部的脱层、裂纹和孔洞进行了统计分析,获得了它们尺度大小的概率分布函数,为进一步研究C/C复合材料的性能提供重要的依据.     

石英砂热形态和表面微观结构

使用由德国生产的LEIAZ-ⅡA型高温热显微镜对异密度循环流化床床料——石英砂在加热过程中所表现出的熔融特性和热膨胀特性进行了研究。高纯度石英砂在升温过程（室温～1600℃）中存在3个相对独立的特征温度区间：缓慢膨胀区（室温～870℃），在此区间试样尺寸变化比较均匀，线膨胀速率k比较小；膨胀停滞区(1000～1350℃)内，试样的体积和形状几乎不随温度的升高而改变，k在此区间近于零；快速膨胀区(1400～1550℃)内，k在此区间突然增大，形成一个陡峭的波峰。升温过程中高纯度石英砂试样的膨胀特性与其多晶型转变温度有对应关系。通过不同纯度两个试样的对比实验发现，纯度直接影响石英砂的熔融特性，纯度高，则相应的特征温度值高。利用HITACHI S2150型扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对加热到不同终端温度并冷却到室温的高纯度石英砂颗粒亚稳相的微米级表面结构进行观察，当终端温度进入快速膨胀区后，试样由于剧烈的膨胀在表面和内部产生大量微观裂纹，大量微观裂纹的存在导致试样的力学性能急剧下降，表现为弹性能力的消失。     

球形硅微粉的微观结构研究

文章采用XRD、SEM研究了球型硅微粉的晶体结构和微观结构。XRD测试晶体结构,发现高温熔融喷射法制备的球型硅微粉里面有晶态石英存在;SEM分析微观结构发现高温熔融喷射法制备的部分球型硅微粉颗粒内部有孔洞存在。通过对晶体结构和微观结构进行分析,找到了高温熔融喷射法生产的球型硅微粉内结晶态存在的原因。     

交联型P（AN-MA）凝胶聚合物电解质的制备与性能研究

采用丙烯腈（AN）和丙烯酸甲酯（MA）溶液聚合的方法合成了轻度交联的P（AN-MA）共聚物自支撑膜，可用做锂离子电池聚合物电解质膜基体。通过FTIR、IXSC、SEM等测试方法对交联共聚物的结构进行了表征，利用交流阻抗等电化学方法对电解质膜的导电性能进行了研究。结果表明：当交联剂用量为1．5％时，轻度交联的P（AN-MA）共聚物膜形成立体网状结构且富含大量纳米、超微米孔洞，有利于大量锂离子的嵌入；室温下该聚合物膜的电导率可达3．50×10^-4S／cm，达到聚合物锂离子电池电解质的电导率要求。     

PBX炸药细观孔洞缺陷对其冲击点火特性的影响

基于Monte-Carlo法的思想,采用有限元计算方法建立了考虑炸药颗粒尺寸、形状和位置随机分布的高聚物黏结炸药(PBX)的细观结构模型。通过计算比较了孔洞缺陷及缺陷大小对PBX炸药冲击点火特性的影响。结果表明,孔洞缺陷降低了炸药的临界点火压力,提高了其冲击感度;随着孔洞缺陷尺寸的增大,炸药的临界点火压力逐渐下降,但当缺陷尺寸超过一定范围时,更大尺寸的孔洞缺陷并没有继续提高炸药的冲击感度。     

磷矿硫酸预处理过程的微孔化研究

以硫酸法预处理四川马边磷矿为研究对象,采用扫描电镜、能谱分析、比表面积分析等手段研究了磷矿预处理前后颗粒表面的变化。结果表明:处理前磷矿表面镁元素呈均匀分布,而处理后磷矿表面出现明显的孔洞,孔洞可能为白云石分解所致,并且腐蚀后磷矿由许多高度连通性的微小磷矿颗粒组成,在磷矿表面并无镁元素的存在。孔洞的存在增大了磷矿的比表面积和孔容,同时提高了磷矿的分解率和萃取磷酸料浆的过滤性能。在此微观分析的基础上,建立了硫酸预处理磷矿的磷溶出及镁脱除的数学模型。     

偏氯乙烯-丙烯腈悬浮共聚树脂的颗粒特性

采用悬浮聚合制备偏氯乙烯(VDC)均聚树脂和偏氯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚(VDC-AN)树脂,考察了AN含量对VDC-AN树脂颗粒形态和结晶特性的影响。结果表明,随着AN含量的增加,VDC-AN树脂颗粒形态逐渐由疏松结构向致密结构变化。当AN的质量分数小于或等于8.8%时,共聚树脂具有疏松的颗粒结构,颗粒内部有0.1～2.0 μm的初级粒子间孔隙;当共聚物中AN的质量分数大于或等于12.3%时,颗粒内部初级粒子黏并严重,初级粒子间孔隙基本消失,且共聚树脂基本不结晶。AN单体的引入,使VDC聚合物结晶性下降,单体对聚合物的溶胀性增加,是VDC树脂颗粒由疏松向致密结构转变的主要原因。     

电刷镀纳米颗粒复合镀层的组织与生长过程研究

采用电刷镀技术制得了纳米复合镀层并研究了纳米颗粒对镀层表面形貌、断面组织和微观结构的影响。结果表明，纳米颗粒的加入使镀层表面形貌比较细腻平整；断面组织细化；纳米颗粒与基质金属结合紧密。镀层的生长过程可分为三个阶段。     

基于 MALDI-OF质谱探究水性聚氨酯分散体的扩链反应

为更加明确水性聚氨酯分散体的扩链反应机理，采用可水解的聚酯合成水性聚氨酯分散体，可控水解聚酯结构保留氨基甲酸酯结构和脲结构获得一系列水解片段，一些水解片段隐含了扩链反应的信息，采用 MALDI-TOF质谱分析水解片段的结构和组成，可以追溯扩链反应进程和分析扩链反应机理。研究发现预聚体端基结构不同，其反应产物存在较大差异，与亲水结构相连的预聚物的端异氰酸酯基（—NCO）大部分被水和二胺封端，而与疏水结构相连的—NCO端基大部分与水和二胺发生扩链反应。基于研究结果，提出了一种全新的扩链反应机理：扩链反应不仅发生在颗粒表面，也发生在颗粒内部。否定了扩链反应仅发生在颗粒表面的普遍看法。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。