住宅中厨房间设计

国家在颁布实施的《住宅建筑设计规范》中对住宅的厨房设计规定：采用管道煤气、液化石油气为燃料的厨房,净高不应低于2．20m,应设置炉灶、洗涤池、案台、固定式碗柜（或搁式、壁龛）等设备或预留其位置。在设计时为满足采光、通风及电气化的需要,厨房应有外窗或开向走廊的窗户,并要为排油烟和电炊具的使用创造条件。在住宅中,厨房的平面一般应为正方形或矩形,按照人们炊事劳动空间尺度和人体工程学的要求,厨房不能过于狭长,应有一个最小的宽度。     

小议厨房厕所设计

城镇住宅由于面积的控制,而厨房厕所使用功能多,活动集中,因此厨房厕所的设计未可小视。在这里,想就生活体验谈点个人看法。厨与厕应以集中为宜。因为厨厕相连有利于客厅、卧室布置,减少通道面积,采光较好,管道集中,施工亦便。但在集中的同时,应注意分隔,避免厨、厕门户相对(图1)。厨房内的设施,应以炉灶、水池、案板为中心进     

厨房外墙钢窗玻璃龟裂原因及防裂措施

在住宅的维修管理中经常遇到的一个问题是:厨房外墙的钢窗玻璃在使用三、五年后,便产生不同程度的龟裂,而在同样条件下的木质窗玻璃却很少有龟裂情况。我们经过观察,研究分析,认为原因有二个方面,一个是厨房室内外温度变化的影响;再一个是玻璃安装方法问题。冬季室外温度低,厨房的室内温度高,住户都喜欢将炉灶放在靠窗一边,由于炉灶燃     

严寒地区农村住宅厨房空间优化策略研究

厨房是农村住宅中的重要空间,受气候特征、文化风俗、经济情况及技术条件等多方面因素影响,严寒地区农村住宅厨房在空间布局和使用功能上具有特殊性。通过对严寒地区农村住宅传统格局的系统梳理,分析严寒地区农村住宅厨房空间格局特征与现状问题,探讨利于功能使用和空间整合的厨房空间布局形式,研究其布局的影响因素并针对严寒地区农村住宅的不同平面布局及厨房形式提出适应严寒气候特征、尊重地方传统生活风俗、改善室内卫生环境、可逐步更新完善并且考虑适应未来发展趋势的厨房空间优化设计。     

农村住宅的厨房空间实态特征及更新策略探究——以皖南地区为例

厨房作为家庭生活空间的核心,体现家庭文明的重要一环。面对农村厨房空间提升与更新的现实问题,首先应了解农村厨房的空间特征和成因。以皖南农村住宅的厨房空间为对象,对30余户民居进行调研和测绘。从厨房在民居中的布局、形态与尺度、空间开口以及室内布局类型等方面,探究皖南农村厨房空间的现状特征和问题,以期对农村厨房空间的更新设计有所助益。     

小康住宅中的厨房设计

当前,我国的住宅建设正在向“小康型”住宅发展。住宅中“住得好”的重要因素,除卫生间外,厨房的设计也是与人们的居住行为紧密相连的,它也是住宅设计水平的标志之一,是居住文明程度的重要体现。 从前,老式住宅中只能为人们提供一个做饭场所,没有任何配套设施,乌烟瘴气的厨房再也不能被现代人所接受。小康型住宅中的厨房应是一个功能复杂、配套     

中国传统厨房研究

中国传统民居中厨房的产生是古代人们生活进步的反映。厨房产生以后，根据不同地区燃料的不同、以及不同家庭经济条件的限制，人们烧饭的炉灶也开始多样化。建筑的烟囱与住宅的关系也更加合理化。随着中国人食品的不断多样化，厨房中加工食品的台案也呈现出不同的形式。加工食品的各种工具也不断被革新。更重要的是人们在厨房中设置神龛，祭祀灶神，使中国传统厨房的民俗特色与文化特色更加突出。因而，在中国不同地区、不同民族的住宅中，依照传统，厨房被设置在住宅中的不同的位置。     

浅谈新农村住宅设计

结合农村住宅调查,从客厅、厨房、卫生间、沼气池、建筑形式和材料等方面就典型农村住宅现状进行了阐述,通过参加竞赛的一个新农村住宅平面设计对农村住宅未来建设做了展望,以期构建舒适、实用、超前性的新世纪农村住宅。     

浅议住宅设计发展趋势

随着全国人民向着小康和现代化生活水平的迈进,人们对住宅的舒适性、多群性、可选择性、可改造性提出了更高的要求,所以,在增加住宅有效供给的同时,大力提高住宅的功能质量是住宅建设发展的大趋势。 1、现有住宅建筑设计存在的问题 1.1、厨房、卫生间设计不合理,面积过小,缺少冰箱和洗衣机的固定位置。厨卫缺乏高效排污、气设施,使之成为居室环境的污染源。据调查,现在绝大多数住户对厨房进行改造,包括反映阳台封闭作为厨房空间使用,说明现在厨房设计与住户要求严重脱节。 1.2、住宅卧室大、起居室小,造成居寝混用,功能混杂,客厅多为间接采光。 1.3、住宅贮藏空间过少,空间缺乏整体舒适感。 1.4、住宅设计普遍缺乏对老年人和残疾人使用状况的考虑,给     

农村住宅户型研究——以我国北方农村为模型

该文以北方农村住宅为研究对象探讨农村住宅户型的更新与发展,在城乡统筹发展的时代背景下,针对农业生产和农村生活特性,从用地、空间与功能等方面深入分析农村住宅户型设计要点,提出卧室、餐厨房、工作间等适应当前农村居住需求的功能块,并探讨院落空间的多种可能性与乡村养老的新概念。     

Indoor air pollution from particulate matter emissions in different households in rural areas of Bangladesh

Indoor air pollution from the combustion of traditional biomass fuels (wood, cow dung, and crop wastes) is a significant public health problem predominantly for poor populations in many developing countries. It is particularly problematic for the women who are normally responsible for food preparation and cooking, and for infants/young children who spend time around their mothers near the cooking area. Airborne particulate matter (PM) samples were collected from cooking and living areas in homes in a rural area of Bangladesh to investigate the impact of fuel use, kitchen configurations, and ventilation on indoor air quality and to apportion the source contributions of the measured trace metals and BC concentrations. Lower PM concentrations were observed when liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) was used for cooking. PM concentrations varied significantly depending on the position of kitchen, fuel use and ventilation rates. From reconstructed mass (RCM) calculations, it was found that the major constituent of the PM was carbonaceous matter. Soil and smoke were identified as components from elemental composition data. It was also found that some kitchen configurations have lower PM concentrations than others even with the use of low-grade biomass fuels. Adoption of these kitchen configurations would be a cost-effective approach in reducing exposures from cooking in these rural areas.     

寒冷地区农村住宅用能情况及优化策略研究

为深入研究农村住宅建筑节能设计措施,选择河南省汤阴县农村住宅为研究对象。从炊事、冬季采暖、夏季降温、热水供应、照明和家用电器用能方面,对农村住宅用能情况进行调研。在调研基础上,分析寒冷地区农村住宅用能情况,并结合寒冷地区气候和地域特征,提出适合农村住宅能源利用的优化策略,以期为寒冷地区农村住宅能源利用提供有价值的理论依据。     

Reduction in personal exposures to particulate matter and carbon monoxide as a result of the installation of a Patsari improved cook stove in Michoacan Mexico

The impact of an improved wood burning stove (Patsari) in reducing personal exposures and indoor concentrations of particulate matter (PM(2.5)) and carbon monoxide (CO) was evaluated in 60 homes in a rural community of Michoacan, Mexico. Average PM(2.5) 24-h personal exposure was 0.29 mg/m(3) and mean 48-h kitchen concentration was 1.269 mg/m(3) for participating women using the traditional open fire (fogon). If these concentrations are typical of rural conditions in Mexico, a large fraction of the population is chronically exposed to levels of pollution far higher than ambient concentrations found by the Mexican government to be harmful to human health. Installation of an improved Patsari stove in these homes resulted in 74% reduction in median 48-h PM(2.5) concentrations in kitchens and 35% reduction in median 24-h PM(2.5) personal exposures. Corresponding reductions in CO were 77% and 78% for median 48-h kitchen concentrations and median 24-h personal exposures, respectively. The relationship between reductions in median kitchen concentrations and reductions in median personal exposures not only changed for different pollutants, but also differed between traditional and improved stove type, and by stove adoption category. If these reductions are typical, significant bias in the relationship between reductions in particle concentrations and reductions in health impacts may result, if reductions in kitchen concentrations are used as a proxy for personal exposure reductions when evaluating stove interventions. In addition, personal exposure reductions for CO may not reflect similar reductions for PM(2.5). This implies that PM(2.5) personal exposure measurements should be collected or indoor measurements should be combined with better time-activity estimates, which would more accurately reflect the contributions of indoor concentrations to personal exposures. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Installation of improved cookstoves may result in significant reductions in indoor concentrations of carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)), with concurrent but lower reductions in personal exposures. Significant errors may result if reductions in kitchen concentrations are used as a proxy for personal exposure reductions when evaluating stove interventions in epidemiological investigations. Similarly, time microenvironment activity models in these rural homes do not provide robust estimates of individual exposures due to the large spatial heterogeneity in pollutant concentrations and the lack of resolution of time activity diaries to capture movement through these microenvironments.     

Household air pollution and blood markers of inflammation: A cross-sectional analysis

Household air pollution (HAP) from biomass stoves is a leading risk factor for cardiopulmonary outcomes; however, its toxicity pathways and relationship with inflammation markers are poorly understood. Among 180 adult women in rural Peru, we examined the cross-sectional exposure-response relationship between biomass HAP and markers of inflammation in blood using baseline measurements from a randomized trial. We measured markers of inflammation (CRP, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α) with dried blood spots, 48-h kitchen area concentrations and personal exposures to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), black carbon (BC), and carbon monoxide (CO), and 48-h kitchen concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in a subset of 97 participants. We conducted an exposure-response analysis between quintiles of HAP levels and markers of inflammation. Markers of inflammation were more strongly associated with kitchen area concentrations of BC than PM_2.5. As expected, kitchen area BC concentrations were positively associated with TNF-α (pro-inflammatory) concentrations and negatively associated with IL-10, an anti-inflammatory marker, controlling for confounders in single- and multi-pollutant models. However, contrary to expectations, kitchen area BC and NO₂ concentrations were negatively associated with IL-1β, a pro-inflammatory marker. No associations were identified for IL-6 or CRP, or for any marker in relation to personal exposures.     

LES COLS餐厅,奥洛特,赫罗纳,西班牙

再现过去：这栋乡村别墅带有三隔间结构、大餐厅和打发休闲时光的门廊。自给自足：菜园里是卷心菜、啄食的母鸡和开花的果树。户外生活：坐在门廊里吃饭,天空、植物、芳香的气息和美丽的风景环绕四周,却仍然保留原来厚重围墙内的神秘感。唤起感性：坐在花丛里,沉浸在充满香槟和绿植的世界中,浮想联翩。     

Environmental monitoring of benzene and toluene produced in indoor air due to combustion of solid biomass fuels

Exposure to benzene and toluene from the combustion of solid biomass fuels is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. In this study, we assessed the exposure of cooks to benzene and toluene from biomass fuel combustion in 55 rural homes. The GC-MS was used for quantification while a personnel sampler was used for environmental monitoring. The benzene exposure differed significantly (p < 0.0001) across different types of indoor kitchen fuel combinations. The geometrical mean (GM) of benzene exposure for cooks during cooking hours in an indoor kitchen using mixed fuel was 75.3 microg/m3 (with partition) and 63.206 microg/m3 (without partition), while the exposure was 11.7 microg/m3 for open type. The benzene exposure was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in an indoor kitchen with respect to open type using mixed fuels. Concentration of benzene (114.1 microg/m3) for cooks in an indoor kitchen with partition using dung fuel was significantly higher in comparison to non-cooks (5.1 microg/m3) for open type. Benzene exposure was not significantly different for kitchen with ventilation (31.2 microg/m3) and without ventilation (45.0 microg/m3) using wood fuel. However, this value was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than in indoor kitchens with or without partition. An almost similar trend was observed for toluene but the difference was statistically non-significant. This study may be helpful in developing a regional exposure database and in the facilitation of health risk assessment due to volatile organic pollutants in our day-to-day environment.     

Indoor air pollution from biomass combustion and respiratory symptoms of women and children in a Zimbabwean village

Rural areas of developing countries are particularly reliant on biomass for cooking and heating. Women and children in these areas are often exposed to high levels of pollutants from biomass combustion that is associated with a range of respiratory symptoms. Domestic exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) and respirable particles (RSPs) in association with respiratory symptoms among women and children in Zimbabwe was investigated in 48 households. Health status and household characteristics were also recorded. In this study, indoor levels of CO and RSPs exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines in over 95% of kitchens. The level of indoor air pollutants was associated with the area of kitchen windows and the length of cooking time combined with the level of fire combustion. Prevalence of respiratory symptoms was 94% for women and 77% for children. In addition, women reporting respiratory symptoms were exposed to higher levels of RSPs when compared with those reporting no respiratory symptoms. The study results indicated that levels of indoor air pollutants in rural Zimbabwe may contribute to respiratory symptoms in both women and children. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Levels of respirable particles and carbon monoxide in kitchens in rural Zimbabwe are unacceptably high and measures to reduce levels should be undertaken. Based on the study findings, recommendations for increasing the area of kitchen windows may be considered as a practical method of reducing indoor air pollutants in rural Zimbabwe.     

浅谈居室空间中的厨房设计

针对厨房装修在住宅设计中的重要性,对厨房的功能分区进行了研究,对厨房的整体布局提出了相关的建议,探讨了厨房家具设计时的尺度,从界面、色彩、照明及绿化等方面分析了厨房装饰装修中应注意的问题,以使厨房设计能更好地满足人们的需求。