SUPERCRITICAL CO2/ETHANOL EXTRACTION OF ASTAXANTHIN FROM BLUE CRAB (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS) SHELL WASTE

Astaxanthin (AX) is the major naturally occurring carotenoid pigment in marine crustaceans and the flesh of salmonids. These organisms are unable to synthesize AX de novo and when farmed commercially, require it in their feed. The high cost of synthetic AX has promoted research into new natural sources of ihe pigment, such as crustacean wastes. In this work, AX from demineralized crab (Callinectes sapidusj shell waste was extracted with a mixture of supercritical C₂ and ethanol as a cosolvent. The effect of total solids load, pressure and temperature was assessed by response surface methodology (RSM). Extracted AX was determined by HPLC. The experimental data were fined to a second order model whereby the conditions for maximum extraction yield were defined (≥ 34 MPa, 45C and solids load of 25 g). Pressure and solids load were the most important factors affecting AX extraction yields.     

CONCENTRATION OF ONION JUICE VOLATILES BY REVERSE OSMOSIS AND ITS EFFECTS ON SUPERCRITICAL CO2 EXTRACTION

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of onion oil at moderate temperatures produces aproduct which is characteristic of the fresh flavor of onions. It was attempted to improve extraction efficiency by concentrating the onion juice by reverse osmosis prior to supercritical CO₂ extraction. Reverse osmosis was carried out for all combinations of 600, 700, and 800 psi feed pressure and 25 and 35C. The juice was concentrated to 18 ^oBtix and then subjected to supercritical CO₂ extraction. The effect of concentration on the extraction process was evaluated by comparing the yields of extracts from concentrated juice with that of single strength juice. Concentration of onion juice by reverse osmosis improved the efficiency of supercritical CO₂ extraction of onion oil and did not alter its characteristic fresh aroma.     

EFFECT OF SUPERCRITICAL CO2 EXTRACTION OF OIL ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF RESIDUAL ATLANTIC MACKEREL (Scomber scombrus) PROTEINS

Protein residue of Atlantic mackerel, an underutilized fish species, was investigated following extraction of oil with supercritical CO₂. Spring mackerel was extracted at 35–55C and 34.5–62.1 MPa for 5 h whereas extraction time of 1–6 h was applied to fall mackerel at 35C/34.5 MPa. Water binding potential of fall mackerel proteins increased with extraction time as oil was removed and that for spring mackerel reached a maximum of 2.2 g H₂O/g protein at 55C and 62.1 MPa. Sarcoplasmic proteins (SAR) became less soluble with increasing extraction temperature and pressure. This change occurred during the first hour of extraction of fall mackerel. Analysis of the SAR by capillary electrophoresis showed that proteins with a molecular weight of 50–100 kDa decreased, while MW> 100 kDa proteins increased with extraction pressure and time for spring and fall mackerel, respectively, suggesting aggregation of proteins. Supercritical CO₂ extraction of lipids from fish muscle shows potential for development of high quality functional proteins.     

PRODUCTION OF CO2 AND C2H4 AFTER GAMMA IRRADIATION OF STRAWBERRY FRUIT

Strawberry fruit (Fragaria ananassa, Duch. cv ‘Kent’) were irradiated at doses from 0 to 4 kGy and stored at 10°C to verify whether irradiation at very low doses could delay postharvest ripening while causing minimal damage to the tissues. CO₂ and C₂H₄ production were used as stress indicator. Anthocyanins and titratable acidity were measured as maturity parameters. CO₂ and C₂H₄ production increased six hours after irradiation. The increase in CO₂ production was proportional to the dose of irradiation and was highest at 4 kGy. Maximum C₂H₄ production was reached at 1 kGy. The different response of CO₂ and C₂H₄ production to irradiation suggests that the membrane system supporting C₂H₄ production was more sensitive to gamma rays than mitochondrial CO₂ production. Irradiation at 0.3 kGy slightly delayed color development in the fruit. Overall, the results indicated that it may be possible to use irradiation at a low dose to delay ripening while causing only minimal tissue damage.     

PRODUCTION OF A LOW-CHOLESTEROL SHRIMP USING SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION

A low‐cholesterol shrimp was produced using supercritical extraction. The processing sequence included freeze drying, cholesterol extraction and rehydration. The shrimp was freeze dried, kept under vacuum until an experimental central composite rotatory design was applied using Response Surface Analysis for the supercritical extraction process. Three variables at five levels each were tested during the experiment (pressure, volume and temperature). After the extraction procedure, various rehydration and cooking conditions were applied to obtain a processed product with characteristics similar to those of the natural shrimp. Two sensory analyses were performed: one which compared the attributes of fresh shrimp with those of the freeze‐dried and rehydrated products, and another one which compared the acceptability between fresh shrimp and low‐cholesterol shrimp after freeze drying, supercritical extraction and rehydration. Under the conditions of 310 bar, 1875 L of carbon dioxide and 37C, it was possible to obtain a low‐cholesterol shrimp with acceptable organoleptic properties.     

Dynamic Changes of Headspace Gases in CO2 and N2 Packaged Fresh Beef

Two independent experiments were conducted to examine the effects of initial packaging/product conditions and storage conditions on in-package headspace pressure changes for modified atmosphere packaged beef during 12 hr storage. Headspace-to-meat volume ratio 1.8 to 5.9, surface area 200--800 cm², sample volume 0.22–0.75L, storage at 3–13°C and initial gas composition 20–100% CO₂ balanced with N₂ were studied. Headspace-to-meat volume ratio was the most important packaging parameter, but surface area and meat volume also affected headspace CO₂ changes. Decreased storage temperature reduced CO₂ concentration remaining in headspace. Higher initial CO₂ concentration resulted in greater concentration changes.     

EXTRACTION OF VICTORIA AND RED GLOBE GRAPE SEED OILS USING SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE WITH AND WITHOUT ETHANOL

SFE of the oils of two varieties of grape seeds (Victoria and Red Globe) was performed in a flow apparatus at 40C and 250 bar. The effect of the solvent on the extraction yield was studied using CO₂ and CO₂ modified with ethanol, and the yield of extraction was compared with conventional extraction methods (Bligh and Dyer and Soxhlet using hexane). SC CO₂  +  ethanol extracted higher lipid amounts from both varieties, compared with SC CO₂ extraction. The comparison between SFE and conventional extraction methods showed that the highest extraction yield was obtained with SC CO₂  +  ethanol (10%, w/w) (14.7 and 11.8% for Red Globe and Victoria grape seeds, respectively), while pure SC CO₂ afforded the lowest lipid yields. The fatty acid compositions of the oils obtained by SFE were analyzed. Fractions containing higher proportions of PUFAs were obtained at lower solvent/dry grape seed ratios, while fractions richer in SFAs and MUFAs were obtained at higher solvent/dry grape seed ratios.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

SFE could fractionate grape seed oil and afford various grades of oil containing different proportions of fatty acids. The highest grape seed lipid yield obtained was with SC CO₂ + ethanol, making this solvent a promising and powerful one for grape seed oil extraction, showing a great advantage compared with conventional extraction methods.     

Supercritical CO2 extraction of grappa volatile compounds

A first study on the recovery of aromatic extracts from grappa by means of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) on a laboratory plant has been performed, to obtain aroma extracts at low ethanol content. The influence of extraction parameters like pressure, temperature and flow rate have been studied. Extraction yields have been evaluated for ethanol, higher alcohols and esters of short and medium chain acids. A higher aroma volatile compounds extraction has been obtained when the strongest extraction condition has been considered (200 bar, 60 °C, 0.3 kg h⁻¹). Sensory evaluation has indicated as preferred the extract obtained under mild condition (80 bar, 40 °C, 0.3 kg h⁻¹).     

超临界CO2萃取芦笋中总黄酮的工艺研究

采用超临界CO2萃取技术对芦笋中的黄酮类化合物进行了萃取研究，运用L9（3^4）正交表系统研究了萃取压力，萃取温度，萃取时间以及夹带剂用量对萃取率的影响。确定了超临界CO2萃取芦笋总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为：温度为70℃、时间为2h、压力为30MPa、夹带剂（75％乙醇）用量为2．0mL／g。此条件下得到总黄酮比率为1．35％，其黄酮得率是常规溶剂乙醇提取法总黄酮得率的2．7倍。     

Extraction of Poppy Seed Oil Using Supercritical CO2

ABSTRACT: Extraction of poppy seed oil with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) was performed and the effect of extraction conditions on oil solubility and yield as well as oil composition was evaluated. Within the temperature (50 to 70 °C) and pressure (21 to 55 MPa) ranges studied, 55 MPa/70 °C gave the highest oil solubility (24.1 mg oil/g CO₂) and oil yield (38.7 g oil/100g seed). Fatty acid composition of the oil obtained with SC-CO₂ at 55 MPa/70 °C was similar to that of petroleum ether-extracted oil ( p > 0.05) with linoleic acid making up 69.0 to 73.7% of fatty acids. Tocol content of the SC-CO₂-extracted oils varied from 22.37 to 33.35 mg/100 g oil, which was higher than that of petroleum ether-extracted oil (15.28 mg/100 g oil). Poppy seed oil may have potential in the rapidly growing specialty oil market.     

超临界CO2从苹果渣中萃取苹果多酚的工艺研究

通过单因素和正交实验研究,对超临界CO2萃取苹果多酚的工艺进行了优化设计.实验结果表明：各因素对苹果多酚得率影响的主次顺序是：萃取时间＞萃取压力＞萃取温度＞料液比;最佳萃取实验工艺条件为：萃取压力35MPa,萃取温度50℃,萃取时间3h,物料粒度40目,夹带剂95%乙醇,料液比（g：mL）1：2,CO2流速45k/h,得率为0.1%.     

柚皮香成分的超临界CO2萃取工艺的研究

研究了柚皮香成分的超临界CO2萃取工艺.以萃取率和气-质联机法从萃取物中鉴定出的各种含氧化合物的总相对百分含量(相对峰面积)两个参数作为考察指标,首先单因素试验研究了萃取温度、CO2流量、萃取压力、萃取时间对于萃取率及萃取物中含氧化合物含量的影响,进而采用正交试验确定了超临界CO2萃取柚皮香成分的较佳工艺为:萃取压力27 MPa、萃取温度40℃、CO2流量33 L/h、萃取时间1 h;此条件下,萃取率1.03%,含氧化合物含量12.82%.     

超临界CO2萃取剑麻中总皂苷的工艺研究

采用超临界CO2萃取法萃取剑麻中的总皂苷,用香草醛比色法测定萃取产物中总皂苷.主要探讨了萃取温度、压力、时间对萃取率的影响,确定了超临界CO2萃取的最佳工艺条件为:萃取温度45℃,萃取压力35 MPa,夹带剂用量20%,萃取时间120min;此条件下,剑麻中总皂苷的萃取率为1.74%.     

Pasteurization of Beer by a Continuous Dense-phase CO2 System

ABSTRACT: Effects on beer quality were studied after pasteurization by a continuous dense-phase carbon dioxide (DPCD) system. Changes in haze formation, foaming capacity and stability, and objective and subjective aroma and flavor were evaluated, after validation of a 5-log reduction in yeast populations. A maximum log reduction in yeast populations of 7.38 logs was predicted at 26.5 MPa, 21°C, 9.6% CO₂, and 4.77 min residence time. Haze was reduced by DPCD pasteurization from 146 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) to 95 NTU. At this same treatment combination, aroma and flavor of beer sample means were not considered significantly different ( P = 0.3415) from fresh beer sample means when evaluated in a difference from control test, using fresh beer as the reference. Foam capacity and stability were affected minimally by CO₂ processing; however, changes would most likely be unnoticed by consumers.     

Effects of Short-term Exposure to Low O2 and High CO2 Atmospheres on Quality Attributes of Strawberries

Strawberries (Fragaria ananassa Duch., cv. ‘Selva') were stored 10 days in 1.0%, 0.5%, or 0.25% 0₂ or air + 20% CO₂; or 6 days in air + 50% or 80% CO₂ at 0 or 5°C without detrimental effects on quality. Decay and softening were reduced by treatments. An untrained taste panel, under ordinary eating conditions, did not consistently differentiate ‘Pajaro’ strawberries kept in 0.25% 0₂ from those stored in air. A trained taste panel, under controlled conditions, perceived slight off-flavor in ‘G3’ strawberries kept in 0.25% or 0% 0₂. This correlated with ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetaldehyde in juice. The 50% or 80% CO₂ treatments caused injury after 8 to 10 days, while 20% CO₂ treatments did not. All high CO₂ treatments caused increase in pH of juice.