采用双频光栅投影的快速傅里叶变换轮廓术

傅里叶变换轮廓术中通过反正切计算出的相位是截断的,如果被测物高度变化引起的相邻点的非截断相位变化过大,就无法直接进行正确的相位展开。故提出一种采用双频光栅的快速傅立叶变换轮廓术：从一帧条纹图中获取同一物体对应于不同等效波长的两组截断相位,先展开对应于低频的低精度截断相位,并以此为参考,根据双频光栅两个频率之间的关系,展开对应于高频的高精度相位。经过模拟比较,在误差范围内比传统方法恢复的图形有了较大的改善,相对误差率由2．26％下降到1．79％。     

动态傅里叶变换轮廓术实现路面形变快速检测

公路表面的三维结构对于判断公路路面破损状况具有重要的意义。基于光栅投影的傅里叶变换轮廓术将物体的高度信息编码在投影到待测物面上的正弦条纹的形变信息中,可以实现对物体的垂直测量。探讨了傅里叶变换轮廓术在高速公路路面面形测量-动态实时系统中的应用,提出了利用自适应标准模版匹配,基于特征图像识别的方法,分选破损的公路路面,从而实现对高速公路路面形变的快速实时检测。     

傅里叶变换轮廓术中三维坐标同时校准方法

在相位测量型光学三维面形测量中,最终都要将相位信息转换成被测物体的高度分布信息,这个过程往往是通过对已知世界空间坐标的特征点事先标定,获得测量系统的内外特征参数后,完成被测物体的三维坐标转换.因此,标定是三维面形测量的关键环节.本文基于双向二次相位-高度映射方法和摄像机针孔模型线性无畸变标定技术,充分利用傅里叶变换的频谱方向特性,提出了对含有特征点的二维标定物表面变形条纹的频谱进行方向滤波操作,同时获取测量系统XYZ三个方向上的标定数据,对测量系统进行立体校准的系统标定方法.结合旋转风扇叶片形变的测量系统,给出了该方法的标定结果:在XY面内(230mm×230mm)的标准偏差小于0.27mm;在Z方向上小于0.022mm,位移测量灵敏度优于0.05mm.该方法为测量系统的实用化奠定了基础.     

CCD摄象机调制传递函数对傅里叶变换轮廓术的影响

本文指出了在做傅里叶变换轮廓术(FTP)时,CCD摄象机的调制传递函数(MTF)将使恢复出的物体高度产生误差,文中给出了理论分析,并采用三种MTF曲线做计算机模拟实验,结果表明传递函数的影响将使得恢复出的物面斜率变小。     

高精度的数字光投影傅里叶变换轮廓术

傅里叶变换轮廓术(FTP)采用数字光投影仪(DLP),可以得到各种结构光场,提高了测量的灵活性。由于DLP伽马非线性的存在,变形条纹中会出现高次谐波,可能导致频谱混叠,带来测量误差。因此利用一种基于条纹图强度统计分析的方法,求出DLP的伽马值并反馈给DLP,使其投影出有良好正弦性的结构条纹,能抑制变形条纹中高次谐波的出现,保证FTP的测量精度。将采用和不采用伽马校正的两种情况作对比实验,证明前者测量结果优于后者。     

采用标记条纹跟踪的冲击过程三维轮廓术

针对在冲击、爆轰等快变化过程的三维轮廓术中,CCD拍摄速度低于物体的运动速度而导致对动态条纹的时间采样不足和物体表面发生破裂而分成数块的动态过程,提出一种采用标记条纹进行跟踪的动态过程三维轮廓术.以傅里叶变换轮廓术为基础,通过采用标记条纹进行跟踪锁定变形条纹中同级次条纹的变化以及Gerchberg迭代算法在破裂区域迭代生成伪条纹,对破裂表面分块进行处理,有效地解决了在快变化动态过程的三维重建中因时间采样不足和条纹断裂对三维相位场的展开所带来的问题,获得了物体正确的面形分布.实验证实了此种方法的正确性.     

傅里叶变换轮廓法用于大型三维曲面测量中的数据修正问题

根据傅里叶变换轮廓法的测量原理，提出对大型三维曲面轮廓测量进行光栅频率和横坐标修正的方法和必要性，并进行了实验验证，所得数据的引用误差由修正前的大于０．７％降低到０．３％以内。     

自适应窗口傅里叶变换三维面形检测技术

通过小波脊变换,得到局部条纹的最佳变换窗口,在傅里叶变换三维测量时,可以保证窗口尺寸随变形条纹频率变化而自动调整。实验研究表明,此方法克服了窗口傅里叶变换空间．频率分辨率无法调整的问题,可以最大限度地抑制变形条纹的频谱混叠,准确地提取基频信息,大大地提高了测量精度,误差范围由-2～8mm降低为-1～1mm。并且,由于只需要从一帧条纹图中获取物体的三维分布,适合于动态测量。     

傅里叶变换轮廓术测量方法的分析研究

对传统傅里叶变换轮廓术（FTP)、π相移法以及灰度图法测量结果进行对比分析。结果证明,随着被测物体高度梯度的增加,基于灰度图和π相移技术的改进傅里叶变换轮廓术取得了很好效果,特别是在梯度大于3的情况下适合采用π相移法,能更有效地提高傅里叶变换轮廓术的测量精度。     

利用灰度图提高Fourier变换轮廓术的测量精度

在ＦＴＰ测量中,常利用π相移方法来消除零频,以避免谱频混叠,提高ＦＴＰ的测量精度。此时,测量系统中包含相移装置,增加了系统的复杂性。然而,人们常常忽略了灰度图中包含的信息在ＦＴＰ测量中的作用。本文提出了在ＦＴＰ测量中利用一帧灰度图来提高测量精度的方法,该方法测量装置简单,又可以达到π相移的效果,在实际的ＦＴＰ测量中的意义。     

Precise and fast phase wraps reduction in fringe projection profilometry

Phase wraps in a 2D wrapped phase map can be completely eliminated or greatly reduced by frequency shifting. But it usually cannot be optimally reduced using conventional fast Fourier transform (FFT) because the spectrum can be shifted only by a integer number in the frequency domain. In order to achieve a significant phase wrap reduction, we propose a fast and precise two-step method for phase wraps reduction in this paper, which is based on the iterative local discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Firstly, initial estimate of the frequency peak is obtained by FFT. Then sub-pixel spectral peak with high resolution is determined by iteratively upsampling the local DFT around the initial peak location. Finally, frequency shifting algorithm that operates in the spatial domain is used to eliminate phase wraps. Simulations and experiments are conducted to demonstrate the superb computing efficiency and overall performance of the proposed method.     

An online triple-frequency color-encoded fringe projection profilometry for discontinuous object

Abstract

An online triple-frequency color-encoded fringe projection profilometry is proposed to measure the complex and discontinuous object at straight-line movement. N frames of color fringe patterns are specially designed. Three grayscale sinusoidal grating patterns with geometric progression frequency growth are encoded into red (R), green (G), and blue (B) channels separately to compose a color-encoded fringe pattern. If these three grayscale sinusoidal grating patterns are phase-shifted N steps with an equivalent shift phase of 2π/N, they can compose the corresponding N frames of color-encoded fringe patterns as above respectively. In order to avoid the movement’s interference to the phase shifting, position adjustment should be done to guarantee the phase-shifting direction to be perpendicular to the moving direction. While these N frames of specially designed color-encoded fringe patterns are projected onto the moving object one by one, the corresponding deformed color patterns are captured by a CCD camera in real time. By color separating, color crosstalk compensation, pixel matching, and phase calculation, three wrapped phase at different frequencies can be extracted. The unwrapped phase can be solved by a simplified algorithm based on temporal phase unwrapping method from the relationship of the three wrapped phase at the same pixel. Thus, it is very suitable to measure the online complex and discontinuous objects at straight-line movement. The experimental results show the feasibility and the validity of the proposed method.     

Handheld pocket-size Fourier transform profilometry using projector-enabled smartphone

ABSTRACT

Surface Fourier transform profilometry (FTP) is a technique used for reconstructing three-dimensional (3-D) surface topography using light. It has been widely used in machine vision for biomedical and biometric automations, providing solutions beyond conventional 2-D imaging. This paper proposes an implementation of the handheld pocket-size FTP for 3-D surface profile imaging using a projector-enabled Samsung Galaxy Beam smartphone. In the implementation, a crossed-optical-axes geometry of the FTP is formed by using a mirror positioned over the phone’s projector via an adjustable tilt mounting bracket. Experimental proof-of-concept of the proposed profilometry is done by implementing conventional and non-phase shifting FTPs with different diffuse test objects. The experimental results obtained by using the non-phase shifting technique are in good agreement with those of the direct contact measurement. Besides having superiority of compactness, the proposed profilometry paves the way for the development of real-time 3-D profiling and printing through internet or Bluetooth interconnection.     

A fast 3D shape measurement method based on sinusoidal and triangular fringe projection

Existing methods to measure 3D shape of complex object involve processing more than six captured images to obtain the absolute phase, which limit the measurement speed. This paper presents two sinusoidal fringes and two triangular wave fringes which is used to measure 3D shape of complex object. The two-step phase-shifting sinusoidal fringes and two-step phase-shifting triangular wave fringes are calculated to obtain the wrapped phase, and then the two-step phase-shifting triangular wave fringes are used to determine the fringe order. Due to decrease the number of projection fringes, the speed of measurement increases. The triangular wave fringe carries more information of the object than linear increasing/decreasing ramp fringe in the actual measurement, more noise in the base phase to be overcome, thus improving the measurement accuracy. The benefits can be widely applied in high-speed, real-time 3D measurement of complex shape. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed method is simple, but effective.     

Hybrid method combining orthogonal projection Fourier transform profilometry and laser speckle imaging for 3D visualization of flow profile

This paper reports a straightforward technique for three-dimensional (3D) visualization of a flow profile by a hybrid algorithm combining Fourier transform orthogonal fringe projection and laser speckle imaging techniques. The use of orthogonal projection aims to suppress the zero order allowing surface reconstruction with high spatial resolution and accuracy while analyzing the intensity fluctuations of diffuse backscattered laser light providing 2D flow information. Once both are achieved, 3D flow visualization can be displayed. The method is experimentally validated first with a plastic tube filled with scattering liquid (milk) running at various controlled flow rates and then with the tube embedded under scattering layers (chicken breast) of varying thickness. The system includes a single, common camera, a commercial projector (profilometry channel), a laser light source (flow channel), and a computer station. In addition, orthogonal projection processing was combined with Hilbert transform, increasing the visualization and resolution of the measured flow profile.     

神经网络获取三维面形研究

针对基于传统三角原理的结构光三维测量方法难以测量阶梯形物体的问题，应用神经网络对获取的变形条纹进行处理，获取物体的三维面形信息。该方法通过对神经网络的训练，直接建立条纹图分布与物体高度之间的对应关系，完成对物体的三维测量，即使在投影系统参数未知的情况下，也能取得较好的结果。论文中提出的神经网络三维面形测量方法测量时间短，测量过程中只需要一幅条纹图就能恢复阶梯物体的高度信息。计算机模拟及试验验证了方法的可行性。     

Real-time tricolor phase measuring profilometry based on CCD sensitivity calibration

A real-time tricolor phase measuring profilometry (RTPMP) based on charge coupled device (CCD) sensitivity calibration is proposed. Only one colour fringe pattern whose red (R), green (G) and blue (B) components are, respectively, coded as three sinusoidal phase-shifting gratings with an equivalent shifting phase of 2π/3 is needed and sent to an appointed flash memory on a specialized digital light projector (SDLP). A specialized time-division multiplexing timing sequence actively controls the SDLP to project the fringe patterns in R, G and B channels sequentially onto the measured object in one over seventy-two of a second and meanwhile actively controls a high frame rate monochrome CCD camera to capture the corresponding deformed patterns synchronously with the SDLP. So the sufficient information for reconstructing the three-dimensional (3D) shape in one over twenty-four of a second is obtained. Due to the different spectral sensitivity of the CCD camera to RGB lights, the captured deformed patterns from R, G and B channels cannot share the same peak and valley, which will lead to lower accuracy or even failing to reconstruct the 3D shape. So a deformed pattern amending method based on CCD sensitivity calibration is developed to guarantee the accurate 3D reconstruction. The experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed RTPMP method. The proposed RTPMP method can obtain the 3D shape at over the video frame rate of 24 frames per second, avoid the colour crosstalk completely and be effective for measuring real-time changing object.