Geldart A类颗粒节涌床气固流动特性的实验及模拟

针对气固节涌床,在实验基础上,基于欧拉?欧拉双流体模型结合颗粒动力学理论,考虑Geldart A类颗粒聚团对气固间曳力的影响,采用修正后的Gidaspow曳力模型对气固节涌床进行数值模拟。结果表明,通过与实验结果及经验公式进行对比,修正的模型可准确合理地模拟流化床内节涌特性。表观气速0.09 m/s≤Ug≤0.39 m/s时,床层内部压力脉动标准偏差随表观气速增加而增加,流型由鼓泡转变为节涌直至节涌程度最大,床内气固流动主要受轴对称栓运动特性影响,床内压降、床层膨胀比、气栓平均上升速度、最大轴对称栓长度随表观气速增加而增加,最大轴对称栓产生位置随表观气速增加而降低;Ug>0.39 m/s后,床内压力脉动标准偏差随表观气速增加而降低,节涌程度降低至向湍动流态化流型转变,床内气固流动主要受壁面栓运动特性影响,增加表观气速,节涌床内压降变化幅度较小,气栓平均上升速度增加幅度加大,床层膨胀比及最大轴对称栓长度降低,最大轴对称栓产生的位置略有升高。     

基于图像法喷动床内空隙率研究

利用图像二值化方法处理图片,并采用Matlab编程实现空隙率的测量,从微观层次分析空隙率对喷动流化床内流动状态的影响。研究了颗粒粒径、喷口数量和表观气速对空隙率分布的影响。结果表明,增大表观气速使床层底部的稀相区增大,床层膨胀高度增加,空隙率也随之增加。增大颗粒粒径会增大最小临界流化速率,所以在其达到流化状态后流化床内颗粒粒径增大,床内喷动区空隙率减小比较明显。在相同条件下,与单喷口相比双喷口在床层底部附近存在合并射流,同时颗粒能到达的高度显著增加,底部两侧停滞区面积减小。结合对空隙率的分析,提出一种新的表征流化床内流化状态的参数(流化指数),可以直观地表示流化床内颗粒的流化状态。     

方形气固密相床中局部颗粒浓度分布的实验研究

在368mm×368mm方形气固流化床中采用FCC颗粒研究了局部颗粒浓度分布的基本行为,实验测试了不同高度床层截面上的局部颗粒浓度分布。结果表明:局部颗粒浓度在床层中心最小,向外逐渐增加,边壁处颗粒浓度急剧增加到最大;表观气速(Ug)较低时,床层截面内不同方向上颗粒浓度分布的差异较大;随表观气速增大,床层截面内不同方向上的颗粒浓度分布规律趋于一致。局部流动结构的转变首先发生于床层中心,然后再向边壁逐渐扩展。颗粒浓度概率密度分布曲线(PDD)表明在湍动流态化下稳定的两相流动结构已被打破。     

方形气固流化床从鼓泡到湍动流态化转变速度预测模型

在368 mm×368 mm的方形气固流化床中对FCC颗粒进行了流态化实验,基于对床内总体压力脉动信号分析了从鼓泡流态化到湍动流态化的转变速度Uc与静床高度H0及床层面位置H的关系.结果表明,床层截面位置H较低或静床高度H0增加都使Uc增加,即鼓泡流态化到湍动流态化的流型转变是由床层上部逐渐向下扩展的递进行为.基于这一...     

SiCl4冷氢化反应器床层密度的计算

通过理论计算临界流化速度u_(mf)和床层空隙率ε_e,得到SiCl_4冷氢化流化床反应器在不同粒径d_p和表观气速u_e条件下的床层密度ρ。床层密度随着硅粉粒径增大而增大,随着表观气速增大而减小。通过实际测量一定高度床层间的压降得到实际床层密度,与理论计算值对比二者吻合性较好,冷氢化反应器的床层密度沿高度方向变化较小。     

导向管喷动床内单相流场及声波对流场影响的数值模拟

为阐明超细粉在声场导向管喷动流化床内的流化机理,并为进一步优化和完善床层结构及操作条件提供基础,采用标准k-ε湍流模型计算了导向管喷动流化床内的单相气体流场,考察了进口流化气速和射流气速对气体流动规律的影响,以及声场对导向管喷动流化床内气体轴向速度分布及其脉动均方根的影响。结果表明:在高速射流条件下,导向管喷动流化床内气体呈内循环流动,气体循环流量随流化气速度的增加而减小,但随射流气速度的增加而增加;外加声场使环隙区和喷泉区的气体流动更加均匀,显著增加环隙区和喷泉区气流的湍动程度,且湍动程度随声压级的增大而显著增大,随声波频率的升高而小幅度降低。     

气固搅拌流化床流化和干燥特性实验研究

通过测定不同搅拌速度、床层高度下床层压降与表观气速间的关系,研究了水平桨气固搅拌流化床的流化特性。实验表明,搅拌增强了气固接触,明显改善了流化床的流化质量。对不同气速、不同搅拌速度下气固流化床的干燥特性进行了实验研究,结果表明,搅拌能加快流化床的传热速率,提高干燥速度。     

基于声发射信号递归分析的气固流化床流型转变

利用声发射技术采集不同流化气速下流化床内颗粒与壁面碰撞的声信号,结合声能量及递归分析法研究不同流型下颗粒运动特征,得到鼓泡流态化到湍动流态化的临界转变速度及流型转变规律。特别是针对声能量分析无法准确区分不同床层高度处流型转变的不足,利用递归分析可有效预测系统周期性的特点,将声信号进行递归分析,研究了流化床不同位置的流型转变性质。结果表明,鼓泡流态化下颗粒运动的周期性较湍动流态化强,并能够清晰地检测到由鼓泡流态化向湍动流态化的流型转变速度,而且床层较低处的流型转变速度比床层较高处大。由此获得了一种便捷灵敏、安全环保的非侵入式流化床流型转变速度的测量技术,可用于对整个流化床内不同位置流型转变过程的实时在线监控。     

基于信息熵分析的喷动流化床流动特性

建立了300 mm×30 mm×2000 mm的喷动流化床煤气化炉冷态实验装置和多通道压力信号采集系统,引入压力波动时间序列的Shannon信息熵分析,讨论了不同喷动气速度和流化气流率下各床层区域的Shannon 信息熵,并结合高分辨率数码CCD相机所记录的流动状态,建立了Shannon信息熵与流型之间的联系.床层不同区域的Shannon 信息熵具有较大的差异,不同流型的Shannon 信息熵区分度较好.在较高的喷动气速度或流化气流率下,喷动流化床气固运动周期特性消失,呈现出明显的混沌特性,表现为床层各区域Shannon信息熵的急剧增长和床内不稳定的流动状态的发生.结果表明,Shannon信息熵分析有助于认识喷动流化床复杂的流型及其转变和床内气固两相流动的混沌动力学特性.     

大颗粒三相环隙气升式环流反应器流体力学行为

研究了大颗粒体系气升式环流反应器的流体力学行为,考察了表观气速和颗粒质量分数对床层膨胀高度、循环液速和固含率分布的影响。实验结果表明,按颗粒的运动状态不同可以将反应器内的流动分为3个区域,即固定床区域、膨胀床区域和循环床区域,各流动区域内的流动行为存在显著差异。随着颗粒质量浓度的增大,起始流化气速和最小循环气速均显著增大。基于三相流化床的流化模型和环流反应器的特点建立了相应的数学模型,对大颗粒三相气升式环流反应器的起始流化气速和最小循环气速进行了预测,模型预测值与实验测量值吻合良好。     

床形结构对气固流化床流化质量和气体返混特性的影响

用实验方法比较了一个二维床和一个大型三维床内FCC颗粒流化床在鼓泡域和湍动域内的流化质量和气体返混特性。实验结果表明,床形对A类颗粒气固流化床具有非常大的影响。二维床和三维床的流动和气固混合行为既具有相似性,如床膨胀随气速的变化趋势;也具有很大的差异性,既包括三维床流化质量差、轴向气体扩散系数大等量上的不同,又包括压力脉动、轴向气体扩散系数的变化趋势以及湾流模式等质上的不同。总之,在本研究中,二维床体现的是一种具有强烈壁效应的小型流化床的特征,而三维床则体现的是静床高度具有很大影响的大型流化床的特征。     

Flow structure of the solids in gas-solid fluidized beds

Existence of clusters in dense fluidized beds was investigated by analyzing the time-position data of a tracer obtained in several radioactive particle tracking experiments. It was found that in the case of sand particles, more gas passes through the bed as bubbles with increasing the superficial gas velocity and in the case of FCC powder, flow of the gas through the bed as bubbles does not increase in the turbulent fluidization regime. Cluster diameters were estimated from their velocities and found that descending clusters are generally larger than ascending ones and the size of both increases with increasing the superficial gas velocity. Bubble velocities evaluated in this work are in good agreement with the correlations in the bubbling regime of the fluidization available in the literature.     

Experimental investigation of particle contact time at the wall of gas fluidized beds

The contact time of particles at the walls of gas fluidized beds has been studied using a radioactive particle tracking technique to monitor the position of a radioactive tracer. The solids used were sand or FCC particles fluidized by air at room temperature and atmospheric pressure at various superficial velocities, covering both bubbling and turbulent regimes of fluidization. Based on the analysis of tracer positions, the motion of individual particles near the walls of the fluidized bed was studied. The contact time, contact distance and contact frequency of the particles at the wall were evaluated from these experimental data. It was found that in a bed of sand particles, the mean wall contact time of the fluidized bed of sand particles decreases by increasing the gas velocity in the bubbling and increases in the turbulent fluidization. In other words, the particle-wall contact time is minimum at the onset of turbulent fluidization in the bed of sand particles. However, the mean wall contact time is almost constant in both regimes of fluidization in the bed of FCC particles. All the existing models in the literature predict a decreasing contact time when the gas velocity in the bed is increased. It was also shown that the contact distance increases monotonously by increasing the gas velocity in the bed of sand particles, while it is almost constant for the bed of FCC particles. Contact frequency has a trend similar to that of the contact time for both sand and FCC particles.     

On the nature of turbulent and fast fluidized beds

Fluidization characteristics have been investigated over the range from bubbling to fast fluidization by using a circulating fluidized bed cold model (riser diameter: 50 mm i.d., riser height: 2 390 mm, powder: fluidized cracking catalyst (FCC) and silica sand). Special focus was placed on the concepts of turbulent and fast fluidization regimes. Based on careful measurements of flow structure and cluster behavior, it is demonstrated that the turbulent fluidization regime is a transition regime between bubbling and fast fluidization. Experimental evidence supports the postulate that in fast fluidization the clusters adjust their size so that the gas drag force acting on them compensates with their gravity.     

Demarcation of a new circulating turbulent fluidization regime

Transient flow behaviors in a novel circulating‐turbulent fluidized bed (C‐TFB) were investigated by a multifunctional optical fiber probe, that is capable of simultaneously measuring instantaneous local solids‐volume concentration, velocity and flux in gas‐solid two‐phase suspensions. Microflow behavior distinctions between the gas‐solid suspensions in a turbulent fluidized bed (TFB), conventional circulating fluidized bed (CFB), the bottom region of high‐density circulating fluidized bed (HDCFB), and the newly designed C‐TFB were also intensively studied. The experimental results show that particle‐particle interactions (collisions) dominate the motion of particles in the C‐TFB and TFB, totally different from the interaction mechanism between the gas and solid phases in the conventional CFB and the HDCFB, where the movements of particles are mainly controlled by the gas‐particle interactions (drag forces). In addition, turbulence intensity and frequency in the C‐TFB are significantly greater than those in the TFB at the same superficial gas velocity. As a result, the circulating‐turbulent fluidization is identified as a new flow regime, independent of turbulent fluidization, fast fluidization and dense suspension upflow. The gas‐solid flow in the C‐TFB has its inherent hydrodynamic characteristics, different from those in TFB, CFB and HDCFB reactors. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

Effects of temperature on local two-phase flow structure in bubbling and turbulent fluidized beds of FCC particles

A novel high temperature optical fiber probe has been developed to study the effects of bed temperature on the local two-phase flow structure in a pilot scale fluidized bed of the FCC particles with bed temperatures ranging from 25°C to 420°C, covering both the bubbling and turbulent fluidization regimes. The results show that fluidization is enhanced and fluctuations of the local two-phase flow structure become more intense with increasing bed temperature. At constant superficial gas velocities, the averaged local particle concentration, the dense phase fraction and particle concentration in the dense phase decrease with increasing bed temperature, whereas both the frequency of the dilute/dense phase cycle and the ratio of the dilute phase duration to the dense phase duration increase. In addition, the effects of temperature on the dilute phase depend on superficial gas velocity. The conventional two-phase models fail to predict these changes of the local flow structure with temperature, which may be explained by the fact that the role of interparticle forces is neglected at different bed temperatures. Indeed, fluidization behaviors of the FCC particles tested increasingly shift from typical Geldart A towards B with increasing temperature due to a decrease of the interparticle attractive forces and a simultaneous increase of interparticle repulsive forces.     

Flow regimes and critical velocity in a circulating fluidized bed

A laboratory scale circulating fluidized bed, 50 mm i.d. 4.97 m high, has been operated with different solid inventories in the downcomer. The operating conditions cover a wide range of superficial gas velocities and solid circulation rates. A critical gas velocity U_cr is defined as the gas velocity beyond which the interface between the dense bed and the dilute bed cannot be observed in the circulating fluidized bed at any solid circulation rate. Three different fluidization regimes exist at gas velocities lower than U_cr; they are: the dilute transport bed, the dense bed and the bed with an interface between the bottom dense bed and the upper dilute freeboard. An additional fluidization regime exists at gas velocities greater than U_cr where no interface can be found at any solid circulation rate. U_cr increases with increasing solid inventory. The height of the interface is significantly affected by the solid inventory, and is also greatly affected by the design of the pneumatic valve. The whole bed becomes a dense bed after the interface extends to the exit region of the bed.     

Local solid mixing in gas–solid fluidized beds

Diffusivity of the solid particles in a 152-mm ID gas–solid fluidized bed was determined at different regimes of fluidization. The gas was air at room temperature and atmospheric pressure and the solids were 385 μm sand or 70 μm FCC particles. The experiments were done at superficial gas velocities from 0.5 to 2.8 m/s for sand and 0.44 to 0.9 m/s for FCC (in both bubbling and turbulent regimes). Movement of a tracer was monitored by radioactive particle tracking (RPT) technique. Once the time-position data became available, local axial and radial diffusivity of solids were calculated from these data. Calculated diffusivities are in the range of 3.3×10⁻³ to 5.6×10⁻² m²/s for axial and 2.6×10⁻⁴ to 1.5×10⁻³ m²/s for radial direction. The results show that the diffusivities, both axial and radial, increase with superficial gas velocity and are linearly correlated to the axial solid velocity gradient. Solid diffusivity in a bed of FCC was found to be higher than that of a bed of sand at the same excess superficial gas velocity.     

Three-Dimension imaging of particle clusters in dilute gas—solid suspension flow

The three dimensional flow structure of dilute gas—solid suspensions in a small-scale circulating fluidized bed (0.200 m riser diameter) was visualized by applying the laser sheet technique. FCC particles were fluidized with sustained solid loading at gas velocities corresponding to the turbulent and the fast fluidization regimes in cases where the solid circulation was sufficient. Three typical shapes of clusters in the core section of the riser were observed. Clusters characterized by a paraboloidal shape heading downward were connected to neighboring clusters at their tail part, forming a three dimensional network structure.