Ag对Sn-Pb电子钎料合金性能的影响

研究了Ag的合金化对Sn-Pb钎料合金材料性能的影响。并从钎料的润湿性能，机械性能及抗腐蚀性能等方面讨论了Ag的有利作用，研究表明，在一些特定条件下的电子元件的焊接，Sn-Pb-Ag钎料可部分地或全部地替代昂贵的遗金属钎料合金。     

Sn-Ag-Cu系无铅焊锡的力学性能和实用性能

研究添加稀土Ce对Sn-Ag-Cu合金的力学性能和实用性能的影响,利用光学显微镜、SEM、EDX对合金的组织、形貌、成分进行分析。结果表明,在Sn-Ag-Cu系无铅焊锡中添加稀土Ce可以细化合金组织,使合金成分分布更加均匀;稀土Ce的添加可以明显提高合金的延伸率;添加Ce后延伸率提高了6.1%,从而使力学性能大大提高;适量稀土的加入使焊料与基体结合更加紧密,外观平整,对合金的实用性能有很大提高。     

SnAgCu系钎料合金对表面贴装元件润湿特性研究

采用润湿平衡法,研究了水溶性钎剂条件下SnAgCu系钎料合金对表面贴装元件的润湿特性.试验结果表明,钎焊温度对润湿力作用显著.Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu钎料合金的最大润湿力为1.265 mN,其最佳工艺参数分别为:预热时间15 s,钎焊温度255℃和钎焊时间5 s.该润湿力高于目前商用的Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu钎料,与Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu钎料润湿力相当,完全能够满足表面组装行业对无铅钎料润湿性能的要求.     

陶瓷封装倒装焊器件Sn-Pb微焊点的电迁移行为

高密度陶瓷封装倒装焊器件的焊点尺寸已降低至100μm以下,焊点电流密度达到10~4 A/cm~2以上,由此引发的电迁移失效成为不可忽视的问题。以陶瓷封装菊花链倒装焊器件为研究对象,开展了Sn10Pb90、Sn63Pb37焊点热电环境可靠性评估试验,通过电连接检测及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等方法对焊点互连情况进行分析。结果表明,Sn63Pb37焊点阴极侧金属间化合物(IMC)增长明显,表现出明显的极化现象,IMC厚度的平方与通电时间呈线性关系。通电时间达到576 h后Sn63Pb37焊点阴极侧产生微裂纹,而Sn10Pb90焊点在通电576 h后仍未出现异常,表现出优异的电迁移可靠性。研究结果对于直径100μm微焊点的陶瓷封装倒装焊器件的应用具有重要的意义。     

Significantly Improved Mechanical Properties of Bi- Sn Solder Alloys by Ag- Doping

The addition of small amounts of Ag (less than ~;0.5 wt. %) is found to significantly improve the ductility of the binary Bi-Sn eutectic solder. The ductility improvement, more than a threefold increase in tensile elongation, is observed even at a relatively high strain rate (0.01 s^-1). As the Bi-Sn binary eutectic alloy tends to fail catastrophically by brittle fracture at high strain rates, the reduced strain-rate sensitivity in the Ag-containing alloy is beneficial for improving solder reliability on sudden impacting as might be encountered during device assembly, shipping, or thermal shock/cycling. The observed increase in alloy ductility by Ag additions is attributed to a substantial refinement of the solidification microstructure.     

Interfacial Reaction and Wetting Behavior Between Pt and Molten Solder

Platinum does not oxidize easily, and has slow reaction rates with Sn-based solders. Due to these two positive attributes, a single platinum layer has the potential to replace both the oxidation protection layer and the diffusion barrier layer in the underbump metallurgy of flip-chip devices. To evaluate this potential further, the dissolution rate and the wetting properties of Pt were investigated in this study. It was found that Pt did have a dissolution rate less than half that of Ni, currently the most popular barrier layer material. The wetting properties of Pt were not as good as those of Ni but were nevertheless still acceptable for industrial applications. In short, as far as the dissolution and the wetting characteristics are concerned, Pt is an effective top surface layer for use in underbump metallurgy.     

Creep Behavior of Bi-Containing Lead-Free Solder Alloys

The creep behavior of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305), Sn-3.4Ag-1.0Cu-3.3Bi (SAC-Bi), and Sn-3.4Ag-4.8Bi (SnAg-Bi, all wt.%) was studied in constant-stress creep tests from room temperature to 125°C. The alloys were tested in two microstructural conditions. As-cast alloys had a composite eutectic-primary Sn structure, while in aged alloys the eutectic regions were replaced by a continuous Sn matrix with coarsened intermetallic (Cu₆Sn₅ and Ag₃Sn) particles. After aging, Bi in SAC-Bi and SnAg-Bi was found as precipitates at grain boundaries and grain interiors. The creep resistance of of-cast SAC305 was higher than that of as-cast Bi-containing alloys, but after aging the SAC305 had the lowest creep resistance. The creep strain rates in SAC-Bi and SnAg-Bi were much less affected by aging. The apparent activation energy for creep was also changed more for SAC305 than for the other two alloys. The creep behavior of SAC-Bi and SnAg-Bi can be understood by considering the solubility of Bi in Sn. The difference in creep behavior between as-cast and aged SAC-Bi is greatly reduced when room-temperature test results are excluded from analysis. This suggests that the strongest influence on creep in these alloys is due to Bi solute interaction with moving dislocations during deformation.     

无铅电子钎料合金蠕变性能研究

设计制作了一种简单可靠的弯折蠕变测量装置,比较了两种无铅电子钎料合金Sn-9Zn和Sn-3.5Cu-0.7Ag与传统电子钎料合金Sn-40Pb的常温蠕变性能,以及冷却条件对其蠕变强度的影响。结果表明:两种无铅钎料的抗蠕变性能大大优于传统锡铅钎料;Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu合金的抗蠕变性能优于Sn-9Zn合金;冷却速率对Sn-9Zn合金和Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu合金组织的影响类似,然而对蠕变强度的影响却相反:水冷使两种合金的组织相对于空冷都明显细化,Sn-9Zn合金的蠕变强度因之降低,而Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu合金的蠕变强度却因之提高。对可能产生的原因进行了讨论。     

Sn-Ag和Sn-Zn及Sn-Bi系无铅焊料

随着微电子组装技术的发展，研制新型的和实用的无铅焊料替代传统的Sn-Pb焊料已成为近年的研究热点。介绍了目前最常见的Sn-Ag、Sn-Zn和Sn-Bi为基体的无铅焊料并与传统的Sn-Pb焊料的性能进行了比较。     

Microstructure, Thermal and Wetting Properties of Sn-Bi-Zn Lead-Free Solder

The microstructures, phase transformations, and wettability of Sn-Bi-Zn solder alloys were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the alloys are composed of primary Sn-rich phase or Zn-rich phase, (Sn + Zn) eutectic structure, and (Sn + Bi + Zn) ternary eutectic structure. The microstructural characterization of Sn-xBi-Zn alloys indicates that, with increasing Bi content, more of the eutectic (Sn-Bi-Zn) structures is formed. DSC profiles reveal that the eutectic peak of the samples did not differ very much, but the reaction temperature of the alloys decreases with increased Bi content. The spreading rates of solders increased with the addition of Zn, which affects the interfacial reactions between the solders and copper.     

Sn-Zn无铅焊料的研究与发展

踏入21世纪,环境保护已成为国家可持续发展策略的一部分;由于铅污染环境并严重影响人类和牲畜的生存质量,因此对使用有铅焊料的电子产业,迫切需要研究开发出新型的无铅焊料;而Sn-Zn无铅焊料是一种有希望取代传统铅锡焊料的合金.综述了SnZn合金的研究成果,主要分析了该合金系中各元素的作用和焊接后的界面情况,并提出了改进Sn-Zn合金的方向.     

Modeling Material Properties of Lead-Free Solder Alloys

A full set of physical and thermophysical properties for lead-free solder (LFS) alloys have been calculated, including liquidus/solidus temperatures, fraction solid, density, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, Young’s modulus, viscosity, and liquid surface tension, all as a function of composition and temperature (extending into the liquid state). The results have been extensively validated against data available in the literature. A detailed comparison of the properties of two LFS alloys Sn-20In-2.8Ag and Sn-5.5Zn-4.5In-3.5Bi with Sn-37Pb has been made to show the utility and need for calculations that cover a wide range of properties, including the need to consider the effect of nonequilibrium cooling. The modeling of many of these properties follows well-established procedures previously used in JMatPro software for a range of structural alloys. This paper describes an additional procedure for the calculation of the liquid surface tension for multicomponent systems, based on the Butler equation. Future software developments are reviewed, including the addition of mechanical properties, but the present calculations can already make a useful contribution to the selection of appropriate new LFS alloys.     

Sn-Zn无铅钎料合金化改性研究

各国立法限制或禁止Pb的使用极大地促进了无铅钎料的研究和应用.Sn-zn钎料作为一种很有潜力的钎料,引起了研究人员的广泛兴趣,成为了无铅钎料的研究热点.加入合金元素能显著改善Sn-Zn钎料的性能.本文阐述了加入Ag、Cu、Zn、Bi、Re、Al等金属对Sn-Zn钎料的熔点、润湿性、力学性能、抗氧化腐蚀以及接头的金属间化合物(IMC)方面的影响.最后简单阐述了Sn-zn钎料的应用现状和未来的改进方向.     

Mechanical Shock Behavior of Bulk Pure Sn Solder

With the increasing focus on developing environmentally benign electronic packages, Pb-free alloys have received a great deal of attention. Mishandling of packages during manufacture, assembly or by the user may cause failure of the solder joint. A fundamental understanding of the behavior of Pb-free solders under mechanical shock conditions is lacking. Reliable experimental stress–strain data over a range of strain rates needs to be obtained for reliability models. In this paper we report on the intermediate strain rate behavior of pure Sn solder. The first part of the paper discusses modeling and analysis of the specimen geometry to obtain a relatively uniform stress (and strain) distribution within the gage section. Analysis by the finite element method (FEM) showed that a modified specimen geometry, with 10 mm gage length, provided a homogeneous strain distribution, similar to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E8 specimen geometry. The second part describes microstructural characterization and experimental results on pure Sn at intermediate strain rates (~10/s). Ultimate tensile strength and strain to failure in the 10 mm specimen were quite similar to those of the ASTM specimen. A double necking phenomenon was observed in the ASTM specimen, which was not observed in the 10 mm specimen. FEM modeling of the dynamic behavior of the solder correlated very well with the experimental observations.     

Influence of Surface Segregation on Wetting of Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) Series and Pb-Containing Solder Alloys

Wetting of Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) series solder alloys to solid substrates is strongly influenced by surface segregation of low-level bulk impurities in the alloys. We report in situ and real-time Auger electron spectroscopy measurements of SAC alloy surface compositions as a function of temperature as the alloys are taken through the melting point. A dramatic increase in the amount of surface C (and frequently O) is observed with temperature, and in some cases the alloy surface is nearly 80 at.% C at the melting point. The C originates from low-level impurities incorporated during alloy synthesis and inhibits wetting because C acts as a blocking layer to reaction between the alloy and substrate. A similar phenomenon has been observed over a wide range of (SAC and non-SAC) alloys synthesized by a variety of techniques. That solder alloy surfaces at melting have a radically different composition from the bulk uncovers a key variable that helps to explain the wide variability in contact angles reported in previous studies of wetting and adhesion.     

共晶锡铅焊料与薄金焊点可靠性研究

通过对共晶锡铅焊料和PCB UBM层电镀薄金焊盘反应后的界面微观组织观察和焊点断口力学性能分析,系统研究了PCB焊盘薄金对焊点焊接性能的影响。结合Au-Sn合金二元相图理论和Au在Sn中溶解速率,研究结果显示在一定应用场合,利用薄金焊盘可避免搪锡去金工艺,可有效地提高生产效率且无可靠性风险。     

Ce对Sn-Ag-Cu系焊料合金的组织与性能影响

通过添加稀土Ce研究了Sn-3.0Ag-2.8Cu系焊料合金的显微组织和性能。用光学显微镜、SEM、EDX对其显微组织进行分析,并且对其导电性,润湿性,硬度等重要性能进行测试。结果表明,添加稀土w(Ce)为1%焊料合金的导电性明显提高;而润湿角明显减小,润湿性增强;同时焊料合金的硬度也有所增加。     

合金化对Sn-Zn系无铅焊料抗腐蚀性能的影响

随着人们环保意识的提高,无铅焊料替代传统的锡铅焊料成为电子行业的必然趋势。Sn-Zn系无铅焊料因为熔点接近传统锡铅焊料,且具有优良的力学性能而被广泛关注,有望替代传统焊料。目前Sn-Zn系无铅焊料在润湿性、抗氧化性、抗腐蚀性等方面存在一定的问题。其中,焊料的抗腐蚀性对电子产品的寿命和安全起着决定性作用,因此,具有良好的抗腐蚀性能是开发无铅焊料的关键之一。就当下研究比较成熟的Sn-Zn系焊料的抗腐蚀性能进行研究。指出了元素合金化对Sn-Zn焊料的影响,并对抗腐蚀机理进行阐述。