激光熔覆Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti0.75Nbx高熵合金的组织和性能研究

目的 研究Nb含量对高熵合金Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti0.75Nbx熔覆层组织和性能的影响.方法 在H13钢表面制备了Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti0.75Nbx(x=0.25,0.50,0.75,1.00,原子数分数)高熵合金熔覆层,研究Nb含量对熔覆层的物相组织、微观结构、硬度和耐磨性的影响.结果 高熵合金熔覆层主要为BCC相、FCC相和Laves相的组织.在熔覆层中添加Nb,Laves相随之增加,组织的微观形貌发生变化.熔覆层的硬度远远高于H13钢(退火态),Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti0.75Nb0.5熔覆层的平均硬度最高,约为H13钢(退火态)的2.8倍.Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti0.75Nb0.5熔覆层的摩擦磨损失重最小,磨损程度更低,耐磨性更好.结论 Nb元素加入高熵合金体系会形成Laves相,Laves相能够提高高熵合金的力学性能.相关结果 对于高熵合金体系的研究具有一定意义,为高熵合金的成分设计和优化提供了必要的实验支持.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of Nb-alloyed CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloys

Nb has a positive effect on improving the mechanical properties of metal materials, and it is expected to strengthen CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with outstanding ductility and relatively weak strength. In this paper, the alloying effects of Nb on the microstructural evolution and the mechanical properties of the (CoCrCuFeNi)_100-xNb_x HEA were investigated systematically. The result shows that Nb promotes the phase transition from FCC (face-centered cubic) to Laves phase, and the volume fractions of Laves phase increase from 0% to 58.2% as the Nb content increases. Compressive testing shows that the addition of Nb has a positive effect on improving the strength of CoCrCuFeNi HEA. The compressive yield strength of (CoCrCuFeNi)_100-xNb_x HEAs increases from 338 MPa to 1322 MPa and the fracture strain gradually reduces from 60.0% (no fracture) to 8.1% as the Nb content increases from 0 to 16 at.%. The volume fraction increase of hard Laves phase is the key factor for the strength increase, and the reduction of the VEC (valence electron concentration) value induced by the addition of Nb is beneficial for the increase of the Laves phase content in these alloys.     

Microstructural characteristics of gas tungsten arc synthesised Fe-Cr-Si-C coating

Abstract

The gas tungsten arc (GTA) method was used to synthesise Fe-Cr-Si-C alloy coatings, and processing effects on the coating were investigated experimentally. Coatings were developed on an AISI type 1040 steel substrate. Four different regions were obtained in the surface coating; and in these regions either a hypoeutectic or a hypereutectic microstructure was found. The hypoeutectic microstructure consisted of primary dendrites of austenite (γ) phase and eutectic M₇C₃ (M=Cr,Fe) carbides. On the other hand, the hypereutectic microstructure consisted of M₇C₃ primary carbides and eutectic. A hypoeutectic or hypereutectic microstructure was determined by the combination of particularly carbon concentration, solidification rate, and extent of substrate melting. The higher hardness of the hypereutectic microstructure is attributed especially to the formation of M₇C₃ primary carbides. The lower hardness of the hypoeutectic microstructure is related to three effective parameters: first, the presence of γ phase in the primary dendrites; second, excessive dilution from the base material; and third, relatively low concentrations of chromium and carbon.     

Improvement of room temperature fracture toughness in Cr2Nb-based alloys by heat treatment

The microstructure and room temperature fracture toughness of binary Cr/Cr₂Nb alloys annealed at 1653 K for 30 h were investigated at both the hypo- and hypereutectic compositions. The experimental results indicate that the high temperature heat treatment has a beneficial effect on the room temperature fracture toughness of the Cr₂Nb/Cr alloys. After the heat treatment, the room temperature fracture toughness of the hypo- and hypereutectic alloys are increased by about 212 and 203%, which are 15 and 8 times higher than that of as-cast Cr₂Nb Laves phase (1·2 MPa m^1/2). The fractographic analysis indicates that in the annealed condition, the strengthen of lamellar eutectic cohesive strength can provide significant toughening of the matrix by crack deflection, crack blunting and crack bridging mechanisms.     

Microstructure and properties of Ti–Nb–V–Mo-alloyed high chromium cast iron

The correlations of microstructure, hardness and fracture toughness of high chromium cast iron with the addition of alloys (titanium, vanadium, niobium and molybdenum) were investigated. The results indicated that the as-cast microstructure changed from hypereutectic, eutectic to hypoeutectic with the increase of alloy contents. Mo dissolved in austenite and increased the hardness by solid solution strengthening. TiC and NbC mainly existed in austenite and impeded the austenite dendrite development. V existed in multicomponent systems in forms of V alloy compounds (VCrFe₈ and VCr₂C₂). With the increase of alloy additions, carbides size changed gradually from refinement to coarseness, hardness and impact toughness were increased and then decreased. Compared with the fracture toughness (6 J/cm²) and hardness (50·8HRC) without any alloy addition, the toughness and hardness at 0·60 V–0·60Ti–0·60Nb–0·35Mo (wt%) additions were improved and achieved to 11 J/cm² and 58·9HRC, respectively. The synergistic roles of Ti, Nb, V and Mo influenced the solidification behaviour of alloy. The refinement of microstructure and improvement of carbides morphologies, size and distribution improved the impact toughness.     

Improved surface properties of D2 steel by laser surface alloying

The wear and the high-temperature oxidation resistance of the D2 steel (Fe-1.5 C-12 Cr-0.95 Mo-0.9 V-0.3 Mn) were increased by laser surface alloying after coating the surface with SiC or Cr₃C₂ powder. The surface alloys exhibit two microstructures: hypoeutectic and hypereutectic, respectively, all containing iron solid solutions and iron-chromium carbides, (Fe,Cr)₇C₃. The oxidation resistance of these alloys was measured in isothermal and cyclic conditions, and was shown to increase with silicon or chromium additions, particularly due to the formation of a chromia scale with excellent behaviour during thermal shoks. The surface alloy obtained with Cr₃C₂ also has shown a better resistance to wear due to its hypereutectic microstructure.     

Ultra-fine Al–Si hypereutectic alloy fabricated by direct metal deposition

Ultra-fine Al–Si hypereutectic alloy with <10 μm primary Si phase was fabricated by direct metal deposition (DMD). The microstructure and microhardness of the hypereutectic alloys manufactured under different scanning speeds and laser powers during DMD were investigated. Compared with the conventional modified hypereutectic alloy whose primary Si phase is around 40 μm, the primary Si particle obtained by DMD has a much smaller size of about 5–10 μm. With increased scanning speed and laser power, the volume fraction and size of the primary Si increase. The unique hypoeutectic microstructure can be found around the primary Si phase in the hypereutectic alloy. With increased scanning speed, the size of eutectic Si grain decreases and the microhardness of deposition increase. However, the size of eutectic Si reaches the minimum value at a certain power level, and the microhardness of deposition reaches the maximum value at 850 W laser powers. The mircohardness of the deposited hypereutectic alloy is approximately 2.5 times of that of the raw eutectic alloy.     

Ti0.5AlCoFeNiCrx高熵合金的微观组织结构与力学性能

通过XRD分析、SEM观察和压缩实验研究了不同Cr含量对Ti0.5AlCoFeNiCrx(x为摩尔比,x=0,0.5,1,1.5,2,3)高熵合金微观组织结构与力学性能的影响。结果表明:当合金不含Cr时,呈现单一的体心立方结构;当加入Cr元素后,出现了另一种富Cr的体心立方相。随着Cr含量的增加,组织从树枝晶逐渐转变到亚共晶、共晶和过共晶组织,表明Cr能促使合金发生共晶反应。适量的Cr元素能显著提高合金的压缩力学性能,其中Ti0.5AlCoFeNiCr0.5合金具有最好的压缩强度和塑性。     

高熵合金FeCoNiTi的微观组织演变和强韧化行为

使用热力学软件设计了一种新型双相高熵合金(FeCoNiTi),利用真空电弧熔炼和热处理制备出FeCoNiTi高熵合金块体材料。表征结果表明,FeCoNiTi高熵合金由层状结构的Laves相和魏氏体板条FCC相组成。在室温下FeCoNiTi高熵合金具有良好的综合力学性能(抗压强度σ_b=2.08 GPa,压缩应变ε=20.3%)。高强度来自“硬”Laves相(层状结构)的强化,而“软”FCC相(魏氏体板条)中的位错滑移和变形孪晶提供塑性。     

Effect of Nb on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast NiAl-Cr（Mo） Eutectic Alloy

The microstructure and mechanical behaviors of NiAl-28Cr-5Mo-1Nb eutectic alloy were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and compression tests, respectively. The alloy is mainly composed of three phases, which are the gray lamellar Cr（Mo） plate, black NiAI matrix and semicontinuously distributed Cr2Nb-type Laves phase. Through Nb addition, NiAl-Cr（Mo）/Nb alloy exhibits a reasonable balance of high temperature strength and room temperature compression ductility and its mechanical behaviors are superior to the NiAl-28Cr-6Mo eutectic alloy at all temperature. The elevated temperature compression deformation behavior of NiAl-Cr（Mo）/Nb alloy can be properly described by power-law equation.the National High Technology Committee of China （No. 863-715-005-0030） for financial supports.     

Mechanical properties of Sn–Zn lead-free solder alloys based on the microstructure array

The aim of this study is to develop a comparative experimental study interrelating mechanical properties, solidification thermal parameters and microstructure characteristics of a hypoeutectic Sn–4 wt.% Zn, a hypereutectic Sn–12 wt.% Zn and a eutectic Sn–9 wt.% Zn solder alloys. A water-cooled vertical upward unidirectional solidification system was used to obtain the samples. It was found that a more homogeneous distribution of the eutectic mixture, which occurs for smaller dendritic spacings in hypoeutectic and hypereutectic alloys, increases the ultimate tensile strength. The resulting microstructure of the eutectic Sn-9 wt.% Zn alloy has induced higher mechanical strength than those of the Sn–4 wt.% Zn and Sn–12 wt.% Zn alloys. It was found that the eutectic alloy experiences a microstructural transition from globular-to-needle-like Zn-rich morphologies which depend on the solidification growth rate. It is also shown that a globular-like Zn-rich morphology provides higher ultimate tensile strength than a needle-like Zn-rich eutectic morphology.     

Microstructural characterization and dry sliding wear resistance of MoO2-strengthened γ/NiMo alloys with different primary phases

Two γ/NiMo alloys strengthened by a refractory metal oxide MoO₂ phase were fabricated by a laser melting deposition process. Microstructural transformation of the alloys with different primary phases was identified and the crystal structure of the primary phases was confirmed by both X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Meanwhile, room-temperature dry sliding wear behavior and mechanism difference of the alloys were also investigated mainly by scanning electron microscopy. Microstructures of the alloys varied from hypoeutectic to hypereutectic, as the molybdenum content increases. The hypoeutectic alloy was solidified on the basis of a Ni-base solid solution γ primary phase, whereas the hypereutectic alloy was grown based on an intermetallic compound with NiMo primary phase. The γ, NiMo primary phases and MoO₂ strengthening phase were confirmed to have face-centered cubic, orthorhombic and monoclinic structures, respectively. Compared with the hypoeutectic alloy, the hypereutectic alloy exhibited higher wear resistance under the same condition. The predominant wear mechanism of the γ/NiMo alloys transformed from micro-cutting to microcracking.     

Strengthening FCC-CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloys by Mo addition

In order to strengthen the face-centered-cubic(FCC) type CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloys(HEAs), different contents of Mo(0–16 at.%, similarly hereinafter) were alloyed. Phase evolution, microstructure,mechanical properties and related mechanism of these HEAs were systematically studied. The results show that sigma phase is appeared with addition of Mo, and the volume fraction of it increases gradually from 0 to 66% with increasing Mo content. It is found that Mo is enriched in sigma phase, which indicates that Mo element is beneficial to form sigma phase. Compressive testing shows that the yield strength of the alloys increases gradually from 216 to 765 MPa, while the fracture strain decreases from 50%(no fracture) to 19% with increasing of Mo. The alloy exhibits the best compressive performance when Mo content reaches 11%, the yield strength, fracture strength and fracture strain are 547 MPa, 2672 MPa and44% respectively. The increased volume fraction of sigma phase plays an important role in improving the compressive strength of(CoCrFeMnNi)_(100-x)Mo_xHEAs.     

Development of novel CoCu0.5FeNiVTix (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) high-entropy alloys

CoCu_0.5FeNiVTi_x (x?=?0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) were prepared using vacuum arc melting. The microstructures, crystal structures, hardness, compressive properties and wear resistances of the alloys were studied. The alloys always contained face-centred cubic (FCC) and body-centred cubic (BCC) solid solution regardless of the increase in Ti content. The microstructure of alloys exhibited typical dendritic characteristics, which were more and more unapparent with the increase in the Ti content. The alloys with a high content of Ti had a high compressive strength and low ductility. Owing to the formation of nano-precipitates and BCC as the major phase, the CoCu_0.5FeNiVTi₁ alloy exhibited the highest compressive strength of 2747?MPa and a plastic strain limit of 7.4%. As the content of Ti was increased, the wear resistance of CoCu_0.5FeNiVTi_x alloys displayed a rapid increase and reached the highest value when x?=?1, and finally decreased. Because of the large volume fraction of BCC, the CoCu_0.5FeNiVTi₁ alloy exhibited high hardness so exhibiting the best wear resistance. Adhesive wear and abrasive wear dominated the wear behaviour of CoCu_0.5FeNiVTi_x alloys during sliding against SUJ2 steel.     

烧结Cr15高铬铸铁组织与性能的研究

为研发耐磨性能优良、成本相对低廉的高铬铸铁,本文分别以亚共晶、过共晶的水雾化Cr15高铬铸铁粉末为原料,采用超固相线液相烧结工艺制备了烧结高铬铸铁(SHCCI),并对其显微组织、力学性能和冲击磨粒磨损工况下的耐磨性能进行对比研究。结果表明,烧结高铬铸铁主要由M7C3碳化物、马氏体和奥氏体组成;在亚共晶烧结高铬铸铁中,通过电解腐蚀萃取的M7C3碳化物三维形貌呈珊瑚状,沿晶界均匀分布,材料抗冲击耐磨性能优良;在过共晶烧结高铬铸铁中,优先形成的初生碳化物可能成为共晶碳化物的生长基底,形成核-壳结构的M7C3碳化物,沿晶界相互连接呈网状,严重割裂基体。亚共晶、过共晶烧结高铬铸铁的力学性能分别为:硬度HRC63.9、HRC64.3,冲击韧性7.92、3.04 J/cm^2,抗弯强度2112.65、1624.87 MPa。     

Microstructure evolution of directionally solidified Nb–Si alloy

Abstract

By taking the method of liquid–metal cooled directional solidification, alloys with a nominal composition of Nb–14Si–24Ti–10Cr–2Al–2Hf (at-%) were prepared under different conditions. Alloys were initially directional solidified with different withdrawal rates (R?=?1·2, 6, 18 mm min^?1) at 1750°C and subsequently heat treated at 1450°C for 10 h. These processes aimed to investigate the microstructure of directionally solidified (DS) and heat treated (HT) alloys by XRD, SEM, and EDS. The microstructure of DS alloy was composed of (Nb,Ti)_SS, (Nb,Ti)₅Si₃, and Laves phase Cr₂Nb, and the former two components formed (Nb,Ti)_SS+(Nb,Ti)₅Si₃ eutectics. In addition, (Nb,Ti)₅Si₃ laths only presented in DS1·2 alloy. With the increasing withdrawal rates, the microstructure of alloy altered from hypereutectic into pseudo-eutectic, accompanied with the eutectic morphology transformation from petaloid into coupled. Also, the dimension of constituent phases reduced. However, after heat treatment, the constituent phases did not change. The petaloid morphology of eutectics in DS specimens disappeared and coupled eutectic transferred into network. The block or needle-like Cr₂Nb gathered along the boundary between (Nb,Ti)₅Si₃ and (Nb,Ti)_SS, and the overall alloy composition became homogenisation.     

Microstructure and properties of laser-clad FeNiCoCrTi0.5Nb0.5 high-entropy alloy coating

ABSTRACT

FeNiCoCrTi_0.5Nb_0.5 high-entropy alloy coating is prepared on AISI 1045 steel by laser cladding. The cross-sectional macroscopic morphology, phase, microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance are studied systematically. The results show that FeNiCoCrTi_0.5Nb_0.5 coating has no porosities, cracks or other defects and is well metallurgically bonded to the substrate. The coating is composed of body-centred cubic (BCC) solid solution, face-centred cubic (FCC) solid solution and hard Laves phase. The solid solution phase and Laves phase distribute uniformly and closely in a lamellar shape to form a fine and dense eutectic structure. The microhardness of FeNiCoCrTi_0.5Nb_0.5 coating is about three times that of the substrate. Compared with the substrate, the coating has superior wear resistance.     

Microstructural analysis of fusion and heat affected zones in electron beam welded ALLVAC 718PLUS™ superalloy

The fusion zone and heat affected zone (HAZ) microstructures of electron beam welded superalloy 718PLUS™ (718 Plus) that has been newly developed by ATI ALLVAC were examined. The microsegregation pattern during solidification of the fusion zone indicated that while Fe, Co, W, and Cr segregated to the core of the gamma dendrites, Nb, Ti, and Al were extensively rejected into the interdendritic liquid. Electron diffraction and X-ray microanalysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the fusion zone showed that the major secondary phases that formed from the interdendritic liquid were gamma/MC type carbide eutectic and gamma/Laves eutectic constituents. HAZ microstructure showed partially melted zone immediately adjacent to the fusion zone and intergranular microfissuring associated with resolidified products which suggested that HAZ cracking in this alloy occurred by liquation cracking. Microstructural examination of the HAZ using analytical scanning electron microscope showed resolidified gamma/Laves eutectic on the cracked and backfilled grain boundaries. Fine resolidified MC type carbide particles were also observed in the HAZ. Causes of grain boundary liquation were identified and the solidification of intergranular liquid in the HAZ was discussed.     

Microstructures and corrosion resistance of as‐cast aluminum‐10 wt.% silicon and aluminum‐20 wt.% silicon alloys

The microstructures and corrosion resistance of two as‐cast alloys, aluminum‐10 wt.% silicon hypoeutectic alloy and aluminum‐20 wt.% silicon (weight percent) hypereutectic alloy are investigated by conventional casting, the scanning electron microscope equipped with oxford X‐ray energy dispersive spectroscopy system and transmission electron microscope are applied for analysis. The results show that the microstructures change from the strip‐like into lump shape with the increase of silicon content from 10 % to 20 %. The electrochemical polarization curves prove that the aluminum‐20 wt.% hypereutectic silicon alloy had the better resistance with the corrosion potential of ?1.414 V and corrosion current density of 5.41 ? 10^?5 ampere compared with the aluminum‐10 wt.% silicon hypoeutectic alloy.     

Effect of simultaneous addition of ferroniobium and ferrotitanium on properties of hardfacing

The slag-free self-shielded flux-cored wire with simultaneous addition of ferroniobium (Fe-Nb) and ferrotitanium (Fe-Ti) was developed to fabricate the iron-based hardfacing alloys. The transfer coefficients of Nb and titanium of slag-free self-shielded flux-cored wire were 91.2 and 63.8%, respectively. The changes in microstructures indicate that Nb and Ti addition shifted the carbon concentration in the remaining liquid to one corresponding to the near eutectic state owing to the formation of (Nb, Ti)C which consumed carbon. The wear loss of the hardfacing alloy with 18?wt-% Fe-Nb and 6?wt-% Fe-Ti addition was the smallest among all the alloys owing to the formation of reinforced uniform quadrangle-shaped (Nb, Ti)C carbides in the refined microstructure and the highest hardness.