The Use of Non-aqueous Solvents in Dyeing I - Dyeing Polyester Fibre by the Dacsol Process

The Dacsol process (J. & P. Coats Ltd) is a totally non-aqueous system designed principally for dyeing polyester fibre with existing disperse dyes, thus enabling fastness levels to be maintained. It is a bicomponent homogeneous system using perchloroethylene and a silicone fluid. Dyeing takes place in a pressurized dyeing machine at elevated temperatures and for times as low as 30 min. Residual solvent and surface dye are removed by rinsing with acetone, which facilitates steam drying. It is a dry-to-dry process. The dyeing and rinsing solvents are recovered by decolorizing with activated carbon and by distillation.     

The Use of Non-aqueous Solvents in Dyeing II - Solvent Clearing of Dyed Polyester Yarns

Acetone rinsing in place of reduction clearing to remove loose surface dye from aqueous-dyed polyester materials offers superior fastness, a substantial reduction in cycle times and other advantages. Pilot-plant trials have shown that it is possible to combine rapid cycles with high-temperature discharge, acetone rinsing and steam drying.     

Dyeing from Solvents

With model dyes and chemicals, some basic physico-chemical phenomena of solvent dyeing are examined. Starting with properties of the solvents, different interactions between solvents and fibres, dyes and chemicals are described and the influence on the dyeing result is discussed. In conclusion, work on establishing solvent dyeing is considered as a stimulus to dyeing technology as a whole.     

Study of Factors Affecting the Color Fastness of High Depth fiber Dyed in Silicon Non-aqueous Medium Dyeing System

Silicon - Multiple washing and soaping are very important to remove floating color on the surface of indigo denim fabric in the traditional water bath. In indigo/silicon non-aqueous dyeing system,...     

The Use of Auxiliaries in the Continuous Dyeing Of Tufted Nylon Carpets

The solution to problems of selection of wetting agents and of compatible dyes when continuously dyeing nylon carpets requires the application of specific principles. An insight into the wetting behaviour of different auxiliary systems has been provided by recent work, and tests for compatibility of dyes in the laboratory have proved reliable guides for dye selection.     

The Use of Colour Physics in the Automation and Control of Package Dyeing

Presented to the Society's West Riding Region on 28 October 1982 The application of colour physics to the measurement of colour differences between production lots and colour standards is the starting point for any quantitative study of the technical and economic case for automating dyeing processes. It is also of prime importance in sustaining automated processes. Its purposes are: 1. Derivation of limits of accuracy that must be achieved for the successful outcome of any process 2. Assessment of the technical efficiency of a particular plant 3. Provision of basic data on the economies that can be achieved, and hence the amount of capital investment that can be justified 4. Monitoring of dyeworks performance to provide a convenient indication of the adjustments needed to obtain maximum plant performance 5. Derivation of basic data for recipe prediction, and redip and redye calculations 6. Provision of a self-correcting, self-learning capability to allow a colour physics installation to be adapted automatically as circumstances and dyeing conditions change.     

A Practical Use for Dyeing Theory

A thermodynamic theory of dyeing is applied in practice to predict the necessary dyebath conditions to attain a target colour, and to predict the conditions for the redyeing of a thread lot where the target shade is not attained. 180 Vat recipes were predicted on a laboratory scale and 40 recipes on a bulk scale. All the dyeings were produced from tertiary mixtures of dyes and covered a wide gamut of colour space. The results indicate that general thermodynamic theories of dyeing can be used in a practical way to improve the performance of a dyeworks.     

A Practical Use for Dyeing Theory

The general thermodynamic schemes for predicting the amount of dye on the fibre which have been used by other workers are outlined. A new approach is then developed for the complex system of vat dyes on cotton, and the affinities of 14 vat dyes are calculated. The theory is extended to mixtures, and the variables of temperature, amount of salt added, amount of dye added, and amount of reducing agent added required to give a known colour are predicted from the theory. Cotton thread was dyed under different predicted conditions and the resultant matched dyeings are good evidence of the validity of the theory. In addition, the effects of the main dyeing variables on the resultant colour are predicted from the theory.     

非水介质酶促反应中水的作用

对非水介质酶促反应体系中水的作用以及相关因素进行了初步总结 ,着重讨论了水在体系中的分配及影响因素、水的分配平衡速度、水活度的测定及控制方法和水作为反应物的动力学影响。     

Evaluation and Testing of Dyes Before Use in Textile Dyeing

Progress in methods of test for dyes and dyed textiles is reviewed. This is a broad topic which touches on many aspects of coloration technology and inevitably the treatment of some areas of the subject has to be brief and incomplete. Many recent trends in dye application technology affect both the nature of tests to be applied and the criteria considered when interpreting the results of the tests. This subject is reviewed from the viewpoints of both the dye manufacturer and the dye user, in order to bring out the essential similarities in approach. Typical parameters of dye selection are tabulated and classified according to the nature and purpose of the tests involved.     

The Efficient Use of Steam and Water in the Continuous Dyeing and Printing of Carpets

All continuous coloration processes for carpet fibres are based on the sequence: Impregnate→Steam fix→Wash-off Although process optimization may be achieved at the dye-application stage, lack of attention to the second and third stages may result in poor reproducibility (from laboratory to the bulk scale and from batch to batch), an increase in second quality material, and a wastage of water and energy. The steam fixation and washing-off stages have been studied under laboratory conditions to define the compromise between ideal and practically realisable conditions. Variations in steam quality (temperature, air content, degree of turbulence, presence of free water, etc.) are shown to have a profound effect on dye fixation. Subsequent treatments with water of varying efficiency affect, in turn, the handle, appearance and level of wet fastness of the finished carpet. Investigation of steaming and washing-off conditions used in practice show that these are often far from ideal, partly owing to the design of the equipment and partly due to the lack of sufficiently precise controls leading to an excessive use of both steam and water. Modifications tending to improve process conditions are suggested and where these are not feasible under local circumstances, the effect of dye and auxiliary product selection to minimize the above problems are discussed.     

非水溶胶的研究进展

简述了非水溶胶的各种制备方法以及制备过程中反应体系的浓度、非水介质的种类、溶液的 p H值等因素的影响。对非水溶胶的应用 ,尤其是在制备各种功能材料方面的应用进行了介绍。此外对溶胶稳定性理论包括经典的 DLVO理论、空间稳定理论及空缺稳定理论方面的研究进行了综述 ,同时指出了稳定性领域仍存在不确定因素。     

有机溶剂在药厂工作场所的使用限制

在医药工业中常使用大量的有机溶剂,生产工艺过程中有机溶剂属于化学性危险和有害因素。对照我国卫生标准工作场所有害因素职业接触限值及药典中残留溶剂规定,分析医药生产中使用有机溶剂可能存在的职业病危害因素。为了使发生危险的概率尽可能小,应该关注和探讨医药行业有机溶剂的职业危害。     

计算机程序在涂料混合溶剂配制中的应用

介绍了利用计算机程序对聚酯涂料混合溶剂的多种可能配比进行了综合考察和筛选,并对筛选出的几种混合溶剂配比进行试验验证,最后确定出最佳组分比的混合溶剂,从而大大减少了混合溶剂配制过程中的工作量。     

The Role of Water in Dyeing

The role of water in dyeing is discussed from two points of view. Firstly, the use of water as a system for the distribution of dyes and energy in dyeing machines is considered briefly. Secondly, the participation of water in the formation of dye–fibre bonds is examined. Water may act both in assisting dye–fibre bonding and as a competitor. Competition may be allosteric or isosteric and examples are discussed.