用低萘洗油深脱外供焦炉煤气中的萘

用低萘洗油洗萘工艺取代以柴油洗萘工艺以深脱煤气的萘，净化后煤气萘含量不高于５０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，符合有关标准，该工艺可大幅度降低生产成本。     

焦炉煤气脱萘的探讨

本文讨论了技术改造对煤气脱萘的影响。对焦化厂净化工艺的技术改造表明,增设初冷设备和在横管冷却器内喷洒初冷冷凝液与焦油氨水混合液,可使鼓风机前煤气含萘量降到0.8～1.2g/m~3:在脱苯塔侧线采水管上增设放散管,改造脱苯塔的降液管、溢流堰结构和操作,可得含萘量为1.5～2.5%的循环洗油,用这种低含萘洗油脱苯,脱萘,使煤气平均含萘量由原来的354.8mg/m~3降低到113.1mg/m~3。     

煤气梯级冷却脱萘新工艺可行性研究

为降低工序能耗,实现煤气净化单元煤气的梯级冷却,文章论证了煤气终冷、脱萘与煤气冷凝液回用新工艺集成。即终冷器利用洗油脱除煤气中的萘,下段的循环洗萘液分离出含萘洗油,送往洗苯—脱苯工序的循环洗油系统再生。系统具有工艺紧凑、剩余氨水量减少和网化利用热能的特点。     

集成煤气脱萘与冷凝液回用的终冷工艺

新的终冷工艺集成了煤气冷却、煤气脱萘与煤气冷凝液利用,使煤气净化单元实现煤气梯级冷却。利用终冷器上段冷凝液作为脱氨工序的软水,可以减少焦炉煤气净化单元的剩余氨水量。终冷器利用洗油脱除煤气中的萘,含萘洗油经加热、油水分离后,送往洗苯-脱苯工序再生。     

氨萘塔在煤气精制工艺中的作用

介绍了氨水冷却除萘塔的结构和在焦炉煤气氨水催化脱硫脱氰工艺中的作用，该塔结构紧凑，不仅节省了设备投资，而且可降低煤气的精制成本。     

从焦炉煤气中脱除焦油和萘的气溶胶

焦炉煤气脱除焦油和萘的悬浮颗粒用的低压头喷洒式文丘里洗涤塔由东方煤炭化学研究所研制,在焦化生产中使用效果良好。这种文丘里洗涤塔作为电捕焦油器的替代设备,不仅可以在鼓风机后深度脱除煤气中的焦油状物质(0.2g/m~3)和使初冷器后煤气中的萘含量达到与洗油中的含量均衡,而且可以完全捕集煤气中的悬浮水滴。当焦化厂需要脱硫时,可以采用洗涤塔作为吸收塔,以脱除煤气中的硫化氢和氰化氢。 前不久,很多人认为,在湿式设备中不能捕集<2μm的颗粒。现在研制出了用于捕集分散颗粒的接触设备,文丘里洗涤塔便是其中之一。在低压头喷洒式洗涤塔内,悬浮颗粒的捕     

煤气精脱萘塔喷洒装置的改进

我厂煤气的精脱萘装置使用-10号轻柴油，每隔15min从塔顶喷洒20s，塔底油槽中的柴油循环喷洒，待塔底油槽中的柴油含萘量达到饱和后排入废柴油槽。由于精脱萘塔顶循环喷洒的柴油量很小，使精脱萘塔的温度难以控制。另外，精脱萘塔在洗萘的同时，煤气因冷却而析出的冷凝水进入循环柴油中，直接影响柴油的脱萘效果。     

横管初冷器洗萘工艺的改进

安阳钢铁公司焦化厂回收车间煤气净化系统于2005年9月建成投产,是6m焦炉的配套工程,设计煤气处理量为52 800m3/h.冷凝鼓风工段煤气初冷器采用3台高效横管冷却器,将煤气从82℃冷却到2l～22℃.     

从分缩油中提取低萘洗油的生产实践

从粗苯分缩油中提取的低萘洗油，在洗苯的同时完成了洗萘，既确保了城市煤气的萘含量，还可获得合格的工业萘。     

降低循环洗油含萘量提高煤气质量

本文介绍了该厂轻柴油精脱萘装置的效果和停止使用的原因,阐述了采用制冷水降低终冷塔煤气出口温度,提高分缩器出口油气温度,以降低循环洗油含萘量,并用低萘新鲜洗油作补充,从而强化了吸苯塔的除萘作用。采用机械化刮萘工艺,使终冷循环水中的悬浮萘得到有效分离,保证了吸苯塔除萘工艺的顺利实现。经过几年来的运行实践证明,城市煤气含萘量有了较大幅度的下降,使冬季煤气管道的堵塞现象不再发生。     

注流孔结构对中间包流场影响的物理模拟

针对某钢厂十流中间包紊流抑制器注流孔结构不合理引起流场分布差、各流铸坯质量不均的问题,运用相似原理,使用相似比为1:3的物理模型进行水模型实验,设计不同的注流孔结构研究流体在中间包的平均停留时间曲线及流场显示特征,明晰注流孔结构对中间包流场的影响规律,优化紊流抑制器注流孔结构,达到中间包流场优化及浸入式水口各流一致性提高的目标。结果表明,长距离多流中间包在无堰坝结构条件下,紊流抑制器的注流孔内径尺寸、数量及开孔方向对中间包流场都有影响,注流孔内径的影响最为显著,数量次之。设计的最佳注流孔内径由原型的53 mm缩小至30 mm,死区比例由54.05%降至34.69%,F曲线最大标准差由0.0154降低至0.0035,中间包流场得到改善,各流一致性显著提高。当注流孔数量由1个增加至3个,死区比例由34.69%增大至46.05%,F曲线最大标准差由0.0035增大到0.0062,注流孔数目越多,流场死区比例反而越大,各水口流场的一致性越差。对长距离多流中间包,建议主要通过适当改变注流孔内径及减少孔数来改善中间包流场,提高各流一致性。     

Influence of capillary condensation on heat and mass transfer in the grain of a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst

A mathematical model of heat and mass transfer processes in the grain of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst is presented that takes into account the effect of the capillary condensation of the products of the synthesis in the pores of the catalyst. The influence of capillary condensation on the processes of the diffusion transfer of heat and mass in the catalyst grain is analyzed using the proposed model. Dependences of the efficiency factor of the grain on the pressure and temperature of the process and the partial pressure of various components of a mixture are presented. The possibility of determining the optimum pressure and temperature of carrying out the process for the catalyst of a certain structure is shown.     

含缩水甘油基／氨基丙烯酸酯共聚物乳液的聚合稳定性

研究了乳胶粒组成对含有缩水甘油基,羧基和胺基的丙烯酸酯多层核壳型乳液聚合稳定性的影响规律,探讨了聚合过程的凝聚机理。研究表明：官能团间的交联凝聚作用和水溶性聚合物的架桥凝聚作用是本体系凝聚物形成的主要原因。     

An increase in thermodynamic efficiency and compactness of contact apparatuses via spatially organized structure of the active material bed

The possibility of filling the hollow input (diffuser) and output (confuser) sections of contact apparatuses by an active material is analyzed. The equation determining the distribution function of the sizes of material particles along the axis of a conelike apparatus, which provides the minimum volume of the bed of particles at the specified values of the total surface area of the interfacial contact in the bed and total flow resistance of the bed, is derived. It is shown that the change in the conventional shape of the apparatus to a construction in the form of a junction of two truncated cones filled with the active material allows one to decrease the total volume of the apparatus by 30%. The dependence of the thermodynamic efficiency and compactness of the regenerative facility on the particle size of the active material bed is numerically analyzed. The existence of a critical particle size which determines the minimum necessary volume of the bed providing high thermodynamic efficiency of the process is shown.     

Manifestation of the Urbach rule in the fundamental electronic absorption spectra of halide salt melts: I. Tails of the absorption edge of alkali metal halide melts

The long-wavelength tails of the fundamental electronic absorption spectra of alkali metal halide melts have been investigated. The obtained values of the absorption characteristics of the alkali metal halide melts have confirmed the assumption that, over a wide temperature range (600–900°C), the exponential tail of the absorption coefficient of these disordered systems is associated with the presence of the spectrum of fluctuating electronic levels extended to the band gap in the melts under investigation. The fulfillment of the Urbach rule is the limiting case of the general exponential dependence of the optical absorption coefficient in the ultraviolet region of the fundamental absorption edge. In the studied series of melts of alkali metal halide salts, the absorption coefficient in the region of tails of the spectral curves of the halide systems decreases from LiCl to CsCl and from LiCl to LiI. An analysis of the results obtained from the investigation of alkali metal halides has revealed an interrelation between the main parameters of the Urbach rule and between these parameters and the temperature coefficient of the band gap.     

玻璃纤维增强制件注射成型过程的模具磨损原因及规律

玻璃纤维增强聚醚酰亚胺（PEI）薄壁制件注射成型过程中,易对模具型芯产生磨损,从而严重影响制件成型品质。以某型号手机听筒薄壁制件为例,根据生产实践分析了型芯表面的微观磨损特性,采用数值计算方法研究了型腔近壁面的熔体流动行为以及型芯表面材料的冲蚀破坏形式与磨损规律。结果表明,注塑过程中型芯表面材料发生冲蚀磨损形成月牙形凹槽,型腔近壁面上的熔体流速决定了月牙形凹槽的形貌和尺寸,玻璃纤维粒子的入射角和倾角决定了型芯表面材料的冲蚀破坏形式,冲蚀磨损量随着玻璃纤维粒子侧倾角的增大不断增加,随着入射速度的增大呈指数型增加。     

The electrochemistry of alloys

The features of the dissolution of the components of alloys forming solid solutions were examined. It was shown on the example of the anodic dissolution of alpha-brass that the process of the selective dissolution of zinc observed in the initial period is limited by the stage of its non-stationary diffusion from the bulk of the alloy and is subsequently replaced by uniform dissolution. During prolonged corrosion of brass, secondary selective dissolution is observed, which is due to the re-deposition of copper.It was established that intensive preferential dissolution of iron from Fe-Cr alloys takes place in the passive region and leads to the enrichment of the passivating chromium film. The results obtained from an investigation of the dissolution of the components of Fe-Cr-Mo alloys in the active region permit the conclusion that the favourable effect of small additions of molybdenum on the corrosion stability of alloys is due to the fact that this element, in view of its great inclination to passivation, blocks the most active centres of the surface in the process of its dissolution.In order to establish the mechanism of the active dissolution of Fe-Cr, alloys, the effect of the potential and pH of sulphate solutions on the partial dissolution rates of iron and chrome from these alloys in the active state was established. It was shown that the Tafel slopes and the order of magnitude of the reaction for the H⁺ ions for both components were the same and close to the corresponding values for pure iron (at low concentrations of chromium in the alloy) or for pure chromium (when the chrome content in the alloys was 13% or more). A mechanism was suggested for the active dissolution of alloys that explained the discovered regularities.     

Mathematical description of the synthesis of butadiene rubber with allowance for the branching of a polymer under conditions of the separate supply of a reaction mixture to the reactors of a cascade

Mathematical modeling of the synthesis of butadiene rubber on a neodymium-based catalytic system under conditions of the separate supply of a reaction mixture to the apparatuses of a cascade is performed. Expressions are derived for calculating the characteristics of the branching of the polymer with allowance for the additional supply of the reaction mixture to the second apparatus of the cascade. An analysis of the influence of the flow rate of an additional stream of the reaction mixture to the second apparatus of the cascade and operating parameters on the molecular weight characteristics and branching of the polymer is performed.     

水泥预粉磨装备及技术发展现状的分析

重视预粉磨装备及技术的发展,就是重视水泥联合(半终)粉磨工艺系统的粉磨效果。联合(半终)粉磨系统中充分利用了料床预粉磨段粗处理的技术特性,同时发挥了管磨机段独有的磨细与整形功能,真正实现了“分段粉磨”过程中两段之间的优势互补。预粉磨段主机的吸收功耗越大,管磨机段主电机电耗降低越多,系统的总节电效果越显著。随着预粉磨段主电机功率与管磨机主电机装机功率比值的增加,预粉磨段处理能力进一步增大,投入的功耗越多,整个粉磨系统电耗降低的幅度也更大。在水泥粉磨生产线改造过程中,将高压力多辊外循环立磨用于预粉磨段,是降低粉磨电耗的发展方向之一。辊压机联合(半终)水泥粉磨系统中辊压机的吸收功耗至少应≥9.0 kWh/t,高值可以达到12.0 kWh/t,在此范围内越高越好。辊压机联合(半终)粉磨系统中,辊压机运行常常表现为不够平稳、时有偏辊现象发生、液压系统压力输出不稳定、操作不灵敏、液压系统现场“跑冒滴漏”严重、控制关键元器件购置困难等。建议采用辊压机SPC控制系统进行改造,以确保辊压机应保持稳定和较高的工作压力,确保良好的挤压做功能力,确保有更多的细粉产出,有利于系统高效低耗运行。     

Die differentielle Doppelschichtkapazität an der Phasengrenze Quecksilberanorganischer Elektrolyt—II. Das Kapazitätsminimum

In the negative range of charge, the differential double-layer capacitance at the interface of mercury and an inorganic electrolyte solution shows a characteristic minimum. This minimum is independent of the nature of the ion, of the concentration of electrolyte and of the temperature. However, the solvent strongly influences the capacitance of the minimum. The metal charge at which the minimum occurs is uninfluenced only by the temperature. Changes of the concentration of the electrolyte as well as of the nature of the anion are able to cause a shift of the minimum.