LNG动力渔船的冷能利用技术初探

液化天然气(LNG)动力渔船推广前景广阔,为提高其LNG冷能的利用效率,对比分析了在船舶上利用LNG冷能的冷库和发电两种方案的利弊,并在此基础上提出了一种新的LNG冷能利用系统。通过热力学分析,获得了不同有机朗肯循环(ORC)冷凝温度、蒸发温度和载冷剂出口温度条件下系统的冷能利用率及效率。分析结果表明,系统冷能利用率随朗肯循环冷凝温度的降低、蒸发温度的升高而有显著提高;随载冷剂出口温度升高,系统冷能利用率稍有提高,但载冷剂流量显著增大。该系统冷能利用率及效率最大值分别达200.1%和28.6%,可实现LNG冷能利用率的大幅提升,节能效果显著。     

动态透平效率对有机朗肯循环系统性能的影响

向心透平效率随运行参数的变化及工质种类的不同有较大差别,引入向心透平一维分析模型来计算透平效率,分析蒸发温度与冷凝温度对透平效率的影响,比较固定透平效率与动态透平效率有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统的热力性能与经济性能。采用非支配解排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)优化ORC系统筛选出最优工质,确定最佳蒸发温度与冷凝温度。同时比较了不同热源温度下固定透平效率和动态透平效率ORC系统的最佳运行参数,分析了透平效率随热源温度的变化。结果表明:透平效率随蒸发温度的降低或者冷凝温度的升高而增大,采用动态透平效率后,系统净输出功随蒸发温度升高而增加趋势减缓,工质排序也发生了变化;对于固定透平效率与动态透平效率ORC系统,经多目标筛选后所确定的最优工质及最佳蒸发温度和冷凝温度均有一定差异,表明若采用固定透平效率会对工质筛选及参数优化造成一定误差;随着热源温度的升高,固定透平效率与动态透平效率ORC系统之间最佳蒸发温度与净输出功差异逐渐增大,说明热源温度越高,采用固定透平效率引起的误差越大。     

动态透平效率对有机朗肯循环系统性能的影响

向心透平效率随运行参数的变化及工质种类的不同有较大差别，引入向心透平一维分析模型来计算透平效率，分析蒸发温度与冷凝温度对透平效率的影响，比较固定透平效率与动态透平效率有机朗肯循环（ORC）系统的热力性能与经济性能。采用非支配解排序遗传算法（NSGA-Ⅱ）优化ORC系统筛选出最优工质，确定最佳蒸发温度与冷凝温度。同时比较了不同热源温度下固定透平效率和动态透平效率ORC系统的最佳运行参数，分析了透平效率随热源温度的变化。结果表明：透平效率随蒸发温度的降低或者冷凝温度的升高而增大，采用动态透平效率后，系统净输出功随蒸发温度升高而增加趋势减缓，工质排序也发生了变化；对于固定透平效率与动态透平效率ORC系统，经多目标筛选后所确定的最优工质及最佳蒸发温度和冷凝温度均有一定差异，表明若采用固定透平效率会对工质筛选及参数优化造成一定误差；随着热源温度的升高，固定透平效率与动态透平效率ORC系统之间最佳蒸发温度与净输出功差异逐渐增大，说明热源温度越高，采用固定透平效率引起的误差越大。     

S-CO2与组分调控双压蒸发ORC系统联合研究

超临界二氧化碳(S-CO₂)是一种先进发电动力循环，为进一步回收利用其膨胀机释放的余热，文中将组分调控双压蒸发非共沸有机朗肯循环(ORC)作为底循环，与S-CO₂发电循环共同构建新型联合系统，利用模拟仿真的方法，探讨新型联合系统性能优势。结果表明：ORC双压蒸发技术可以深度利用膨胀机释放的余热，使得传统双压蒸发联合系统的净输出功比回热S-CO₂循环高9.61%—10.23%,而组分调控双压蒸发联合系统的净输出功比回热S-CO₂循环高9.95%—10.35%,组分调控双压蒸发联合系统的净输出功略高于传统双压蒸发联合系统，研究结果表明新型联合系统在能源利用方面比简单的回热S-CO₂发电循环更具有优势。     

无霜空气源热泵系统冬季除湿性能初步实验

通过对比现有的空气源热泵空调系统的优缺点，提出了一种新型无霜空气源热泵空调系统。该热泵系统最大的新颖之处在于热交换塔实现了“一塔三用”，不仅冬季可以无霜高效运行与再生，夏季蒸发冷却后性能也有所提升。通过搭建该系统实验平台研究了溶液塔入口空气温湿度、空气流量、溶液入口温度、溶液流量、溶液质量分数对除湿性能及空气出口温度与溶液出口温度的影响，结果表明：出口空气与溶液温度随入口空气温湿度、流量、溶液温度、质量分数的升高,溶液流量的下降而升高；溶液塔的除湿效率主要受风量和溶液流量的影响，而入口空气温湿度、入口溶液温度、溶液质量分数影响很小，溶液塔的除湿量随着室外空气湿度的升高、入口溶液温度的降低、空气流量和溶液流量的升高而升高。     

无霜空气源热泵系统冬季除湿性能初步实验

通过对比现有的空气源热泵空调系统的优缺点,提出了一种新型无霜空气源热泵空调系统。该热泵系统最大的新颖之处在于热交换塔实现了"一塔三用",不仅冬季可以无霜高效运行与再生,夏季蒸发冷却后性能也有所提升。通过搭建该系统实验平台研究了溶液塔入口空气温湿度、空气流量、溶液入口温度、溶液流量、溶液质量分数对除湿性能及空气出口温度与溶液出口温度的影响,结果表明:出口空气与溶液温度随入口空气温湿度、流量、溶液温度、质量分数的升高,溶液流量的下降而升高;溶液塔的除湿效率主要受风量和溶液流量的影响,而入口空气温湿度、入口溶液温度、溶液质量分数影响很小,溶液塔的除湿量随着室外空气湿度的升高、入口溶液温度的降低、空气流量和溶液流量的升高而升高。     

循环水流量对ORC余热发电系统性能影响的试验分析

基于实验室3 kW有机朗肯循环（ORC）低温余热发电试验装置,参考石化行业能耗设计标准将循环水作为耗能工质,采用总能系统方法进行能耗分析,对比了不同热源温度下不同分析边界的系统及主要设备的热力学性能。结果显示：发电机输出功、膨胀机输出功、ORC子系统净输出功、ORC子系统热效率和?效率均随着热源温度和循环水流量的增加而增加;不同热源温度下,最大系统净输出功与最大系统?效率出现的工况一致。本试验在热源温度为120℃时取得最大系统净输出功0.731 kW和最大系统?效率11.81%,此时对应循环水流量为1.629 t·h^-1。该研究为ORC余热发电系统性能与能耗分析提供了参考。     

循环水流量对ORC余热发电系统性能影响的试验分析

基于实验室3 kW有机朗肯循环(ORC)低温余热发电试验装置,参考石化行业能耗设计标准将循环水作为耗能工质,采用总能系统方法进行能耗分析,对比了不同热源温度下不同分析边界的系统及主要设备的热力学性能。结果显示:发电机输出功、膨胀机输出功、ORC子系统净输出功、ORC子系统热效率和?效率均随着热源温度和循环水流量的增加而增加;不同热源温度下,最大系统净输出功与最大系统?效率出现的工况一致。本试验在热源温度为120℃时取得最大系统净输出功0.731 kW和最大系统?效率11.81%,此时对应循环水流量为1.629 t·h~(-1)。该研究为ORC余热发电系统性能与能耗分析提供了参考。     

新型规整填料换热器传热的理论与实验研究

提出了一种用于制冷供暖的新型规整填料室外换热器。基于Poppe传热传质数学模型,构建了新型换热器的三维数学模型,并对其进行了实验验证。用水作为热泵系统模拟工质,考察了该换热器在干填料状态下的传热性能,并通过喷淋水辅助的方法提升换热器的换热效果。在华北夏季的真实工况下,考察了包括工作介质温度、空气流量、喷淋水量、空气温度及湿度等一系列因素对实验系统传热性能的影响。实验确定了该新型换热器能在较宽的工质温度范围内保持较稳定的总传热系数,传热速率随喷淋水量及空气流量的增大而增大。综合考虑确定了0.588 L/(m2·s)的最优喷淋密度。不同空气条件下的传热实验结果表明,较低的空气湿度更有利于夏季喷淋水辅助的传热过程。     

热泵干燥箱的干燥过程

通过对热泵干燥箱的热力学分析和对热泵干燥箱干燥过程的试验研究，认为热泵干燥箱干燥物料具有高效节能、干燥温度低和对周围环境无污染等优点。试验结果表明热泵干燥箱在干燥过程中干燥室内的各点温度和相对湿度在干燥０１～２．５ｈ之间相差最大，最大温差为１３．５℃，这时热泵干燥箱的除水量也最大为６．１ｋｇ水／ｈ。     

空气与水逆流直接接触热质交换模型计算及与实验比较

According to general equations deducted from a model of heat and mass transfer of air and water in direct contact counter flow reported in the author‘s previous work, the outlet parameters of air and water counter flow through a paper wet pad were calculated by using the MATLAB-software. Comparing the calculation results with experiment data of prior researchers, the deviation of calculated outlet air wet bulb temperature from experimental outlet air wet bulb temperature was less than 10%, the deviation of calculated outlet water temperature from experimental outlet water temperature was less thang 9%, and the deviation of calculated outlet air dry bulb temperature from experimental outlet air dry bulb temperature was less than 10% when NTUh was more than 0. 6. The deviation of calculated outlet air dry bulb temperature from experimental outlet air dry bulb temperature was more than 10% when NTUh was less than 0. 6. The model calculations were in good agreement with experiments and the general equations could be used to design evaporation cooling equipment, such as wet pad and so on.     

Prediction of Saturated Air Dew Points at Elevated Pressures Using a Simple Arrhenius‐Type Function

In compressed air systems, condensed water vapor can have corrosive effects on metals and wash out protective lubricants from tools, equipments, and pneumatic devices. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to predict the dew point temperature of atmospheric air and the air dew point at elevated pressures in order to design and apply the appropriate type of drying. A simple tool is presented here for the prediction of the dew point of atmospheric moist air as a function of temperature and relative humidity and of the compressed saturated air dew point as a function of pressure and dew point of atmospheric moist air at a given temperature using an Arrhenius‐type asymptotic exponential function. The developed tool can be of immense practical value for engineers and scientists as a quick check of the dew points of atmospheric moist air and relative humidity and compressed saturated air under various conditions.     

Quantitative analysis of combined impingement and through air drying of paper

Models were developed and verified to represent the water removal rate data of the two components of combined impingement and through air drying process. Eight physically meaningful parameters were identified, determined, correlated and analyzed. The increasing rate period is extended by impingement water removal. Constant impingement water removal decreases linearly with through flow ratio at a fixed impingement exhaust air flow. Constant through flow water removal is independent of the impingement air. Critical moisture content relates with through flow ratio parabolically. The maximum through flow water removal rate depends on the slope of the paper temperature increase and the extent of the secondary increasing rate period which increases with paper basis weight and drying air temperature, but decreases with through flow ratio and initial moisture content.     

空调用金属填料表面传热传质过程的数值分析

建立了填料塔的二维传热传质模型,考虑了因水蒸发或凝结而引起的水的质量变化和空气的质量变化.利用实验数据回归得到的传热系数和传质系数.用差分法求得了更接近实际的数值解.实验研究证明使用这个改进的方法,使得模型的数值解与实验结果吻合得较好.数值分析结果描述了金属填料内部空气的湿球温度场和填料表面水膜的温度场,有助于研究金属填料表面传热传质性能,为金属填料用于空调机组中的设计提供了计算方法,可以给出满足工程精度要求的设计依据.     

有机朗肯循环发电系统变工况运行的实验研究

受余热热源及环境温度不稳定特性的制约,有机朗肯循环（ORC）发电系统在实际应用中需要有较强的变工况能力。本文以R245fa为工质,实验研究了在不同冷热源温度时,ORC系统在相同负载容量及膨胀机转速下的变工况运行特性及各部件实际性能。实验结果表明：热源温度主要决定了膨胀机的入口温度及过热度。随着热源温度的降低,膨胀机内部泄漏量变大,其等熵效率变低,单位质量工质做功能力变差,维持膨胀机做功状态的工质质量流量增加。由于工质在蒸发器内整体吸热量变小,系统发电效率随热源温度的降低而升高。在10℃冷源温度下,热源温度从115℃下降至100℃,机组的最大发电效率从5.03%升高至5.25%。改变冷源温度,主要作用于膨胀机的进出口压力,改变了膨胀机的做功状态。降低冷源温度,膨胀机压比升高,单位质量工质做功能力变强,维持膨胀机做功状态的工质质量流量减小。但由于膨胀机过膨胀运行带来的不可逆损失增加,膨胀机的等熵效率随冷源温度降低而减小。在115℃热源温度下,冷源温度从30℃下降至10℃,系统最大发电效率从6.08%升高至7.01%。     

Modeling Condensation and Evaporation on Fruit Surface

Rewarming of fruits and vegetables after cooling is characterized by heat and mass transfer processes, which leads commonly to condensation of water on the produce surface at temperatures below the dew point. This effect may affect the produce quality due to microbial growth at unfavorable environmental conditions. The amount of condensed water is a function of the produce surface temperature and of the surrounding conditions as air temperature, air humidity, and air flow. Under practical conditions, both the warming and the condensation are strongly affected by the packaging system used. Depending on the flow conditions close to the produce surface, parameters of heat and mass transfer under laboratory conditions were measured. A mathematical model was developed for the determination of the amount of condensed water on fruit surfaces, its reevaporation, and its total dwell time dependent on the environment air conditions. The model describes the heat and mass transfer processes on single fruits. The process of diffusion of humidity in air and proceed of surface temperature is the basis for the model.     

Modeling Condensation and Evaporation on Fruit Surface

Rewarming of fruits and vegetables after cooling is characterized by heat and mass transfer processes, which leads commonly to condensation of water on the produce surface at temperatures below the dew point. This effect may affect the produce quality due to microbial growth at unfavorable environmental conditions. The amount of condensed water is a function of the produce surface temperature and of the surrounding conditions as air temperature, air humidity, and air flow. Under practical conditions, both the warming and the condensation are strongly affected by the packaging system used. Depending on the flow conditions close to the produce surface, parameters of heat and mass transfer under laboratory conditions were measured. A mathematical model was developed for the determination of the amount of condensed water on fruit surfaces, its reevaporation, and its total dwell time dependent on the environment air conditions. The model describes the heat and mass transfer processes on single fruits. The process of diffusion of humidity in air and proceed of surface temperature is the basis for the model.     

SUPERHEATED STEAM DRYING: A BIBLIOGRAPHY

An experimental setup was developed to study the through air–drying characteristics of permeable grades such as tissue and towel under commercially relevant conditions of basis weight, airflow rate, temperature, and humidity conditions. The experimental setup is capable of evaluating the transient fluid flow, heat, and mass transfer characteristics of relatively larger samples (TAPPI standard hand sheets; 0.1524 m) and is capable of studying the effect of local heterogeneity and structure on convective heat and mass transfer. The system is capable of airflow rates of 0.5–10 m/s with corresponding high-speed data collection and acquisition for measuring important variables such as exhaust air humidity. To study the effect of nonuniformity, local temperature and velocity profiles can also be measured using grid of thermocouples and hot wire anemometers. The instantaneous drying rate and airflow characteristics during through air drying was measured and dry permeability, wet permeability, and convective heat and mass transfer characteristics were then calculated. The experimental results were verified by comparing with the results from literature. Typical experimental results were presented to show the effect of sheet basis weight, initial moisture content, and airflow rates on the drying characteristics for two different types of paper samples.     

Drying of industrial sludge waste in a conical spouted bed dryer. Effect of air temperature and air velocity

To determine the performance of a conical spouted bed dryer for the drying of sludge waste, an experimental study of drying in a spouted bed regime was performed under different experimental conditions. The drying performance was determined based on the time evolution of solid moisture content, and the influence of operating conditions (inlet air temperature, air flow rate, and bed mass) on the drying rate of sludge waste in spouted beds of a conical geometry was analyzed.