生产进度分析中若干问题的解决方法

根据多年的实际工作经验，阐述了生产进度分析对改善生产管理，提高生产效率，保证生产任务完成的重要性。同时诠释了生产作业中短缺问题的措施和办法。     

单件小批生产企业生产作业计划系统的设计

充分分析了单件小批生产企业的特点，对比了目前比较流行的生产计划的方法，提出了符合单件小批生产企业生产作业管理实际情况的作业计划和控制系统模型，这个模型以网络计划技术支撑，采用了基于BOM／BOP生成产品网络计划，基于网络图的多项目平衡优化，多级网络计划的编制与优化等关键技术，对生产作业计划和控制系统进行了总体设计。     

煤矿生产物流系统优化问题研究

阐述了煤矿生产物流系统存在的问题，并提出了解决办法，笔者站在信息化管理的角度探讨了煤矿生产物流系统实施信息化管理的途径，最终达到了优化煤炭生产物流系统的目的。     

EJK951型油水界面传感器的应用与节能效果分析

结合生产实际，从不同角度分析了油田生产中油水界面的特性，简要介绍了EJK951型油水界传感的工作原理，特点，在油田生产中的主节能效果分析。     

电熔镁砂生产的节能途径

以辽南地区生产电熔镁砂的典型矿热炉为研究对象，分析计算了电熔镁砂生产的理论电耗，给出了热平衡测算结果，指出了降低电熔镁砂生产电能消耗的主要途径。     

技改节电降成本 提高质量销售旺──江苏阜宁县啤酒厂技改节电一举数得

江苏阜宁县啤酒厂加大技术改造力度，应用节能新产品，对生产设备进行节电改造，摆脱了生产能耗高、质量差、效益低的困境，今年该厂生产用电与去年同期相比，在产值、产量同等情况下，减少14万千瓦·时，取得了显著的经济效益，受到了县三电办表彰。阜宁啤酒厂生产稳宁斯啤酒一万吨，年用电量达200万千瓦·时。前几年，因生产不景气，销售滑坡，放松对生产用电考核管理和设备技术改造，造成产品考核超单耗，生产成本高。为了提高产品质量，降低销售价格，参与市场竞争，加强内部挖潜，向技改节能要效益。在今年2月份啤酒销售旺季前，对全厂…     

基于矿难引发的煤炭生产企业伦理问题的思考

叙述了煤炭生产企业伦理问题的潜在原因，指出，要从根本上遏制矿难，就要完成煤炭生产企业道德伦理的重建，建立以人为本的中国煤炭生产企业伦理。     

"四位一体"三结合生产模式

“四位一体”三结合生产模式是在北方农村能源生态模式的基础上，在两栋北方农村能源生态模式之间搭建冷棚，种植以葡萄为主的果类作物而形成的一种生产模式。这种生产模式实现了种植与养殖相结合，有效利用物质循环，延长了生物链；实现了冷棚与暖棚相结合，充分利用土地资源，使劳动力得到合理分配；实现了果类生产与蔬菜类生产相结合，使价格得到互补，抵御了市场风险。１基本情况辽宁省喀左县羊角沟乡烧锅杖子村是有名的贫困村，全村５５５户，人口１７４６人，耕地总面积２３２hm２，为了摆脱贫困状况，通过省市县三级农村能源部门的帮…     

斗山发动机公司船用柴油机产量突破5000万马力

2008年4月中旬，MAN柴油机公司的韩国许可生产商——斗山发动机有限公司生产的柴油机累计功率突破了5000万马力。斗山发动机有限公司从1984年开始生产船用柴油机，在24年时间内生产的发动机功率就达到了5000万马力，这是一项史无前例的成就。在所有生产发动机的公司中，MAN柴油机公司生产的发动机总功率过了3000万马力。斗山发动机有限公司是世界上第三家生产发动机功率达N5000万马力的柴油机公司，该公司生产的发动机功率从4000万马力增长N5000万马力只用了一年半时间。     

矿山机电设备的管理及诊断探究

现代化的矿山已经摆脱了过去生产手工化的生产模式，基本上进入到了以半自动化、自动化为主的全新的生产阶段中。为了高效、准确的进行采矿工作，也为了保证相关生产的正常进行，保证机电设备能够安全、可靠的运行，并对其潜在的安全隐患予以及时的发现和处理，就成为了工作的重心之一。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

The recent European biofuel debate as a case study in the politics of renewable energy

This study outlines a number of issues of a political nature, associated with the implementation of renewables, with the primary emphasis on the recent European push for the production of liquid biofuels. In recent years biofuels have been gaining increasing attention as a potential alternative to conventional automotive fuels. This potential has recently become an issue in the European Union (EU) with surplus agricultural land being considered for the production of energy crops. In this paper political issues at stake in the promotion of biofuel crops in the EU are examined. A critical analysis is made of the environmental claims put forward in defence of the promotion of these fuel crops and comparisons made with alternate woody biomass fuels. Contrasts are drawn between this case study and other examples of the implementation of renewables including the development of PV in the US and wind power in the UK. Conclusions are made regarding the impact of the issues thrown up on the future development of renewables.     

Energy use in Indian household sector – An actor-oriented approach

Over the years, significant changes have taken place with regard to the type as well the quantity of energy used in Indian households. Many factors have contributed in bringing these changes. These include availability of energy, security of supplies, efficiency of use, cost of device, price of energy carriers, ease of use, and external factors like technological development, introduction of subsidies, and environmental considerations. The present paper presents the pattern of energy consumption in the household sector and analyses the causalities underlying the present usage patterns. It identifies specific (groups of) actors, study their specific situations, analyse the constraints and discusses opportunities for improvement. This can be referred to “actor-oriented” analysis in which we understand how various actors of the energy system are making the system work, and what incentives and constraints each of these actors is experiencing. It analyses actor linkages and their impact on the fuel choice mechanism. The study shows that the role of actors in household fuel choice is significant and depends on the level of factors – micro, meso and macro. It is recommended that the development interventions should include actor-oriented tools in energy planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. The analysis is based on the data from the national sample survey (NSS), India. This approach provides a spatial viewpoint which permits a clear assessment of the energy carrier choice by the households and the influence of various actors. The scope of the paper is motivated and limited by suggesting and formulating a powerful analytical technique to analyse the problem involving the role of actors in the Indian household sector.     

Resistivity topography: a grain boundary characterisation method

Solar cells made from multicrystalline silicon are the ideal basis for photovoltaic systems. The solar cell efficiencies are still limited by the crystal defects (dislocations, grain boundaries) and their electrical activity. As a fast and efficient assessment of the electrical activity of specific grain boundaries high resolution resistivity maps will be used, measured on a set of wafers as cut coming from the same block. Resistivity maps proved to be a precise and yet simple method to characterise grain boundary activity. While measurements in the bulk of the crystal are symmetric because of the isotropy of the material, measurements crossing rain boundaries are depending on the relative orientation of the boundary with respect to the measurement geometry. The large number of measurement points of a high resolution resistivity map allows a statistical treatment of the data to evaluate one quantitative value for the grain boundary electrical activity.Solar cells from those have been processed. In the regions with a higher electrical activity at grain boundaries, the open circuit voltage of the solar cell decreased. A specific evaluation of the electrical activity of grain boundaries on the basis of the thermionic model allowed the fine tuning of production parameters leading to a homogeneous quality of cast mc-Silicon wafers bearing the potential of approaching highest efficiencies in industrial production processes.     

Economic viability assessment of sustainable hydrogen production,storage, and utilisation technologies integrated into on- and off-grid micro-grids: A performance comparison of different meta-heuristics

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the development of zero-emissions, sustainable energy systems utilising the potential of hydrogen energy technologies. However, the improper long-term economic assessment of costs and consequences of such hydrogen-based renewable energy systems has hindered the transition to the so-called hydrogen economy in many cases. One of the main reasons for this is the inefficiency of the optimization techniques employed to estimate the whole-life costs of such systems. Owing to the highly nonlinear and non-convex nature of the life-cycle cost optimization problems of sustainable energy systems using hydrogen as an energy carrier, meta-heuristic optimization techniques must be utilised to solve them. To this end, using a specifically developed artificial intelligence-based micro-grid capacity planning method, this paper examines the performances of twenty meta-heuristics in solving the optimal design problems of three conceptualised hydrogen-based micro-grids, as test-case systems. Accordingly, the obtained numeric simulation results using MATLAB indicate that some of the newly introduced meta-heuristics can play a key role in facilitating the successful, cost-effective development and implementation of hydrogen supply chain models. Notably, the moth-flame optimization algorithm is found capable of reducing the life-cycle costs of micro-grids by up to 6.5% as compared to the dragonfly algorithm.     

Characterization and prediction of biomass pyrolysis products

In this study some literature data on the pyrolysis characteristics of biomass under inert atmosphere were structured and analyzed, constituting a guide to the conversion behavior of a fuel particle within the temperature range of 200-1000 °C. Data is presented for both pyrolytic product distribution (yields of char, total liquids, water, total gas and individual gas species) and properties (elemental composition and heating value) showing clear dependencies on peak temperature. Empirical relationships are derived from the collected data, over a wide range of pyrolysis conditions and considering a variety of fuels, including relations between the yields of gas-phase volatiles and thermochemical properties of char, tar and gas. An empirical model for the stoichiometry of biomass pyrolysis is presented, where empirical parameters are introduced to close the conservation equations describing the process. The composition of pyrolytic volatiles is described by means of a relevant number of species: H₂O, tar, CO₂, CO, H₂, CH₄ and other light hydrocarbons. The model is here primarily used as a tool in the analysis of the general trends of biomass pyrolysis, enabling also to verify the consistency of the collected data. Comparison of model results with the literature data shows that the information on product properties is well correlated with the one on product distribution. The prediction capability of the model is briefly addressed, with the results showing that the yields of volatiles released from a specific biomass are predicted with a reasonable accuracy. Particle models of the type presented in this study can be useful as a submodel in comprehensive reactor models simulating pyrolysis, gasification or combustion processes.     

Ecological and economic efficiency of the use of alternative energy technologies including hydrogen to reduce of the anthropogenic load in the central ecological area of the Baikal natural territory

The central ecological area of the Baikal natural territory covers some districts of the Irkutsk oblast and the Republic of Buryatia, located on the coast of the Lake Baikal. Due to the natural uniqueness and special status of doing economic activity, the assessment of the impact on the environment in this territory is very importance.An analysis of the functioning of energy objects showed that a significant part of the territory is provided with a centralized electricity supply with developed electric grid infrastructure. There are only a few remote settlements with autonomous electricity supply from diesel power plants.The main sources of pollution are numerous boiler houses that provide heat to the population, social and administrative institutions. In all, there are 98 heat energy sources in the territory, of which 66 (or 70%) use coal.The problems of environmental pollution are mainly caused by the use of coal in a small boiler house, worn-out equipment, and the lack of an appropriate level of flue gas treatment. The total estimated emission of pollutants into the atmosphere from heat energy sources is estimated at 20–25 thousand tons per year.In order to reduce the anthropogenic impact from energy objects, it is advisable to use renewable energy sources, hydrogen technologies, coal substitution with environmentally friendly fuels, use of electricity for heat energy supply, installation of environmental protection equipment and the implementation of energy-saving measures.The methodological approach and simulation models developed at MESI SB RAS were used to determine the competitiveness conditions of alternative technologies and energy carriers.The studies evaluated the environmental and economic efficiency of energy production technologies by using specific indicators: the capital intensity of reducing 1 ton of emissions and environmental capital return by 1 million rubles for the conditions of the central ecological area.The potential for reducing emissions into the atmosphere by use of renewable energy sources in autonomous energy supply areas is less than 1% of the current level of total emissions from energy objects. The potential for reducing emissions by replacing boiler houses with a capacity of less than 0,2 Gcal/h by a heat pump units is no more than 12%.The biggest environmental effect can be achieved by using alternative energy carriers including hydrogen instead of coal. Moreover, the potential for reducing emissions is 60% of the total emissions. In addition to these activities are the least capital intensive.The most effectively is the replacement of coal with natural gas. Rational gas consumption in the coastal areas of Lake Baikal is estimated at 175–190 thousand tons of equivalent fuel. The real possibility of transferring small boiler houses to gas arises during the construction of an export gas pipeline from Russia (through the territory of the Irkutsk oblast) to China via Mongolia, or by the small-scale production of liquefied natural gas.The most currently implemented direction is the use of electricity for heat energy supply. The potential volume of electricity to replace coal in boiler houses of the central ecological area is 1,3 TWh per year, however, the competitive electricity tariff is estimated less than 2 US c/kWh, which is several times lower than current tariffs.Hydrogen technology is currently very capital-intensive, but using it in a way similar to using electricity for heat eliminates pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions.Now days, there are no effective financial mechanisms aimed at stimulating the reduction of the anthropogenic pressure on the environment from existing energy sources, including for the use of alternative technologies. As the result, significant financial support is required in the form of special cost compensation mechanisms for energy producers and/or consumers.     

Industrial progress of nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries

电解质是锂离子电池的关键材料,作为锂离子传输的媒介,其选择直接影响锂离子电池的能量密度、循环性能、倍率性能、储存性能及安全性等特性。我国电解液产业经过十多年的快速发展,已经具备了一定的国际竞争力。本文以锂离子电池电解液产业国产化进程为切入点,梳理了该产业的发展脉络,对国内电解液企业的市场份额和竞争格局进行了重点剖析;以电解液常用添加剂的专利持有情况为例,评述了国内外主要企业在电解液专利申请方面的差别;介绍了3C电池电解液、动力电池电解液、储能电池电解液以及功能性电解液等四大类产品的性能特点,着重阐述了前两类产品的设计开发思路;对我国锂离子电池电解液行业标准亦作了简述;展望了电解液材料的技术发展方向和产业前景。     

Steam-iron process: Influence of steam on the kinetics of iron oxide reduction

The presence of low quantities of water vapour can seriously affect the kinetics of reduction of iron oxides when they are used as catalyst or to store and/or purify hydrogen from streams in the steam-iron process. Only 5% (v) of steam should be enough to inhibit the complete reduction of the solids. Since steam is a product of the reduction reaction, small amounts of water present in the reactive atmosphere can slow down the reduction itself. To account for the effect of the steam pressure during the reduction stage of the steam-iron process, two approaches have been considered and the resulting models, i.e. ‘competitive model’ and ‘inhibitive model’ have been tested against experimental measurements. Both models are based on the known Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) theory. The ‘competitive model’, accounts for the discretization of groups of moles of iron oxide/iron reducing and oxidizing with their own reaction rates. By using the kinetic parameters obtained from independent reduction and oxidation processes, this model is not capable of predicting properly the behaviour of the solid subjected to successive reductive and oxidative cycles. On the contrary, the ‘inhibitive model’, which takes into account the hydrogen and water vapour partial pressures in a Langmuir–Hinshelwood type kinetic constant dependency, seems to be very appropriate to predict correctly the effect of the presence of water in the reducing atmosphere.