中国光伏发电的政策和市场

通过对我国能源现状和"十二五"能源规划的分析,结合对世界光伏发电上网电价政策的补贴研究,说明我国要实现十二五能源规划,积极发展非石化能源,特别是发展风电和太阳能光伏发电具有重要意义。为实现我国光伏发电可持续发展,从解决光伏发电电价问题入手,从政策层面提出了具体策略,包括强制上网,全额保障性收购,分类电价,全网分摊等。从国内外总量目标和上网电价相关数据对比,指出在政策推动下,我国光伏市场前景光明。     

中国西部离网光伏、风力发电系统优化配置与补贴测算工具

介绍了关于用可再生能源实现中国西部农村地区电气化工程的一个项目.项目开发了一个为离网光伏、风力发电系统的设计和基于成本的电价以及投资提供指导的便捷工具,解决系统优化配置与成本评估标准的问题,以实现离网系统运营成本全网分摊的合理计算,使西部农村可再生能源发电项目实现可持续发展.描述了此系统优化配置与补贴测算工具所采用的方法,以及该工具的操作步骤,阐明了此工具将在未来实施的偏远农村可再生能源供电系统项目中发挥的作用.     

30MW生物质直燃发电项目及其效益分析

生物质直燃发电作为可再生能源利用的一种形式,近年来在我国得到大力发展,符合我国能源政策。本文介绍了生物质直燃发电技术的原理、工艺流程及发电系统构成;以典型机组配置的30 MW生物质直燃发电项目为例,分析了其带来的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益;对生物质直燃发电两大难题燃料收集困难和发电运营成本偏高提出了建议,从而得出了对于该类项目具有现实指导意义的结论,为我国今后开展大型生物质直燃发电项目提供了理论参考依据。     

我国可再生能源发电产业扶持政策研究

近年来,我国以风电、光伏为代表的可再生能源发电装机规模大幅增长,2016年全国风电并网装机容量约149GW,光伏并网装机容量约78GW。在今后很长一段时间内可再生能源发电装机仍将继续快速增长,并在一次能源中占据关键位置。在这一过程中,以补贴(含标杆上网电价)和配额为主的可再生能源发电产业扶持政策起到了重要乃至决定性的作用,但同时也暴露出一定程度的不足,如标杆上网电价调整的实际效果难以保证、补贴的实际情况不容乐观、配额制难以快速大范围展开等。我国现行可再生能源发电产业扶持政策还具有一定的改进空间。建议要稳步、有规律地调整可再生能源标杆上网电价,在近中期每年固定时间确定两年后的可再生能源上网标杆电价与三年后的可再生能源上网标杆电价浮动范围,并同步调整可再生能源电价附加标准;与电力体制改革进展情况相配合,逐步推进可再生能源配额制;同时,鼓励各类企业,尤其是有关制造企业开展可再生能源发电设施的后处理工作。     

我国可再生能源发电装机容量突破4亿kW

<正>受一系列利好政策因素影响,我国可再生能源产业继续保持快速增长势头,截至10月初,全国可再生能源发电累计装机容量突破4亿kW,达4.043 7亿kW,占全部电力装机容量比例超过30%,继续保持全球可再生能源利用规模第一大国地位.其中:水电规模以上新增装机容量1565万kW,溪洛渡、向家坝等一批西电东送标志性大型水电项目投产运行,累计装机容量超过2.9亿kW,提前一年完成"十二五"规划目标;风电新增装机容量858万kW,累计装机容量达到8 497万kW;光伏发电新增装机容量400万kW,累计装机容量超过2 000万kW;生物质发电新增装机容量90万kW,累计装机容量超过     

可再生能源发电技术温室气体减排效益分析

文章定量分析了生物质气化发电、沼气发电、风力发电、太阳能光伏发电等可再生能源发电技术的温室气体减排效益。分析结果表明，生物质气化发电具有最好的经济和环境效益。     

发改委将调整生物质发电定价机制

目前,我国生物质发电上网电价的依据是2006年颁布的《可再生能源发电价格和费用分摊管理试行办法》,补贴电价标准为0.25元/kWh。国家发改委能源研究所有关专家表示,在《办法》试行过程中发现了一些问     

可再生能源法规、政策分析及其对发电结构的影响

由于电力紧张和可持续发展的需要,中国亟待扩大可再生能源在整个发电结构中的比重。文章分析了国家近年出台的一系列有关扶持可再生能源发电的法律、法规、政策和规划,从财政补贴、税收减免、上网电价优惠、技术支持4个方面进行探讨。通过数据分析了近年来风电、小水电、生物质和太阳能光伏发电产业发展变化的规律特点,研究了相关法规政策对其发展所起的作用和影响。     

秸秆直接燃烧供热发电项目上网电价初步测算

研究确定生物质能源供热发电上网电价，对于促进中国秸秆直接燃烧供热发电产业的发展，具有重要作用。为了探索中国秸杆直燃供热发电上网电价及其变化规律，在秸秆资源可供应性调查基础上，报告测箅了当前中国秸秆直燃供热发电的上网电价，分析研究了电价构成、影响因素及其变化趋势，预测2005～2020年中国秸秆资源可供应量、供热发电规模、上网电量，并提出与中国秸秆直燃供热发电上网电价有关的结论。这些对十关心中国生物质能源发展的各级政府和国际组织、企业、机构及专家学者有很好的各考价值。     

2013年光伏发电统计数据

2013年,在国务院《关于促进光伏产业健康发展的若干意见》及一系列配套政策支持下,光伏发电快速发展。截至2013年底,全国累计并网运行光伏发电装机容量1942万kW,其中光伏电站1632万kW,分布式光伏310万kW,     

德国《可再生能源法》2014年最新改革解析及启示

德国政府计划于2014年对可再生能源支持政策进行全面改革,此次改革仍保留了《可再生能源法2012》的整体架构,重点是要控制非水电可再生能源的补贴成本。采取的主要措施包括控制风电、光伏和生物质发电年度装机容量增长目标,补贴重点侧重更加经济有效的可再生能源类型(即陆上风电和光伏),上网电价递减率与年度新增装机容量挂钩的灵活限额机制,调整上网电价递减周期等。同时通过直接营销和拍卖等市场机制,让可再生能源更加融入市场。这标志着德国可再生能源的发展进入到引导投资和重点扶持的新阶段。建议借鉴德国《可再生能源法》完善我国可再生能源支持政策,包括针对不同可再生能源的技术特点制定完善的、自适应的上网电价模型,顺应技术发展规律实行"老机老电价、新机新电价"的电价调整机制,不断提高补贴手段的市场化和有效性等。     

Wind farm investment risks under uncertain CDM benefit in China

China has set an ambitious target to increase its wind power capacity by 35 GW from 2007 to 2020. The country’s hunger for clean power provides great opportunities for wind energy investors. However, risks from China’s uncertain electricity market regulation and an uncertain energy policy framework, mainly due to uncertain Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) benefits, prevent foreign investors from investing in China’s wind energy. The objectives of this paper are to: (1) quantify wind energy investment risk premiums in an uncertain international energy policy context and (2) evaluate the impact of uncertain CDM benefits on the net present values of wind power projects. With four scenarios, this study simulates possible prices of certified emissions reductions (CERs) from wind power projects. Project net present values (NPVs) have been calculated. The project risk premiums are drawn from different and uncertain CER prices. Our key findings show that uncertain CDM benefits will significantly affect the project NPVs. This paper concludes that the Chinese government needs revising its tariff incentives, most likely by introducing fixed feed-in tariffs (FITs), and re-examining its CDM-granting policy and its wind project tax rates, to facilitate wind power development and enable China to achieve its wind energy target.     

Renewable power for China: Past,present, and future

This paper briefly examines the history, status, policy situation, development issues, and prospects for key renewable power technologies in China. The country has become a global leader in wind turbine and solar photovoltaic (PV) production, and leads the world in total power capacity from renewable energy. Policy frameworks have matured and evolved since the landmark 2005 Renewable Energy Law, updated in 2009. China’s 2020 renewable energy target is similar to that of the EU. However, China continues to face many challenges in technology development, grid-integration, and policy frameworks. These include training, research and development, wind turbine operating experience and performance, transmission constraints, grid interconnection time lags, resource assessments, power grid integration on large scales, and continued policy development and adjustment. Wind and solar PV targets for 2020 will likely be satisfied early, although domestic demand for solar PV remains weak and the pathways toward incorporating distributed and building-integrated solar PV are uncertain. Prospects for biomass power are limited by resource constraints. Other technologies such as concentrating solar thermal power, ocean energy, and electricity storage require greater attention.     

Cost and optimal feed-in tariff for small scale photovoltaic systems in China

China has recently become a dominant player in the solar photovoltaic (PV) industry, producing more than one-third of the global supply of solar cells in 2008. However, as of 2008, less than 1% of global installations were based in China. Recently, the government has stated its grand ambitions of expanding the share of electricity derived from solar power. As part of this initiative, policy makers are currently in the process of drafting a feed-in tariff policy to support the development of the solar energy market. In this paper, we aim to calculate what the level of such a tariff should be. We develop a closed form equation for the cost of PV, and use forecasts on prices of solar systems to derive an optimal feed-in tariff, including a digression rate. The focus is on the potential of residential and small scale commercial solar PV installations. We show that the cost of small scale PV in China has decreased rapidly during the period 2005–2009. Our analysis also shows that optimal feed-in tariffs vary widely between regions within China, and that grid parity could be reached in large parts of the country depending on the expected escalation in electricity prices.     

Renewable power for China: Past, present, and future

This paper briefly examines the history, status, policy situation, development issues, and prospects for key renewable power technologies in China. The country has become a global leader in wind turbine and solar photovoltaic (PV) production, and leads the world in total power capacity from renewable energy. Policy frameworks have matured and evolved since the landmark 2005 Renewable Energy Law, updated in 2009. China’s 2020 renewable energy target is similar to that of the EU. However, China continues to face many challenges in technology development, grid-integration, and policy frameworks. These include training, research and development, wind turbine operating experience and performance, transmission constraints, grid interconnection time lags, resource assessments, power grid integration on large scales, and continued policy development and adjustment. Wind and solar PV targets for 2020 will likely be satisfied early, although domestic demand for solar PV remains weak and the pathways toward incorporating distributed and building-integrated solar PV are uncertain. Prospects for biomass power are limited by resource constraints. Other technologies such as concentrating solar thermal power, ocean energy, and electricity storage require greater attention.     

我国天然气发电现状及前景分析

天然气发电在优化我国能源结构、天然气利用结构、电源结构,节能环保和应对气候变化等诸多方面具有独特的优势,根据主要省市"十二五"发展规划判断,2015年我国天然气发电装机容量有望超过6000万kW。本文详细分析了燃气发电面临的主要问题、影响我国未来气电发展的有利因素和不利因素,建议更加重视燃气发电的战略地位,加强上下游产业链统筹规划,因地制宜、循序渐进;在风电等间歇性能源丰富而调峰资源贫乏的地区,可建设"风气互补"的清洁能源基地,减少弃风量;进一步完善气电价格及服务补偿机制,加强多方互利合作。     

中国风电发展经济政策回顾与分析

本文阐述了中国风电发展过程的电价政策、补贴政策、财政税收政策等经济政策的激励作用,同时分析了现有政策体制中存在的阻碍中国风电进一步发展的障碍,包括电价政策缺乏灵活性;电价补贴机制不健全,缺乏投资补贴措施;交易体制不完善对风电大范围消纳造成阻碍;以及辅助服务经济补偿框架不够完善,电源企业参与调峰的积极性不强等。提出了促进中国风电进一步稳定发展的政策建议。     

Energy taxation in a small, open economy: Social efficiency gains versus industrial concerns

Welfare analyses of energy taxes typically show that systems with uniform rates perform better than differentiated systems, especially if revenue can be recycled by cutting taxes that are more distortionary. However, in practical policy, efficiency gains must be traded off against industrial concerns. Presumably, energy-dependent industries of small, open economies will suffer relatively more if taxed. This computable general equilibrium (CGE) study examines the social costs of compensating the energy-intensive export industries in Norway for their profit losses from imposing the same electricity tax on all industries. The costs are surprisingly modest. This is explained by the role of the Nordic electricity market, which is still limited enough to respond to national energy tax reforms. Thus, an electricity price reduction partly neutralizes the direct impact of the tax on profits. In addition, we examine the effects of different compensation schemes and find significantly lower compensation costs when the scheme is designed to release productivity gains.     

Economics of co-firing coal and biomass: An application to Western Canada

Co-firing biomass and coal in retrofitted power plants is an efficient means to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the energy sector. Under IPCC reporting rules, the impacts of energy produced from biomass would not be reported in the energy sector, thereby effectively lowering the emission intensity of a power plant. In this study, a carbon tax is compared to a feed-in tariff for incentivizing conversion of coal plants to co-fire with biomass. In the application, a model of the Alberta electrical grid with an intertie to British Columbia is linked to a fiber transportation model for these provinces. Results indicate that there is an upper threshold on a carbon tax after which retrofitting of coal plants is less efficient than increasing natural gas generating capacity. This is not the case with a feed-in tariff as it specifically targets biomass energy. Although the optimal generating mix achieved with a carbon tax leads to lower aggregate emissions than the mix achieved using a feed-in tariff, it will result in higher average generating costs. Results indicate that it is optimal for Alberta to retrofit approximately 500 MW of current coal capacity (8.6%) to co-fire with biomass, although Alberta wood pellet production acts as a constraint on further conversions.     

Solar energy storage in German households: profitability,load changes and flexibility

The developments of battery storage technology together with photovoltaic (PV) roof-top systems might lead to far-reaching changes in the electricity demand structures and flexibility of households. The implications are supposed to affect the generation mix of utilities, distribution grid utilization, and electricity price. Using a techno-economic optimization model of a household system, we endogenously dimension PV system and stationary battery storage (SBS). The results of the reference scenario show positive net present values (NPV) for PV systems of approx. 500–1,800 EUR/kW_p and NPV for SBS of approx. 150–500 EUR/kWh. Main influences are the demand of the households, self-consumption rates, investment costs, and electricity prices. We integrate electric vehicles (EV) with different charging strategies and find increasing NPV of the PV system and self-consumption of approx. 70%. With further declining system prices for solar energy storage and increasing electricity prices, PV systems and SBS can be profitable in Germany from 2018 on even without a guaranteed feed-in tariff or subsidies. Grid utilization substantially changes by households with EV and PV-SBS. We discuss effects of different incentives and electricity tariff options (e. g. load limits or additional demand charges). Concluding, solar energy storage systems will bring substantial changes to electricity sales.