羊肉膻味组成及脱膻技术研究进展

本文综述了羊肉膻味的化学成分以及目前国内外常用的羊肉脱膻技术。羊肉膻味物质的化学组成以4-甲基辛酸、4-甲基壬酸等低级支链脂肪酸为主;去除羊肉膻味的方法主要有中国民间脱膻法、物理化学脱膻法、微生物脱膻法等,但目前还没有一种适用于工业化生产的有效方法。     

羊肉膻味组成及脱膻技术研究进展(英文)

<正>The compounds that are responsible for the species-related characterizing flavors of mutton were reviewed,and the article also introduced some usual methods used now to reduce the odor of mutton.Short branched-chain fatty acids such as 4-methyloctanoic acid;4-methylnonanoic acid and so on were considered the main compounds that were responsible for the species-related flavors of mutton.The methods that were used to improve the flavors include Chinese traditional ways,the physical and chemical ways and microbiological ways,but,there was not an effective method to industrialized produce at present.     

Determination of Total Pigments in Red Meats

The presence of turbidity in the aqueous extracts invalidated the results in the spectrophotometric determination of total pigments in meat. The present study showed that the turbidity was caused by certain protein and lipid fractions and was eliminated by the amphiphilic property of these compounds. For that purpose, the aqueous extract was treated with trichloroethylene; after stirring and centrifugation, a thin layer was observed in the interphase, together with a completely unclouded aqueous extract. This layer was formed by proteins, cholesterol, glycerides, and phospholipids. Values of total pigments are reported in different cuts of bovine, ovine and porcine meat.     

金华火腿挥发性风味物质

采用同时蒸馏提取(SDE)法和顶空固相微萃取(HS SPME)法制备样品,利用 GC MS分离,鉴定了金华火腿的挥发性风味物质. 比较了两种样品制备方法的优劣,鉴定了金华火腿中 143种挥发性风味组分,并分析了风味成分的生成途径.在 SDE的结果中,最丰富的是醛类化合物,出峰面积相对比例为48%,其次是酸类23 45%,酮类 8 52%;在 SPME结果中,出峰面积相对比例较高的是醇、酸和醛类化合物,分别为26 8%、25 84%和 19 83%.两种方法得到的结果差异是由于处理过程的不同造成的,SDE中有2 h的高温蒸煮过程,因而其结果可以表征熟火腿的香气成分;而SPME则直接吸附萃取香气成分,未使香气成分发生变化,因而可以表征生火腿的香气成分,两种方法在研究金华火腿的挥发性风味物质方面可相互补充.     

烟用香精挥发性成分总量检测的影响因素

为研究影响烟用香精挥发性成分总量检测结果的因素,在4家实验室分别测试了6种性状不同的表香和料液样品的挥发性成分总量,考察了蒸发皿规格、水浴锅沸腾状态和加热水位,以及通风条件对测试结果的影响。结果表明:蒸发皿的规格对烟用香精挥发性成分总量测试结果的影响较为明显,而加热水位、沸腾状态和通风条件的影响较小;测试条件对挥发性较强、均匀透明的表香样品的测试结果的重复性与重现性的影响小,而对挥发性较低、粘稠非均匀样品的影响较大。烟用香精样品的性状、测试仪器和操作条件都不同程度地影响其挥发性成分总量的测试结果。     

10种市售鸡肉香精的挥发性风味化合物分析

为了研究市售鸡肉香精的香气组成,本文通过顶空-固相微萃取(HS-SPME)与气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析10种商业样品,共检出挥发性化合物131种。其中,萜类、醛类和含硫化合物检出种类最多,分别有25、28和29种,另外,检出化合物还包括酯、呋喃(酮)、酮、吡嗪、酚、醇、酸类等。不同香精其香气组成差异较大,以香气组成最复杂的香精为代表,首次通过气相色谱-嗅闻检测技术(GC-O)剖析鸡肉香精的香气组成,共检出香气活性化合物30种。其中代表性香气活性物质及其主要香型分类如下:主体肉香(甲基(2-甲基-3-呋喃基)二硫醚、甲基糠基二硫醚)、特征脂肪香((E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛)、葱蒜香(二甲基三硫、二烯丙基二硫醚)、辛香(4-甲氧基苯甲醛、4-乙基愈创木酚)、烘烤香(3-甲硫基丙醛)、甜香(2,4-二氢-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃酮、4-羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃酮)、酸香(乙酸)和奶香(2,3-丁二酮)。     

Production of Microporous Sugars for Adsorption of Volatile Flavors

Highly microporous amorphous sugars and saccharide-salts with surface areas up to 274 m²/g were created by spray atomizing aqueous solutions into cryogenic liquids and drying. These molecular sieves were edible, water soluble, and had high volatile adsorption capacity, making them particularly suitable as flavor carriers for dry packaged foods. Surface area was dependent on sugar solution concentration, type and extent of salt formation, and drying conditions. High surface area was attained only when drying was conducted below the solution collapse temperature. Some saccharide-salts had considerably higher collapse temperatures than pure sugars, could be dried under less rigorous conditions, were more resistant to moisture damage, and exhibited short-chain polymerization.     

SPME-GC-MS对不同牛奶香精和稀奶油中的挥发性风味物质比较

利用SPME-GC-MS分析方法,分析比较了稀奶油与不同牛奶香精中挥发性风味组分。稀奶油中共鉴定得到58种挥发性化合物,复配香精A、天然香精B和自制酶解香精C中分别鉴定得到67种、41种和30种挥发性化合物。通过对不同奶油香精与稀奶油风味中挥发性化合物的比较,得到稀奶油中的主要挥发性物质为甲基酮类、醛类化合物,复配香精A中的主要挥发性物质为酯类化合物;天然香精B与自制酶解香精C中的主要挥发性风味组分相似,均为中、短碳链的脂肪酸。     

川味麻辣香肠的理化和微生物特性及挥发性风味物质分析

以成都地区的香肠为研究对象,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用等方法,分析川味麻辣香肠的理化和微生物特性以及挥发性风味物质组成与含量。结果显示,川味麻辣香肠的水分含量为(10.69±0.51)%,pH值为5.66±0.04,亚硝酸盐含量为(2.31±0.21)mg/kg,硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)含量为(1.04±0.12)mg/kg,亮度值(L)、红度值(a)、黄度值(b)分别为40.97±1.02,20.68±0.59,26.44±0.79,细菌总数为(7.68±0.21)lg(CFU/g),葡萄球菌数为(6.49±0.2)lg(CFU/g),疑似乳酸菌数为(7.93±0.18)lg(CFU/g),疑似肠杆菌数为(4.54±0.2)lg(CFU/g)。从挥发性物质检测结果以及气味活度值(OAV)法分析可知,样品中OAV值大于1的共有挥发性物质有20种,是川味麻辣香肠的主要挥发性风味物质,其中芳樟醇、4-烯丙基苯甲醚、癸酸乙酯、对丙烯基茴香醚、辛酸乙酯、β-石竹烯、β-蒎烯、β-水芹烯、苯乙烯、α-水芹烯等对香肠风味的影响较大。对主要挥发性风味物质进行主成分载荷图分析,得出(1R,5R)-rel-香芹醇、苯乙醇、乙酸橙花酯、4-烯丙基苯甲醚、4-萜烯醇、萜品油烯等物质赋予香肠香芹、水果、花香、甘草、茴香、松节油、肉豆蔻、木头等气味特征。研究结果揭示了川味麻辣香肠的理化和微生物特性、主要挥发性风味物质及风味特征,为川味麻辣香肠的深入研究奠定了基础,同时对其生产和新技术等的应用推广提供了参考。     

Volatile Branched-chain Fatty Acids and Phenolic Compounds in Aged Italian Cheese Flavors

Analysis of cheeses by capillary gas chromatography (GC) revealed adequate concentrations of certain branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) and phenols present to contribute distinctive flavors. Butyric acid-like flavors in cow's milk Romano cheese were modified by 2-methyl-butanoic and 2-ethylbutanoic acids which provided sweet, fruity notes. 4-Ethyloctanoic acid provided a characterizing goaty note to Romano cheese made from mixed goats’and cows’milk. 4-Methyloctanoic and 4-ethyloctanoic acids along with p-cresol, m-cresol, and 3,4-Di-methylphenol appeared responsible for sheepy notes in sheep milk Romano cheese. Phenol and cresols (o, m, p) strongly contributed phenolic and medicinal flavor notes to smoked Provolone cheese. Low concentrations of BCFAs and phenols appeared to provide desirable background flavors to Parmesan cheeses.     

浓香花生油和精炼花生油挥发性成分及感官风味差异的研究

利用溶剂辅助蒸发和气相色谱-质谱联用(SAFE-GC-MS)方法对浓香花生油和精炼花生油中挥发性成分进行检测和对比分析,并结合感官评价明确两种花生油中挥发性成分及感官风味的差异。结果显示,浓香花生油和精炼花生油中分别检出11类129种和7类51种挥发性成分,浓香花生油中挥发性成分含量(23977.43μg/kg)是精炼花生油中含量(1637.04μg/kg)的14.6倍。浓香花生油中杂环类物质含量占挥发性成分总量的49.45%,其中呋喃类、吡嗪类、吡咯类化合物含量分别占挥发性成分总量的28.00%、17.62%、2.06%,但在精炼花生油中杂环类物质未检出,然而这些物质中的7种吡嗪类、1种呋喃类、1种吡咯类成分均为浓香花生油的关键特征挥发性风味成分,为浓香花生油提供坚果味、烤香味、焦糖味、甜香味。除此之外,浓香花生油中醛类物质含量是精炼花生油中含量41.6倍,酚类物质含量是精炼花生油中含量的8.36倍,醛类中有4种成分是花生油的特征挥发性风味成分,为花生油贡献脂香味,但这4种成分在精炼花生油的含量不足浓香花生油的10%,而精炼花生油中酚类含量低不仅影响其风味,还会对其氧化稳定性产生影响。此外,醇类、酸类在精炼花生油中均未检出。对两种花生油的感官风味评价显示,浓香花生油在炒籽味、坚果味、油脂味及总体风味方面的得分均明显高于精炼花生油,精炼花生油依其风味可归属为清淡香型花生油。两种花生油中挥发性成分的明显差异可为浓香花生油和精炼花生油的鉴别提供支持。     

两种制备方式猪肉香精挥发性风味成分差异性分析

为研究微波和焙烤两种制备方式对猪肉香精挥发性风味成分的影响,采用固相微萃取法对微波和焙烤制备的猪肉香精中挥发性成分进行萃取,同时结合气相色谱-质谱联用和嗅闻技术对萃取成分进行鉴定。结果显示:微波制备的猪肉香精中共鉴定出37种挥发性成分,其种类分别为:烃类3种,醛类15种,醇类8种,酯类1种,酸类5种,杂环类3种,其它化合物2种;焙烤制备的猪肉香精中共鉴定出44种挥发性成分,包括烃类7种,醛类14种,醇类6种,酯类4种,酮类1种,酸类6种,酚类2种,杂环类2种及其它化合物2种。两种制备方式均鉴定出的共同化合物有24种,包括α-蒎烯、壬醛、反-2-辛烯醛、苯甲醛、反-2-癸烯醛、反,反-2,4-壬二烯醛、柠檬醛、芳樟醇、1-辛醇、4-甲基-5-羟乙基噻唑、草蒿脑、茴香脑等。与焙烤方式制备的猪肉香精相比,微波方式制备的猪肉香精中关键性香气物质较多,由此制备出的调味基料更接近厨房菜肴。     

Effects of Radiation, Heating and Storage on Volatile Carbonyl Compounds in Clam Meats

SUMMARY— The development of volatile carbonyl compounds in clam meats stored at 33–35°F was determined. A gas chromatographic method was used to monitor these compounds.
When air-packed samples were irradiated and/or heated, the concentration of carbonyl compounds increased immediately, except for some low-boiling compounds that were reduced in concentration when the samples were heated. Storage of nonirradiated, air-packed samples at 33–35°F caused a gradual increase in the concentration of volatile carbonyls until about the 20th day at which time the trend was reversed.
When clam meats were vacuum-packed, the effects of irradiation, heating, and storage were minimized. The pattern of volatile carbonyls in irradiated fresh clams is similar to that found in nonirradiated clams stored at 33—35°F for 20 days. It is concluded that the volatile monocarbonyl compounds, C₂ to C₇ and diacetyl detected, do not play a major direct role in the changing quality of stored clam meats.     

电子束辐照对泥蚶肉挥发性风味成分的影响

目的:分析电子束辐照对泥蚶肉挥发性风味成分的影响。方法:以泥蚶为原料,采用固相微萃取-气质联用分析不同剂量电子束辐照后泥蚶肉的挥发性风味成分。结果:1)经1～9kGy剂量辐照,泥蚶肉挥发性风味成分的种类由46种分别增至55、57、52、58和66种;各剂量组羰基化合物含量最高,是泥蚶肉的主体风味成分;酮类赋予泥蚶肉甜花香,醛类则赋予泥蚶肉的脂香及瓜果香味。7kGy组泥蚶肉的异味可能与其高含量的挥发性羰基化合物有关。2)3kGy、5kGy组泥蚶肉的挥发性醇类相对含量增加,其中烯醇类化合物可赋予肉品柔和的香味。辐照后部分烯烃含量降低,一定程度上减少了泥蚶肉的腥味。3)辐照后杂环化合物的相对含量有所增加,其中呋喃类物质赋予泥蚶多种果香味,而吡啶、噻唑等贡献泥蚶炸肉、坚果等风味。5kGy组泥蚶肉中芳香族化合物相对含量最高,其中苯甲醛具杏仁香,可改善泥蚶固有风味。结论:3～5kGy辐照剂量对泥蚶肉原有风味不会产生明显的影响,甚至在一定程度上改善其风味。     

牡蛎挥发性风味成分研究进展

牡蛎是世界上第一大养殖贝类,也是我国大宗的水产品。挥发性风味成分对牡蛎产品的品质有重要影响。因此,该文对牡蛎生鲜、贮藏、加工（热处理、干制处理和超高压处理）和酶解过程中挥发性风味成分的分离鉴定,以及牡蛎肉和酶解液脱腥过程中风味化合物的变化进行综述。以期为牡蛎产品品质提升提供理论基础,促进牡蛎资源在食品中的应用。     

三种红烧肉挥发性风味成分的比较研究

为比较不同种类红烧肉挥发性成分间的差异,利用固相微萃取-质谱联用(SPME-GC-MS)和电子鼻主成分分析技术对苏式红烧肉、毛氏红烧肉和东坡肉三种类型红烧肉的挥发性成分进行分析。结果显示,三种不同类型红烧肉共鉴定出65种挥发性风味物质,共同含有11种挥发性成分,苏氏红烧肉含有较多的醛类物质和酸类物质,毛氏红烧肉中烷烃类、醛类和酸类物质较丰富,而东坡肉中含有大量的醛类、酸类和酯类;电子鼻可以较好地区分不同类型红烧肉,第一主成分贡献率为95.55%,第二主成分贡献率为3.94%,足够收集全部传感器信息。三种红烧肉挥发性风味成分从物质种类和组成比例上差异较大,说明配料和制作工艺对其风味影响较大。     

基于HS-SPME-GC-MS法优化酱牛肉中挥发性风味物质萃取条件

采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析酱牛肉中挥发性风味物质,并对影响风味物质萃取的关键因素进行优化,为酱牛肉中挥发性风味物质的测定提供合适方法。通过设计萃取头筛选、单因素实验和响应面实验,以确定最佳固相微萃取条件。结果表明:选取65 μm PDMS/DVB萃取头,在萃取温度70 ℃,萃取时间45 min,解析温度240 ℃,样品质量2.0 g的条件下萃取效果最佳。在此条件下,从酱牛肉中共鉴定出44种挥发性风味物质,包括醛类、醇类、酮类、醚类、酯类、酸类、烃类、含氮含硫及杂环化合物。其中,醛类和含氮含硫及杂环化合物的相对含量较高,分别为51.29%±2.80%和16.78%±1.10%,是酱牛肉中重要的挥发性风味物质。     

Volatile Compounds Characterizing the Aroma of Fresh Atlantic and Pacific Oysters

Volatile compounds which contribute to the distinct melon-like aroma of fresh Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were identified as (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal and 3,6-nonadien-1-ol, but these compounds were not found in the less intensely flavored Atlantic oysters (Crassostrea virginica). 1-Octen-3-one, 1-octen-3-ol, 1,5-octadien-3-one, 1,5-octadien-3-ol, and 2,5-octadien-1-ol were found in both species of oysters, and contributed a characteristic heavy, planty aroma to each. Sensory panel scores for intensity of fresh melon-like flavors were significantly higher for both raw and steamed Pacific oysters than for comparable Atlantic oysters. Enzymic generation of alcohols and carbonyls that comprise the characterizing aroma compounds from polyunsaturated fatty acids was demonstrated by preventing their formation with specific inhibitors for cyclooxygenase (acetylsalicylic acid) and lipoxygenase [tin (II) chloride].     

基于QDA和GC-MS的热加工牛肉特征挥发性风味物质分析

为明确不同热加工牛肉的特征挥发性风味物质,采用感官定量描述法(QDA)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对4种热加工牛肉挥发性风味物质进行分析。结果表明:煎制、炒制牛肉风味相近,与煮制、烤制牛肉差异较大。煎制和炒制牛肉具有热油味、肝脏味及煎炒特有风味,烤制牛肉具有烤制特有风味。GC-MS分析结果显示:醛类是热加工牛肉挥发性风味物质主要贡献物质。利用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)分析QDA和GC-MS测试数据,结果显示:煎制和炒制牛肉特征风味物质为戊醛,烤制和煮制牛肉特征风味丰富,分别为壬醛、十五醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、癸醛、蘑菇醇与庚醇、2-十一烯醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛、庚醛、辛醛、己醛。