HVOF喷涂纳米WC-17Co涂层组织结构及力学行为研究

利用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)技术制备了普通、超细纳米WC-17Co涂层.研究了喷涂粉末、涂层的微观组织结构和物相成分,测试了涂层的显微硬度、弹性模量、断裂韧性.研究表明,纳米WC-17Co涂层中形成了纳米尺度的胞状结构和长条状结构,并有网状的非晶结构生成.WC-17Co涂层表面均匀致密,3种涂层均是由熔化再结晶区、半熔化区和未熔化区等构成.涂层中条带结构不明显,明显区别于等离子涂层.纳米涂层组织结构更致密,碳化物颗粒分布更均匀.3种涂层中,WC都是主相,W2C、Co6W6C的含量很少.纳米涂层的显微硬度、弹性模量、断裂韧性最高.     

超音速火焰喷涂参数及粉末粒度对WC-12Co涂层弹性模量的影响

利用多功能超音速火焰喷涂(HVO-AF)焰流温度的特点(1400~2800℃)分别在三种条件下(HVOF,HVO-AF和HVAF)制备WC-12Co涂层。用Knoop压痕法对涂层的弹性模量进行测试,并测量涂层的显微硬度。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)探讨涂层的显微结构、成分和相组成。结果表明:与微米结构涂层相比,纳米结构涂层组织均匀、致密,孔隙率低,显微硬度与弹性模量均大幅提高,其中HVO-AF状态下制备的纳米结构WC-Co涂层平均硬度与弹性模量最高,分别为1515MPa和308GPa,而HVOF与HVAF状态下的纳米WC-Co涂层平均硬度与弹性模量分别为1390MPa,286GPa和1469MPa,270GPa;HVO-AF状态下的微米结构涂层平均硬度与弹性模量为1065MPa和242GPa。在HVO-AF状态下,焰流温度适中,可有效控制纳米WC-12Co粉末的分解,测得的涂层弹性模量最高。     

氧气流量对超音速火焰喷涂多尺度WC-17Co涂层组织结构与性能的影响

工艺参数对超音速火焰喷涂WC-Co涂层的组织结构、硬度、耐磨性影响较大,但相关研究较少。采用超音速火焰喷涂技术(HVOF)在4种氧气流量(322,402,482,543 L/min)下将多尺度WC-17Co粉末(含30%纳米WC和70%微米WC)喷涂在Q235钢基体表面制备WC-17Co涂层。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析涂层的截面形貌和物相,测试了涂层的硬度值,通过销盘磨损试验机测试涂层的耐磨损性能,研究氧气流量对多尺度WC-17Co涂层组织结构与耐磨性能的影响。结果发现:4种氧气流量下所制备的涂层组织致密,孔隙率为0.306%~1.290%;随着氧气流量降低,涂层中WC分解更严重,当氧气流量为322 L/min时,涂层中分解相(W_2C、W和Co_3W_3C)最多;涂层的硬度随着氧气流量增加而增加,当氧气流量为543 L/min时,涂层的硬度[(933.8±29.3)HV_(3N)]是Q235钢[(183±7)HV_(3N)]的5倍;随着氧气流量增加,涂层磨损失重逐渐减小,当氧气流量为543 L/min时,涂层的磨损失重仅为(8.57±0.95)mg,耐磨损性能较基材明显提高。     

超音速火焰喷涂WC-17Co涂层微观结构与性能研究

采用超音速火焰喷涂技术喷涂了两种不同WC颗粒尺寸的WC-17Co粉末.对制备的两种涂层的硬度、孔隙率、断裂韧性、结合强度和电化学腐蚀行为进行了测试.结果表明:具有亚微米结构WC颗粒的粉末制备的涂层,在硬度、孔隙率、断裂韧性方面具有一定优势,而含有大颗粒WC相的粉末制备的涂层在结合强度、腐蚀行为方面优势明显,这说明WC颗...     

高硅铝基材表面爆燃喷涂WC-Co层的性能

为了拓展铝合金在汽车工业上的应用,基于“第聂伯Ⅲ”设备采用爆燃喷涂技术以不同氧燃比在喷射沉积制备的铝合金活塞材料表面制备了WC-12Co和WC-17Co涂层,比较了2种涂层的显微形貌、相结构、结合强度、孔隙率、开裂韧性及磨粒磨损性能.结果表明:与WC-17Co涂层相比,WC-12Co喷涂层中WC脱碳程度轻,粘结相Co的名义自由路径较小,磨粒对粘结相的刮削作用弱,最终WC颗粒抵抗了磨粒磨损,因而具有更好的抗磨粒磨损性能;WC-12Co喷涂层的结合力、硬度也优于WC-1 7Co喷涂层.     

等离子喷涂法纳米结构WC-12Co涂层的微结构与形成机理的研究

使用独特的雾化干燥结合固定床技术合成WC-12Co纳米复合粉体,利用等离子喷涂法制备纳米结构WC-12Co涂层,通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜等分析手段对等离子喷涂纳米结构WC-12Co涂层进行显微结构分析.结果表明涂层中除了WC相,不仅有W2C,W等非WC/Co相的产生,还出现了CoxWyCz(Co3W9C4,Co3W3C),Co3C等相及非晶和孪晶组织,在此基础上本工作将对等离子喷涂纳米结构WC-12Co涂层的形成机理作初步的研究与讨论.     

超音速火焰喷涂多尺度WC-17Co粉末制备的金属陶瓷涂层的组织结构与性能

在不同氧气流量(322 L/min、402 L/min、482 L/min和543 L/min)条件下,将多尺度WC-17Co粉末(60%(质量分数)纳米WC和40%(质量分数)微米WC陶瓷颗粒)通过超音速火焰(HVOF)喷涂技术在Q235钢基体上制备WC-17Co金属陶瓷涂层。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和X-射线衍射技术(XRD)分别对涂层的组织形貌和物相进行分析,并测试了涂层的硬度值和耐磨损性能。结果表明,随着氧气流量降低,涂层中WC颗粒分解更为严重,在氧气流量为322 L/min时,涂层中WC陶瓷相最少。HVOF喷涂过程中氧气流量对最终形成的涂层中W、W2C与Co3W3C相的含量及涂层的硬度值和耐磨损性能有重要影响,其与前者呈负相关,与后二者呈正相关。当氧气流量控制在543 L/min时,HVOF喷涂形成的涂层中主要物相仍为WC相;通过硬度测试发现,随着氧气流量增加,涂层的硬度值逐渐增加,在氧气流量为543 L/min时,涂层具有最高硬度值((979±52. 9) Hv0. 3)和仅为(6. 6±0. 57) mg的磨损失重量。     

硬质相对冷喷涂FeAl金属间化合物涂层性能的影响

FeAl金属间化合物具有优良的物理性能和力学性能,但其室温塑性和断裂韧性低,限制了其工程应用.利用机械合金化制备了Fe(Al)固溶体合金粉末及Al2O3,WC硬质相增强的复合合金粉末,通过冷喷涂沉积涂层并结合后热处理原位反应制备了FeAl金属间化合物涂层及其复合涂层.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)及显微硬度仪等研究了硬质相对球磨粉末组织结构、冷喷涂FeAl金属间化合物涂层组织结构及性能的影响.结果表明.硬质相可显著加速球磨粉末内部层状结构的细化程度,喷涂态涂层具有不同于传统热喷涂涂层的层状组织结构,热处理可实现喷涂态涂层中Fe(Al)固溶体向FeAl金属间化合物的原位转变,致使层状结构消失,获得无粒子界面的FeAl金属间化合物涂层,弥散分布的硬质相可显著提高冷喷涂FeAl金属间化合物涂层的强化稳定性.     

WC-M纳米复合涂层的制备方法及其组织、性能

报道了国内外有关WC—M纳米涂层的原料制备、喷涂技术和涂层的显微结构及性能特点。其中包括nWC—Co纳米涂层的超音速喷涂、等离子喷涂、冷喷涂和多模式粉末结构等喷涂方法。综合了若干实验结果表明：与常规涂层相比nWC—Co涂层有更小的空隙度、更合理的组织结构和更高的韧塑性及更高的抗磨蚀能力。     

CeO2改性多尺度WC-CoCr涂层组织结构及空蚀性能研究

采用超音速火焰喷涂技术，制备多尺度WC-10Co4Cr涂层和纳米CeO₂改性涂层。研究添加纳米CeO₂对多尺度WC-10Co4Cr涂层组织结构、力学性能的影响。并采用超声振动空蚀装置研究淡水介质中涂层的空蚀行为和机理。研究表明，改性涂层和未改性涂层物相均主要由WC相和非晶CoCr组成，没有产生明显的脱碳相。纳米CeO₂改性多尺度WC-10Co4Cr涂层具有更低孔隙率(0.25%),但涂层显微硬度(1 134 HV_0.3)只有多尺度WC-10Co4Cr涂层的83%。同时其开裂韧性(5.27 MPa·m^1/2)相对于多尺度WC-10Co4Cr涂层降低了4%。纳米CeO₂的添加削弱了涂层在淡水介质的抗空蚀性能，其抗空蚀性能只达到多尺度WC-10Co4Cr涂层的61%。纳米CeO₂的添加降低了多尺度WC-10Co4Cr涂层的孔隙率，但同时削弱了涂层的力学性能，由此降低了涂层的抗空蚀性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...