金刚石砂轮与CBN砂轮加工铝合金Al6061的对比试验研究

分别用金刚石砂轮和CBN砂轮加工铝合金Al6061,通过正交实验,研究加工工件的表面形貌、表面粗糙度以及磨削力等情况。结果表明:随着磨削深度的不断增加,CBN砂轮磨削铝合金Al6061的加工表面粗糙度高,砂轮堵塞严重,并伴随着大量材料堆积,严重影响了加工表面质量;在相同试验条件下,金刚石砂轮加工铝合金Al6061的加工表面质量优于CBN砂轮,主要原因是金刚石砂轮加工铝合金时所产生的磨削力比CBN砂轮小。     

电镀金刚石砂轮端面磨削Al2024/SiCp试验研究

使用电镀金刚石砂轮对SiC颗粒增强Al2024复合材料进行端面磨削加工试验研究.研究结果表明,端面磨削加工能获得高质量的加工表面,在所采用的试验参数范围内,表面粗糙度在Ra为0.185μm和Ra为0.5121μm之间,已加工表面残余应力表现为压应力;磨削加工参数对切向力和法向力的影响不大,并且在不同的加工条件下均保持较小数值.轴向磨削力大于其他两个方向的磨削力,并且随着磨削深度的增大而明显增大.     

TC4钛合金纵扭超声磨削力热耦合模型及其试验研究

为探究TC4钛合金纵扭超声磨削过程中的力热耦合机理,基于TC4钛合金纵扭超声磨削的磨削力模型、工件表面平均温度模型、质量热容计算表达式建立了其力热耦合模型,并对力热耦合作用下TC4钛合金纵扭超声单颗磨粒去除过程进行有限元仿真,分析磨削力、磨削温度的相互影响特性。理论与仿真研究发现,磨削区剧烈的温升会降低钛合金抵抗塑性变形的能力,抑制磨削力的增长速率。最后通过TC4钛合金纵扭超声磨削试验进行验证,结果表明,纵扭超声的引入能明显降低磨削力和磨削温度,磨削力和磨削温度的降低幅度分别达到19.39%和12.41%;磨削温度随着磨削深度、砂轮转速和工件进给速度的增大而升高,且随着磨削温度的升高磨削力增长趋势变缓;磨削力和磨削热的减小使工件表面塑性变形和犁沟两侧的塑性隆起高度减小;与普通CBN磨削相比,纵扭超声的引入对表面粗糙度的降低幅度可达到31.21%,在一定范围内增大超声振幅能显著提高加工表面的质量。     

Al2O3/TiC陶瓷材料超声辅助微磨削的磨削力试验研究

基于超声辅助微磨削加工对Al_2O_3/TiC陶瓷材料进行微磨削试验,并与传统微磨削技术进行对比。利用单因素分析法研究Al_2O_3/TiC陶瓷材料的磨削力随超声振幅、磨削砂轮转速、磨削深度、进给速度等工艺参数的变化规律,为提高加工质量和合理选择加工参数提供依据。结果表明:超声波辅助微磨削试验获得了不同磨削参数下磨削力的变化规律,磨削力随超声波振幅、主轴转速的增大而减小,随磨削深度、工件进给速度的增大而增大;在相同工艺参数下,相比传统微磨削加工,超声辅助微磨削Al_2O_3/TiC陶瓷材料可以有效降低磨削力;在保证工件加工表面质量的前提下,超声辅助微磨削加工可以采用较大的磨削深度和磨削速度,有助于提高材料的去除率和加工效率,试验还得出加工Al_2O_3/TiC陶瓷材料的最优参数组合。     

磨削过程中磨削液的有效利用及其实现技术

在磨削加工过程中,一般都是利用向磨削区供给充分冷却液的方法来抑制零件表面温度升高和解决热损伤。但是由于砂轮的高速旋转,会在砂轮的表面形成一个高压空气边界层,阻止磨削液有效的进入磨削区,使加工条件恶化,磨削区温度升高,影响了工件的表面质量和完整性。通过合理的选择供液压力、流量和供液方式及喷嘴形式来提高进入磨削区有效磨削液的比例,进而更好的发挥磨削液的冷却作用,降低磨削区温度,保证工件表面质量和表面完整性,同时也有利于实现绿色磨削加工。     

硬质合金YG8高速磨削工艺试验研究

采用树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮,对硬质合金YG8进行了高速磨削工艺试验研究,测得了不同砂轮线速度、磨削深度和工作台速度条件下的磨削力和表面粗糙度,并对磨削的表面形貌进行了观测,揭示了硬质合金YG8高速磨削的材料去除机理。试验结果表明:将高速磨削技术应用于硬质合金材料的加工是一种切实可行的加工方法,能得到较好的表面质量并提高加工效率。随着砂轮线速度的增加,或者工作台速度和磨削深度的减小,磨削的最大未变形切屑厚度减小,磨削力减小,材料的比磨削能增加,使得工件的加工表面质量得到改善。     

磨削力对HIPSN陶瓷磨削亚表面裂纹的影响

采用金刚石砂轮是磨削热等静压氮化硅(HIPSN)陶瓷最常用的加工方法,但是被磨零件亚表面常常伴随裂纹、崩碎等加工损伤,因此研究裂纹扩展一直是工程陶瓷的热点问题。对磨削加工后的HIPSN陶瓷亚表面裂纹进行探究,分析其在磨削加工过程中产生裂纹的原因以及去除机理,研究结果表明在磨削过程中对裂纹进行适当的控制,可以提高陶瓷零件的可靠性。设置单因素实验,对不同磨削参数下HIPSN陶瓷的磨削力进行测量,通过扫描电镜(SEM)对亚表面裂纹和表面形貌进行观察,分析磨削力对亚表面裂纹的影响。实验结果表明:磨削力随着砂轮线速度的增大而减小,随着工件进给速度和磨削深度的增大而增大;当磨削力变大时,陶瓷亚表面裂纹扩展程度增加,表面形貌变差。在粗磨加工HIPSN陶瓷时,可以通过减小工件进给速度和磨削深度,提高砂轮线速度的方法来降低裂纹的扩展程度,能够有效降低后续工艺的加工时间和难度,提高表面质量。     

超声辅助对TC4钛合金磨削力的影响

在室温下对TC4钛合金进行了超声辅助磨削试验和普通磨削试验,对比研究了磨削速度、进给深度、超声振动对合金磨削力的影响,分析了试样的表面加工质量。结果表明:超声磨削的法向磨削力和切向磨削力均随着磨削速度增大而下降且降幅减小,随着进给深度增大而增大且增幅增大;和普通磨削试样相比,超声磨削试样的法向磨削力和切向磨削力更低;超声磨削试样表面黏附的磨屑较少,表面加工质量更好。     

纳米ZrO2陶瓷的超声振动延性域磨削特性研究

本文分析了纳米ZrO2陶瓷在普通和超声磨削状态下的裂纹扩展过程及延性去除机理;通过对不同磨削状态的磨削力及AFM和SEM对表面质量的观察,做了在普通和超声磨削状态下的对比试验,研究了临界延性磨削深度对磨削力及表面质量的影响关系;基于超声振动磨削过程及磨削力的分析,讨论了超声振动增加延性磨削深度的原因,最后通过AFM对延性域加工表面形貌的形成机理进行了观察。研究表明：超声加工能明显提高纳米ZrO2陶瓷的临界延性磨削深度,振动方向垂直于砂轮线速度方向时,其磨削效果要优于振动方向平行于砂轮速度方向的磨削效果。通过在延性域范围内磨削,超声加工能高效地获得纳米加工表面,超精密磨削表面是由不同幅值多种波形叠加的结果。     

6061-T651铝合金单颗磨粒磨削仿真

通过简化并建立单颗磨粒磨削模型,采用ANSYS LS-DYNA进行对6061-T651特种铝合金磨削过程的理论研究和仿真分析,总结了单颗磨粒的磨削速度、磨削深度等工艺参数对磨削力大小以及磨屑的影响。研究表明:随着磨削速度的增加,单个磨料颗粒的磨削力减小,并且递减速率呈先增大后减小的趋势;而磨削深度的增加则会使单个磨料颗粒的磨削力增大,且递增速率逐渐减缓。磨削过程中,磨屑形状受加工参数的影响,其中,磨削深度对磨屑形状的影响比磨削速度对磨屑形状的影响更大。     

硬脆材料微磨削表面形成机理试验研究

微磨削作为微尺度硬脆材料元器件的一种重要加工方法越来越受到重视,分析硬脆材料微磨削材料去除机理、提出其应为脆性去除与延性去除的综合作用,并就硬脆材料微磨削中材料去除过程与传统磨削方式的不同建立微磨削表面形成模型。为揭示硬脆材料微磨削过程的表面形成机理,验证所提出的微磨削未变形切屑厚度hm与微磨削表面粗糙度Ra计算模型的科学性和准确性,针对钠钙玻璃这一典型硬脆材料设计了正交微磨削试验,就试验结果进行硬脆材料微磨削表面形貌分析,讨论硬脆材料微磨削表面影响因素以及影响规律。基于试验数据结果对所建立微磨削模型的科学性进行了验证,并通过试验获得了微磨削后表面粗糙度Ra从78 nm至0.98 μm的一系列表面,为硬脆材料微磨削表面形成机理研究提供了理论参考与试验依据。     

Experimental study on fabrication and evaluation of a micro-scale shaft grinding tool

This paper presents a micro-grinding experiment on AISI 1020 steel and Ti-6Al-4V to study micro-grinding principle and the change rule of the force and surface with different grinding parameters. A novel micro shaft grinding tool is fabricated by cold sprayed with CBN grains, the manufacturing is carried out on a desktop micro machine developed by NEU. Influences caused by particle size on surface quality has been discussed, it has been tested that low surface roughness could be achieved on 3000 particle size of micro shaft grinding tool, the roughness of AISI 1020 steel accomplished in the experiment is about 0.086 μm. Measured micro-grinding force of Ti-6Al-4V decreases with the increasing spindle speed and the decreasing cutting depth. The surface roughness decreases with the increasing spindle speed and the decreasing feed rate. The minimum surface roughness is 325 nm with the spindle speed of 48000 r/min and the feed rate of 20 μm/s.     

Machinability of ultrasonic vibration-assisted micro-grinding in biological bone using nanolubricant

Bone grinding is an essential and vital procedure in most surgical operations. Currently, the insufficient cooling capacity of dry grinding, poor visibility of drip irrigation surgery area, and large grinding force leading to high grinding temperature are the technical bottlenecks of micro-grinding. A new micro-grinding process called ultrasonic vibration-assisted nanoparticle jet mist cooling (U-NJMC) is innovatively proposed to solve the technical problem. It combines the advantages of ultrasonic vibration (UV) and nanoparticle jet mist cooling (NJMC). Notwithstanding, the combined effect of multi parameter collaborative of U-NJMC on cooling has not been investigated. The grinding force, friction coefficient, specific grinding energy, and grinding temperature under dry, drip irrigation, UV, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), NJMC, and U-NJMC micro-grinding were compared and analyzed. Results showed that the minimum normal grinding force and tangential grinding force of U-NJMC micro-grinding were 1.39 and 0.32 N, which were 75.1% and 82.9% less than those in dry grinding, respectively. The minimum friction coefficient and specific grinding energy were achieved using U-NJMC. Compared with dry, drip, UV, MQL, and NJMC grinding, the friction coefficient of U-NJMC was decreased by 31.3%, 17.0%, 19.0%, 9.8%, and 12.5%, respectively, and the specific grinding energy was decreased by 83.0%, 72.7%, 77.8%, 52.3%, and 64.7%, respectively. Compared with UV or NJMC alone, the grinding temperature of U-NJMC was decreased by 33.5% and 10.0%, respectively. These results showed that U-NJMC provides a novel approach for clinical surgical micro-grinding of biological bone.     

Experimental study on ductile-regime micro-grinding character of soda-lime glass with diamond tool

This paper proposes a model to predict the material removal mode in soda-lime glass micro-grinding. This model defines material removal process to three stages which conclude ductile type, ductile-brittle type and brittle type by the quantization of undeformed chip thickness h _m . The model for computing undeformed chip thickness in micro-grinding has been built considering tool topography, grit distribution and size effect in this paper. Micro-grinding experiments with different cutting depth on soda-lime glass have been designed and conducted. From experiment results, it was found that the edge crack length tends to have a wide range with different h _m . Three types of chip have been investigated in results, and coolant has been verified to be an important factor to soda-lime glass ductile-regime micro-grinding. Critical depths of soda-lime glass micro-grinding have been found to be 2 and 5 nm, grinding forces in experiment provide the proof to predictive model proposed by this paper.     

Modeling and evaluating of surface roughness prediction in micro-grinding on soda-lime glass considering tool characterization

The current research of micro-grinding mainly focuses on the optimal processing technology for different materials. However, the material removal mechanism in micro-grinding is the base of achieving high quality processing surface. Therefore, a novel method for predicting surface roughness in micro-grinding of hard brittle materials considering micro-grinding tool grains protrusion topography is proposed in this paper. The differences of material removal mechanism between convention grinding process and micro-grinding process are analyzed. Topography characterization has been done on micro-grinding tools which are fabricated by electroplating. Models of grain density generation and grain interval are built, and new predicting model of micro-grinding surface roughness is developed. In order to verify the precision and application effect of the surface roughness prediction model proposed, a micro-grinding orthogonally experiment on soda-lime glass is designed and conducted. A series of micro-machining surfaces which are 78 nm to 0.98 ~tm roughness of brittle material is achieved. It is found that experimental roughness results and the predicting roughness data have an evident coincidence, and the component variable of describing the size effects in predicting model is calculated to be 1.5x 107 by reverse method based on the experimental results. The proposed model builds a set of distribution to consider grains distribution densities in different protrusion heights. Finally, the characterization of micro-grinding tools which are used in the experiment has been done based on the distribution set. It is concluded that there is a significant coincidence between surface prediction data from the proposed model and measurements from experiment results. Therefore, the effectiveness of the model is demonstrated. This paper proposes a novel method for predicting surface roughness in micro-grinding of hard brittle materials considering micro-grinding tool grains protrusion topography, which would provide significant research theory and experimental reference of material removal mechanism in micro-grinding of soda-lime glass.     

Modeling and simulation of cutting forces generated during vertical micro-grinding

Micro-grinding using micro-tools has become very prevalent due to the miniaturization of products with increased process requirements. Moreover, this process provides an edge over other competitive processes, especially as a final process step. The quality of the part produced by the micro-scale grinding process can be influenced by various factors, particularly by the induced mechanical forces. Therefore, predictive model of cutting force can provide guidance for further development and optimization of the process. Although there has been a lot of a research conducted on conventional grinding, little knowledge has been accumulated on micro-scale grinding due to the fact that it is an emerging field of research. The early grinding models developed are mostly based on parameters such as wheel and workpiece velocity, depth of cut and grit size of the grinding wheel. Those early models narrated that the grits penetrate and cut the material from the workpiece surface with the generated grinding forces proportional to the removed material. However, those models may not be appropriate for micro-scale grinding due to the mode of material removal and the method of contact between surfaces which is different from the macro-scale method. In addition to that, due to the small feed rate used in brittle material machining, ploughing force needs to be considered intensively in addition to the chip formation force. Therefore, a new analytical model has been proposed to evaluate cutting forces of micro-grinding process based on the process configuration, workpiece material properties and micro-grinding tool topography. The size effect of micro-machining has been carefully considered in this proposed model. Therefore, this approach allows the derivation of cutting force comprising of both the chip formation force and ploughing force. Experimental investigation in a micro-grinding configuration has been pursued to validate the proposed predictive model. The estimated cutting force showed a good correlation with the experimental values except for higher depth of cut and lower feed rate. Additionally, paired T test has been performed to quantify the difference between the predicted and experimental results.     

Investigating the optimum molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanolubrication parameters in CNC milling of AL6061-T6 alloy

Aluminum 6061-T6 is an important alloy as it has dominant mechanical properties like weldability and hardness, and has the potential to be used at variable temperatures. AL6061-T6 is frequently used in the aerospace industry, as well as aircraft, automotive, and packaging food industries. Milling of Al6061-T6 is important especially to produce various product shapes for adapting to diverse applications. The aptitude of the CNC milling machine for batch production would be a noteworthy advantage. However, the demand for high quality brings attention to product quality, particularly the roughness of the machined surface because of its effect on product appearance, function, and reliability. Introducing correct lubrication to the machining zone could improve the tribological characteristics of Al6061-T6. For additional improvement, applying nanolubrication may produce superior product quality, as the rolling action of billions of nanoparticle units in the tool chip interface can significantly decrease the cutting forces. In this research work, the optimum MoS₂ nanolubrication parameters in Al6061-T6 milling to achieve the lowest cutting force, cutting temperature and surface roughness are investigated. The parameters include nanolubricant concentration, nozzle orientation and air carrier pressure. Taguchi optimization along with standard orthogonal array L₁₆(4³) are employed. Furthermore, surface roughness and cutting force are analyzed via signal-to-noise (S/N) response analysis and the analysis of variance (Pareto ANOVA) in the hopes of achieving optimum conditions and to determine which process parameters are statistically significant. Finally, optimization improvements are investigated through confirmation tests.     

弹性球头油石磨抛接触微作用力分析研究

基于弹性油石微观形貌特点,在假设磨粒为正态分布的基础上,对油石微磨磨抛力进行了理论推导和分析。分析了油石的瞬时变形反馈和再生变形反馈对磨抛力的作用,得到了磨抛深度与油石变形量等参数之间的关系。实验结果证明,微磨磨抛力模型计算与实测较为接近。     

An investigation of optimum SiO2 nanolubrication parameters in end milling of aerospace Al6061-T6 alloy

Aluminium AL6061-T6 is a common alloy which is used for many purposes since it has the superior mechanical properties such as hardness and weldability. It is commonly used in aircraft, automotive and packaging food industries. Milling of Al6061-T6 would be a good process especially in producing varieties shape of products to adapt with different applications. The capability of the CNC milling machine to make batch production would be a noteworthy advantage. However, the demand for high quality focuses attention on product quality, especially the roughness of the machined surface, because of its effect on product appearance, function and reliability. Introducing correct lubrication in the machining zone could improve the tribological characteristic of Al6061-T6 leading to higher product quality. In this research work, the optimum SiO₂ nanolubrication parameters in milling of Al6061-T6 are investigated to achieve correct lubrication conditions for the lowest cutting force, cutting temperature and surface roughness. These parameters include nanolubricant concentration, nozzle angle and air carrier pressure. Taguchi optimization method is used with standard orthogonal array L₁₆(4)³. Furthermore, analyses on surface roughness and cutting force are conducted using signal-to-noise (S/N) response analysis and the analysis of variance (Pareto ANOVA) to determine which process parameters are statistically significant. Finally, confirmation tests were carried out to investigate the optimization improvements.     

氮化硅陶瓷套圈磨削力有限元仿真分析与实验

分析磨削氮化硅陶瓷材料时产生的磨削力,对磨削力的变化规律进行探索,对磨削过程中磨削力的大小进行预测,提高磨削效率和加工表面质量。通过超景深电子显微镜对砂轮表面磨粒分布状况进行扫描,计算得到砂轮表面的磨粒密度,建立多颗磨粒随机分布的三维虚拟砂轮模型,将砂轮模型导入到Abaqus有限元仿真软件中进行氮化硅陶瓷的磨削仿真,得到不同参数组合下的磨削力仿真数据。在MK2710的数控磨床上进行氮化硅陶瓷的磨削实验,获取相应的磨削力实验数据,比较实验数值与预测数值,并分析影响磨削力因素的主次顺序。实验数值与预测数值具有一致性,磨削深度对磨削力的影响最大,其次为砂轮转速和径向进给速度。