弱碱性过氧化预处理对稻草秸秆酶解糖化的影响

为了提高稻草秸秆的酶解糖化率,对稻草秸秆弱碱性过氧化预处理条件进行了优化。结果表明:弱碱性过氧化预处理降低了稻草秸秆中木质素的含量,提高了纤维素的含量。最优预处理条件为温度40 ℃,时间24 h,H₂O₂质量分数为2.0 %,在此条件下稻草秸秆的酶解糖化率达到了83.23 %,而在相同酶解条件下,预处理温度30 ℃、时间24 h、 2.0 % NaOH处理后稻草秸秆的酶解糖化率为70.38 %。弱碱性过氧化预处理稻草秸秆的糖化率明显高于碱性预处理稻草秸秆的糖化率。同时试验结果表明,木质素的除去率与H₂O₂质量分数有关。当H₂O₂质量分数大于2.0 %后,H₂O₂对木质素的除去选择性降低,木质素的除去率基本保持不变,却增加了半纤维素的损失。     

盐酸-乙二醇-水介质高效预处理山核桃壳及其糖化工艺

为了提高木质纤维素的酶解效率,采用盐酸辅助乙二醇对山核桃壳进行预处理。通过油浴的处理方式优化得出的最佳预处理条件为:处理介质为盐酸-乙二醇-水(1.2%:88.8%:10%,质量分数)的混合物,预处理温度为130℃,预处理时间为30min。为了减小预处理的温度和时间,采用微波辐射的辅助预处理,最佳预处理条件为:微波辐射温度100℃,微波辐射时间5min,微波辐射功率200W。糖化预处理后的山核桃壳经水解72h后,其还原糖产率可达到88.6%(油浴)和74.2%(微波)。利用电镜(SEM)和红外光谱(FT-IR)分析油浴和微波预处理后的山核桃壳,可以发现山核桃壳紧密的结构遭到破坏,变成更加易于酶解的松散、多孔结构,增加了酶可及度,因此很大程度上提高了糖化率。可见,盐酸-乙二醇-水溶液高效预处理可以提高山核桃壳酶解糖化的效率。     

稀酸辅助离子液体1,3-二甲基咪唑磷酸二甲酯高效预处理 木薯渣厌氧发酵残渣

为了有效地糖化木薯渣厌氧发酵残渣,建立了稀酸辅助离子液体1,3-二甲基咪唑磷酸二甲酯盐（[Mmim]DMP）预处理工艺。通过考察不同预处理条件对残渣酶解糖化活性的影响,确定了最适的预处理条件。进一步,通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和红外光谱（FT-IR）研究了预处理前后残渣纤维素微观结构的变化。结果表明：最适的预处理介质是盐酸、水和[Mmim]DMP（1.5∶20∶78.5,质量比）的混合物;最适预处理温度和预处理时间分别为130℃和30min;糖化20g/L预处理的残渣96h,还原糖产率为70.9%;再生纤维素的表面及晶体结构有了明显的变化,聚合度降低,便于酶解的进行,达到了高效糖化木薯渣厌氧发酵残渣的目的。     

玉米芯稀酸预处理和分步糖化与发酵工艺生产燃料乙醇的中试研究

利用正交试验在中试水平考察了玉米芯的稀硫酸预处理和分步糖化与水解生产乙醇的工艺。结果:最佳预处理工艺为稀硫酸浓度1.1%,温度120℃,固液比1∶8,时间3 h;酶解糖化最佳工艺为:起始底物浓度180 g/L,滤纸酶活:纤维二糖酶活=20 IU/g底物:7 IU/g底物,pH=5.0,48 h;利用运动发酵单胞菌发酵酶解液,35℃,48 h,发酵液中乙醇浓度最高67.8 g/L。     

表面活性剂耦合离子液体对稻秆酶解糖化的影响

酶解糖化是木质纤维素材料制备生物质乙醇的关键环节,因此提高稻秆等木质纤维素材料的酶解糖化效率具有重要意义。以稻秆为原料,采用表面活性剂耦合离子液体为预处理方法,考察预处理温度、时间、表面活性剂的添加比例对稻秆酶解的影响。结果表明,预处理温度为110℃、时间为60 min、表面活性剂添加比例为1%,稻秆的酶解效果最佳,与单独离子液体处理的稻秆相比,纤维转化率可提高8%～15%。同时分别通过稻秆成分分析、FTIR、XRD、SEM等对预处理前后的稻秆结构进行表征,证实预处理后酶解效率提高的合理性。     

稻草纤维素水解机理及工艺条件的研究

以稻草秸杆为纤维素原料,用2%氢氧化钠对其进行预处理,选用纤维素酶作为催化剂对纤维素进行酶法水解,采用DNS法测定纤维素水解液还原糖的含量,并计算其糖化率。探讨了纤维素酶水解稻草秸秆纤维素的反应机理,研究了纤维素酶的添加量、反应温度、pH、反应时间、振荡等因素对稻草纤维素酶水解的影响。实验结果表明,当固液比为1∶30、纤维素酶添加量为40 mg、50℃、pH 4.8、振荡反应12h,纤维素酶解液的糖化率可达40%。     

甘蔗渣的酸催化常压甘油有机溶剂预处理及其酶解

预处理可以打破木质纤维素原料纤维素、半纤维素和木质素三大组分间的顽抗结构,从而提升纤维素基质可酶解性。本文针对目前常压甘油有机溶剂预处理花费时间过长的问题,尝试开展酸催化的常压甘油有机溶剂预处理研究以缩短预处理时间。实验通过单因素选择和响应面Box-Behnken设计优化,获得酸催化常压甘油有机溶剂预处理的最佳条件为：预处理温度245℃,预处理时间38min,硫酸添加质量0.1%。在此条件下获得基质48h酶解率的响应面预测值为94.0%,实际值为91.4%。结果表明响应面优化方案和回归模型适用于本实验,预处理显著提高了基质可酶解性。高浓度基质（15%～20%）酶解进一步证明了预处理后基质具有突出的可酶解性,20%浓度基质在酶载量5FPU/g干基质条件下批次酶解72h,酶解率达60%,葡萄糖浓度达83.4g/L。酸催化常压甘油有机溶剂酸预处理在明显缩短预处理时间的同时,能显著提高木质纤维素基质可酶解性,使后续工业化意义的浓醪酶解糖化成为可能。     

不同预处理方法对芒草酶解效率的影响

将芒草秸秆粉碎,分别采用1%H_2SO_4、1%NaOH、蒸汽爆破(SE)、1%Tween-80和SE+1%Tween-80等5种方法对芒草秸秆粉末进行预处理,然后加入纤维素复合酶进行酶解产糖,通过测定酶解上清液中六碳糖的含量来比较不同预处理方法对芒草酶解效率的影响。结果表明,采用SE+1%Tween-80预处理,芒草酶解效率最高,可达74.45%,较未处理提高了3.75～11.79倍;采用1%H_2SO_4、1%NaOH、SE或1%Tween-80预处理,芒草酶解效率较未处理分别提高了0.55～3.24倍、2.52～5.60倍、1.30～5.97倍和0～0.96倍,其中1%Tween-80预处理对芒草秸秆的酶解几乎没有任何促进作用。     

表面活性剂耦合离子液体对稻秆酶解糖化的影响

酶解糖化是木质纤维素材料制备生物质乙醇的关键环节,因此提高稻秆等木质纤维素材料的酶解糖化效率具有重要意义。以稻秆为原料,采用表面活性剂耦合离子液体为预处理方法,考察预处理温度、时间、表面活性剂的添加比例对稻秆酶解的影响。结果表明,预处理温度为110℃、时间为60 min、表面活性剂添加比例为1%,稻秆的酶解效果最佳,与单独离子液体处理的稻秆相比,纤维转化率可提高8%~15%。同时分别通过稻秆成分分析、FTIR、XRD、SEM等对预处理前后的稻秆结构进行表征,证实预处理后酶解效率提高的合理性。     

蒸汽爆破预处理对沙柳组成及纤维结构性能影响研究

研究了蒸汽爆破维压时间对沙柳茎杆化学组成和酶解糖化率的影响,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪和红外光谱(IR)对沙柳纤维物理形态、结构和性能进行了表征.结果表明蒸汽爆破处理对纤维素、木质素含量影响小显著,而半纤维素含量人幅度降低.蒸汽爆破预处理后沙柳纤维表面和细胞壁受到不同程度的破裂,蒸汽爆破纤维素表观结晶度比原料纤维素有所提高,但其绝埘结晶度降低.酶解糖化反应温度46℃、反应时问72 h、酶用最20 FPU/(g纤维素)和底物浓度为2.0%时,沙柳攀杆原料酶解糖化率为14.5%,蒸汽爆破维压4 min处理的沙柳物料糖化率达到69.81%,纤维素糖化率提高4.4倍,蒸汽爆破是一种有效的木质纤维预处理方法.     

丝纤维表面化学镀镍的研究

实验研究了丝纤维化学镀镍的操作方法、实验控制条件,讨论了各种因素对化学镀层的影响,试验了化学镀层与丝纤维的结合力,确定了丝纤维化学镀镍的工艺流程和最佳实验条件,实验结果表明,丝纤维经过预处理及敏化、活化处理后,化学镀镍溶液的pH值控制在8．0,镀镍温度在75℃,反应时间30min,可以得到较好丝纤维化学镀镍镀层。     

Effect of enzymatic pretreatment on acid fermentation of food waste

Although food waste is a valuable carbon source for biological nutrient removal systems with low organic wastewater because of high C/N and C/P ratios, it must be pretreated to promote the hydrolysis of particulates, which is considered as a rate‐limiting step. This study investigated the effects of enzymatic pretreatment on hydrolytic solubilization of food waste with commercial enzyme. Both acidification efficiency and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production potential of enzymatically pretreated food waste were examined under controlled laboratory conditions. Experimental results indicated that protease exhibited the highest VSS reduction rate among three types of enzymes: carbohydrase, protease and lipase. A mixed enzyme treatment showed better reduction efficiency than a single enzyme treatment, and the highest volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction was observed at an enzyme mixture ratio of 1:2:1 with carbohydrase:protease:lipase, respectively. It has been noted that pretreatment resulted in both maximum VFA production and the highest VFA content of soluble chemical oxygen demand at an enzyme mixture dosage of 0.1% (v/v). VFA production at this dosage revealed a 3.3 times higher rate than that of no‐enzyme added fermenter. The dominant VFAs were n‐butyrate followed by acetate. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Co-immobilization of Candida rugosa and Rhyzopus oryzae lipases and biodiesel production

Candida rugosa lipase and Ryzopus oryzae lipase were simultaneously immobilized on silica gel following enzyme pretreatment. The factors affecting the co-immobilization process, such as reaction time and enzyme ratio, were investigated. Biodiesel was then produced by using the co-immobilized enzyme matrix. A batch system was employed with stepwise methanol feeding, and the continuous process involved a packed-bed reactor. Under optimal immobilization conditions, the activity was approximately 16,000 U/g·matrix. When co-immobilized enzyme was used with optimized stepwise methanol feeding, conversion of biodiesel reached about 99% at 3 h and was maintained at a level of over 90% for about 30 reuses.     

Evaluation of triticale bran as raw material for bioethanol production

The present work addresses the introduction of second generation biofuels from agricultural by-products generated from low input cereal crops such as triticale. The main purpose was to investigate whether the overall ethanol yield in a triticale dry-mill ethanol plant could be increased by combination of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of the bran obtained by fractionation of the grain to separate from starch. Different dilute acid pretreatment conditions were studied using starch-free triticale bran (SFTB) as substrate at a fixed loading of 10% (dry weight/volume). A statistically experimental design approach, based on previous studies, was used to evaluate the sugar recovery so as to maximize the enzyme digestibility of the pretreated material. The highest overall sugar yield was attained by using 0.1% (w/v) of sulphuric acid at 160 °C for 22.5 min. At these conditions, it could be possible to obtain up to 245 L of ethanol per dry ton of SFTB considering hexose and pentose sugars fermentation, which would increase by 14% the theoretical ethanol yield in a dry-mill ethanol plant.     

生物酶前处理在稻秸秆纤维提取中的应用

分别用木聚糖酶和果胶酶对稻秸秆进行脱胶预处理,分析了生物酶作为前处理工艺对稻秸秆纤维性能的影响。以纤维残胶率、细度、强度及可挠度为指标,得出了这两种酶处理工艺的相对最优工艺参数。其中木聚糖酶前处理优化工艺为：木聚糖用量10％（owl）,温度50℃,时间10h,pH值为9,浴比1：30;果胶酶前处理优化工艺为：果胶酶用量8％（owl）,温度45℃,时间8h,pH值为5,浴比1：30。和单独化学脱胶法比较,采用生物酶预处理可以有效提高稻秸秆纤维的细度和柔软性,同时采用木聚糖酶前处理工艺后提取的稻秸秆纤维性能比果胶酶处理的要好。     

氨预处理对大豆秸秆纤维素酶解产糖影响的研究

为了提高大豆秸秆酶解产糖能力, 以利于从大豆秸秆中提取生物降解性塑料的原料 ?? 乳酸, 对大豆秸秆纤维素预处理过程的影响因素进行了探索,对预处理前后大豆秸秆的物理结构变化、化学成分变化及预处理条件对大豆秸秆酶水解产糖的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明,粉碎结合氨处理对大豆秸秆酶水解影响较大,较适宜的预处理条件为大豆秸秆粉碎至 140 目,10%氨水处理 24h。经过预处理后大豆秸秆纤维素含量提高 70.27%, 半纤维素含量下降 41.45%, 木质素含量下降 30.16%, 有利于大豆秸秆酶解产糖。     

甲基氯硅烷水解物合成107硅橡胶工艺的改进

甲基氯硅烷水解物在氢氧化钾碱胶催化下经聚合、磷酸中和、高温脱低工序,制得107硅橡胶。研究了原料预处理工艺及催化剂用量对产品黏度控制的影响。结果表明:经过预处理的原料,氯离子与三官能链节影响大大减小;催化剂用量为体系总量的(20～30)×10-6时黏度较易控制。     

Cynara cardunculus as Raw Material for the Production of Binderless Fiberboards: Optimization of Pretreatment and Pressing Conditions

Abstract

Cynara cardunculus was pretreated and used to produce fiberboards without synthetic adhesives. The lignocellulosic material was steam exploded through a thermo-mechanical vapor process in a batch reactor. After pretreatment the material was dried, ground, and pressed to produce the boards. The effects of pretreatment factors and pressing conditions on the chemical and physico-mechanical properties of the fiberboards were evaluated and the conditions that optimize these properties were found. Response surface methodology based on a central composite design and multiple response optimization were used. The variables studied and their respective variation ranges were: pretreatment temperature, 160–240°C; pretreatment time 2.5–12.5 min; pressing temperature, 190–230°C; initial and final pressing pressures, 4–20 MPa, and initial and final pressing times, 1–9 min. Good properties were obtained at optimum conditions found (modulus of elasticity up to 5970 MPa, modulus of rupture up to 59 MPa, internal bond up to 0.8 MPa, thickness swelling as low as13.5%, and water absorption as low as 18.5%). Some of the boards fully satisfy the standard specifications although they were not produced at the optimum combination of process factors. Optimum operational conditions for producing binderless fiberboards from Cynara cardunculus that fully satisfy the European standards were found based on multiple response optimization methodology.     

Increase in bioethanol production yield from triticale by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with application of ultrasound

BACKGROUND: Bioethanol produced from renewable biomass, such as sugar, starch or lignocellulosic materials, is one of the alternative energy resources that is environmentally friendly. Triticale crops have a high yield as well as a high starch content and amylolytic enzyme activity and are therefore considered to be ideal for bioethanol production. RESULTS: This study examined the feasibility of ultrasound pretreatment to enhance the release of fermentable sugars from triticale meal during pretreatment and consequently increase bioethanol yield in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. Ultrasonic pretreatment effectively increased the glucose and maltose content after liquefaction by 15.71% and 52.57%, respectively, compared with the untreated control sample under determined optimal conditions of sonication (5 min, 60 °C). The ultrasound pretreatment consequently improved bioethanol production during SSF processing since the bioethanol content was increased by 10.89%. CONCLUSION: Taking into consideration significant process parameters obtained in the SSF process of triticale meal with ultrasound pretreatment at 60 °C, the process time may be reduced from 72 to 48 h. At that point of the SSF, maximum bioethanol content of 9.55% (w/v), bioethanol yield of 0.43 g g^?1 of triticale starch, and percentage of the theoretical bioethanol yield of 84.56% were achieved. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Utilization of lignocellulosic waste for ethanol production : Enzymatic digestibility and fermentation of pretreated shea tree sawdust

Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation methods were evaluated on alkaline peroxide pretreated shea tree sawdust conversion to ethanol. Optimum pretreatment conditions of 120 °C reaction temperature, 30 min reaction time, and 20 mL L^?1 of water hydrogen peroxide concentration (1%(v/v)H₂O₂) solubilized 679 g kg^?1 of hemicellulose and 172 g kg^?1 of lignin. 617 g kg^?1 cellulose was retained in the solid fraction. The maximum yield of reducing sugar with optimized enzyme loadings by two enzyme preparations (cellulase and β-glucosidase) was 165 g kg^?1 of dry biomass. The ethanol yield was 7.35 g L^?1 after 72 h incubation period under the following conditions: 2% cellulose loading, enzyme concentration was 25 FPU (g cellulose)^?1 loading, yeast inoculums was 10% (v/v), 32 oC, and pH 4.8. The pretreatments gave information about the hindrances caused by lignin presence in lignocellulosic materials and that hemicelluloses are better hydrolyzed than lignin, thereby enhancing enzymatic digestibility of the sawdust material.