The relationship of smoking cessation to sociodemographic characteristics, smoking intensity, and tobacco control policies.

The present study examined the relationship between recent smoking cessation activities and sociodemographic characteristics, smoking intensity, and tobacco control policies among daily smokers in the United States. The study used the U.S. Current Population Survey 1998-1999 Tobacco Use Supplement, supplemented with information on state-level tobacco control policies. The sample was limited to individuals aged 25 years or older who were smoking daily 1 year ago. We estimated frequencies and multivariate logistic equations for making a quit attempt and remaining abstinent at least 3 months. These measures were related to demographic characteristics, smoking intensity, and tobacco control policies. Younger, higher socioeconomic status (SES), and less intense (fewer cigarettes per day) daily smokers were more likely to make quit attempts, but the likelihood of remaining abstinent for those making a quit attempt was greater for older, higher SES, and heavy daily smokers. We found evidence that cessation behaviors were related to higher cigarette prices and the presence of state-level media/comprehensive campaigns, but less clear evidence exists for an association with bans restricting workplace smoking. The results indicate that certain types of smokers are more likely to attempt to quit and to have success and that the characteristics of these smokers differ. Price policies can have an important role in helping daily smokers to quit. Further research is needed regarding the role of quantity smoked.     

Comparison of physician based reporting of tobacco attributable deaths and computer derived estimates of smoking attributable deaths, Oregon, 1989 to 1996

BACKGROUND: Tobacco use prevention programmes need accurate information about smoking related mortality. Beginning in 1989, Oregon began asking physicians to report on death certificates whether tobacco use contributed to the death. OBJECTIVE: To determine the long term comparability of this method of estimating tobacco attributable mortality to estimates of smoking attributable mortality derived from a computer model. DESIGN: For the period 1989 to 1996, we compared mortality resulting from tobacco use reported by Oregon physicians to estimates of smoking attributable deaths (SADs) derived by "Smoking attributable mortality, morbidity and economic costs" software version 3.0 (SAMMEC 3.0), a widely used software program that estimates SADs on the basis of smoking prevalence and relative risks of specific diseases among current and former smokers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Numbers of deaths, age, sex, and category of disease. RESULTS: Of 212, 448 Oregon deaths during 1989-1996, SAMMEC 3.0 estimated that 42, 778 (20.1%) were attributable to cigarette smoking. For the same 27 diagnoses, physicians reported that tobacco contributed to 42, 839 (20.2%) deaths-a cumulative difference of only 61 deaths over the eight year period. The age and sex distributions of tobacco and smoking attributable deaths reported by the two systems were also similar. By category of disease, the ratio of SAMMEC 3.0 estimates to physician reported deaths was 1.11 for neoplasms, 0.88 for heart disease, and 1.04 for respiratory disease. CONCLUSIONS: Physician reporting provides comparable estimates of smoking attributable mortality and can be a valuable source of data for communicating the risks of tobacco use to the public.     

Military tobacco use: a synthesis of the literature on prevalence, factors related to use, and cessation interventions

Tobacco use remains the number one cause of preventable morbidity and premature death in the United States. As a result, military leaders are recognizing that tobacco can adversely affect military fitness levels, deployment readiness, and safety and can increase health care costs. Yet military members continue to use tobacco. Tobacco may be viewed as part of the military culture since military members have used tobacco for many decades for pleasure, comfort, and currency and as a morale booster. Most recently, the military has seen an increase in tobacco use among young military members. A number of research studies have examined the prevalence of tobacco and factors related to use in the military, and several have evaluated cessation and prevention interventions. This article provides a brief historical perspective of military tobacco use in the 20th century and a critical review of the literature published between 1991 and 2006 describing prevalence of tobacco use, factors influencing use, and cessation interventions in the military. Recommendations for future research and for interventions are provided.     

Nicotine replacement therapy, professional therapy, snuff use and tobacco smoking: a study of smoking cessation strategies in southern Sweden

Objectives

The strategies used to support smoking cessation among quitters were investigated according to year of smoking cessation and sociodemographic characteristics.

Methods

The 2004 public health survey in Skåne, Sweden, is a cross‐sectional study. A total of 27 757 people aged 18–80 answered a postal questionnaire. The participation rate was 59%. Different strategies to support smoking cessation—that is, no therapy, nicotine replacement (NRT), professional therapy and snus (snuff) use, were investigated among quitters according to year of smoking cessation, and demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.

Results

14.9% of the men and 18.1% of the women were daily smokers. The prevalence of daily snus use was 19.5% among men but only 2.3% among women. Stratifying the data according to year of smoking cessation (1938–2004) revealed a significant increase in active smoking cessation strategies such as NRT, professional therapy and snus use. NRT was more common among women (23.6%) than men (14.8%) among smokers who quit in 2000–4, but snus use was more common among men (30.4% versus 8.7%). No replacement or other therapy at all was significantly more common among women (63.6%) than men (52.1%). People aged 35–80 years used more nicotine replacement than people aged 18–34, while men aged 18–34 used snus to quit smoking significantly more than men aged 55–80.

Conclusions

Snus is used commonly among men as a support for smoking cessation in Sweden. Women use pharmacological NRT to a greater extent, but this can probably not compensate for the much higher extent of snuff use as a cessation strategy among men.     

Non-smoking policies, tobacco education, and smoking cessation programmes in facilities serving the elderly in Michigan, United States

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of and impetus for smoke-free policies in facilities serving Michigan's elderly, and the extent of tobacco education and smoking cessation programmes for elders and staff of these facilities. DESIGN: Telephone survey in February 1997 of three types of facilities serving Michigan's elderly population. SUBJECTS: Area Agencies on Aging (n = 12), Councils and Commissions on Aging (n = 31), and senior centres (n = 98) located in Michigan, USA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of smoke-free policies, tobacco education, and smoking cessation programmes in facilities serving the elderly. RESULTS: 99% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 97% to 100%) of 141 facilities surveyed have an indoor smoke-free policy. Eighty-five per cent (95% CI = 79% to 91%) of these policies prohibit all smoking inside the facility. Forty-five per cent (95% CI = 37% to 54%) cited a law as requiring the smoke-free policy, whereas 38% (95% CI = 30% to 46%) indicated the policy was adopted voluntarily for health reasons. Forty-two per cent (95% CI = 34% to 50%) of the facilities provided some education on the dangers of tobacco, while 11% (95% CI = 6% to 16%) arranged smoking cessation programmes for staff or elders. CONCLUSIONS: In Michigan, a very high percentage of non-institutional facilities serving the elderly have smoke-free policies, which appear to increase participation at these facilities. Tobacco education programmes are provided in less than half the facilities, and very few arrange smoking cessation programmes for elders or staff.




     

Tobacco cessation skills certification in Arizona: application of a state wide, community based model for diffusion of evidence based practice guidelines

OBJECTIVE: To describe the development and preliminary results from a community based certification model for training in tobacco cessation skills in Arizona. DESIGN: A programme evaluation using both quantitative pre-post measures and qualitative methods. SETTING: Arizona's comprehensive tobacco control programme of state funded, community based local projects and their community partners providing tobacco treatment services for geographically, socioeconomically, and ethnically diverse communities. INTERVENTION: A three tiered model of skills based training emphasising Agency for Health Care Policy and Research guidelines, and utilising a training of trainers approach to build community capacity. Certification roles addressed basic tobacco cessation skills, tobacco cessation specialist, and tobacco treatment services manager. PARTICIPANTS: Initial target audience was community based local project personnel and their community partners, with later adoption by community organisations unaffiliated with local projects, and the general public. MAIN EVALUATION MEASURES: Process measures: participant satisfaction, knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy. Outcome: participant demographics, community organisations represented, post-training, cessation related activities. RESULTS: During the model's implementation year, 1075 participants attended certification training, 947 participants received basic skills certificates and 82 received specialist certificates. Pre, post, and three month measures of self efficacy showed significant and durable increases. Analysis of participant characteristics demonstrated broad community representation. At post-training follow up, 80.9% of basic skills trainees had performed at least one brief intervention and 74.8% had made a referral to intensive services. Among cessation specialists, 48.8% were delivering intensive services and 69.5% were teaching basic skills classes. CONCLUSIONS: Initial experience with Arizona's state wide, community based model for certification of tobacco cessation skills training suggests this model may be a promising method for broad, population based diffusion of evidence based tobacco cessation guidelines.     

云南烤烟轮作的现状分析与保障措施

本文探讨了轮作的效应与连作的危害,分析了云南烤烟轮作的现状与存在的问题,并提出了烤烟轮作的保障措施。     

Discourse, interaction and spatial rhythms: locating pedagogic practice in a material world

This article draws on Lefebvre's rhythmanalysis to interrogate and extend Bernstein's theory of pedagogic framing. It develops a typology of modes of pedagogic practice differentiated in terms of the dominance of one of three potential organising referents. These are (a) the grammar of the instructional discourse configured by a regulative discourse, (b) conventions or models of practice circulated within, or generated through participation in, a practice community, and (c) habituated coordinations of contextual time/space and technology use as practice rhythms. The typology constitutes an analytic frame for classroom observation data drawn from a study conducted in two schools. On a theoretical level, the study concludes that pedagogy is a hybrid practice involving a variable and contingent relationship between its three organising referents: discourse, conventions or models within a practice community, and space/time technology practices.     

几丁质酶基因在烟草栽培品种中的表达

利用多聚酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）对来源于一种生物杀虫剂（ｂａｃｕｌｏｖｉｒｕｓ）的几丁质酶基因进行体外扩增，并插入载体质粒ｐＲＯＫ２中，然后转化大肠杆菌（Ｅｓｃｈｅｒｉｃｈｉａｃｏｌｉ）ＸＬ１Ｂｌｕｅ。用重组质粒ｐＲＯＫ２ＤＮＡ转化植物转基因载体——土壤农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉａｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ）ＬＢＡ４４０４菌株。借助于土壤农杆菌侵染烟草叶圆片，将目的基因导入。通过组织培养诱导生芽和生根，获得烟草再生植株。利用含卡那霉素的培养基对再生烟株进行初步筛选。进一步ＰＣＲ和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹检测结果表明：转基因烟草中有几丁质酶基因和蛋白的表达。初步检测结果表明：转基因烟草具有较高的几丁质酶活性。     

Agricultural biodiversity, nutrition, and health: making a difference to hunger and nutrition in the developing world

BACKGROUND: In spite of the strides made globally in reducing hunger, the problems of micronutrient deficiencies and coexisting obesity and related cardiovascular and degenerative diseases constitute a formidable challenge for the future. Attempts to reverse this trend with single-nutrient intervention strategies have met with limited success, resulting in renewed calls for food-based approaches. The deployment of agricultural biodiversity is an approach that entails greater use of local biodiversity to ensure dietary diversity. OBJECTIVE: To outline a new strategy proposed by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) that employs agricultural biodiversity as the primary resource for food security and health. METHODS: The authors carried out a meta-analysis to review and assemble existing information on the nutritional and healthful properties of traditional foods based on a diverse set of case studies and food composition and nutritional analysis studies. The methods highlight particular examples of foods where analysis of nutrient and non-nutrient composition reveals important traits to address the growing problems of malnutrition associated with the rise of chronic diseases. Finally, the authors analyze social, economic, and cultural changes that undermine the healthful components of traditional diets. RESULTS: Based on this multidisciplinary and comparative approach, the authors suggest a holistic food-based approach that combines research to assess and document nutritional and healthful properties of traditional foods, investigating options in which nutritionally valuable traditional foods can contribute to better livelihoods, and ways that awareness and promotional campaigns can identify healthful components of traditional diets that fit the needs of urban and market-oriented consumers. CONCLUSIONS: There is an urgent need for agricultural research centers, national agricultural research systems, universities, and community-based organizations to work together under a shared policy framework with the aim of developing a strong evidence base linking biodiversity, nutrition, and health. Although these initiatives are still ongoing, the gains realized in small-scale and local pilot efforts have encouraged IPGRI to work with local partners toward the implementation of scale-up efforts in various regions.     

高效液相色谱法测定烟草中的铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、锰

研究了以2-(2-喹啉偶氮)-5-二乙氨基酚(QADEAP)为柱前衍生试剂,甲醇(内含0.2%的醋酸)和pH5.0 HAc-Na Ac溶液梯度洗脱为流动相,Nova-Pak C₁₈液相色谱柱分离,二极管矩阵检测器检测,高效液相色谱法同时测定铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、锰的方法。根据信噪比(S/N=3)各金属离子的检测限分别为:铁8.5 μg/L,钴7.2 μg/L,镍6.4 μg/L,铜5.0 μg/L,锌11μg/L,锰13μg/L,方法相对标准偏差在1.6%~3.8%之间,标准回收率在92%~10 8%,方法用于烟草中痕量铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、锰的测定,结果令人满意。      

一次野外重大活动饮食卫生保障的经验与借鉴

总结一次野外重大活动饮食卫生保障的针对性做法和经验,为以后遂行多样化任务提供参考。从食谱审查、从业人员卫生管理及培训、采购保管、加工制作、餐饮具消毒以及留样备检等环节严格把关,强化常态食品卫生监督;科学分析餐饮环节容易导致疫情传播的风险点,从人、物、环境和预案4个方面开展督导;针对野外食品加工及人员大规模长时间野外就餐,指导餐饮单元选址开设、做好环境卫生管理、保障加工用水及食材安全、保障运输前送环节的食品安全及人员就餐过程卫生、指导智能化餐厨设备使用。提高餐饮单位负责人及从业人员的食品安全意识;提高保障人员的卫生法律素质和专业技术能力,关注新的风险点。加强保障人员自身管理及从业人员的卫生管理,树立良好形象。     

烟草种采烤分一体化生产组织模式创新——基于福建省龙岩市烟区的调研

在我国现代烟草农业的生产和经营体系形成过程中,生产组织模式的创新发展与支撑作用极为重要。基于福建省龙岩市烟区6县的调研数据,分析了自种自烤的传统模式与5种新型生产组织模式的特点以及烟叶产量、质量、投入成本、收益等方面的差异,结果显示:自种自烤模式依然具有产量优势,但质量水平偏低;创新组织模式的节本省工作用明显,但效益提升能力尚未显现。这些发现为更好解决烟叶产业长期以来“大户请工难,小户用工浪费”的劳动力困境和“今后谁来种烟”“如何种好烟”的问题提供了政策参考。