一种12位80 MS/s CMOS流水线ADC设计

介绍了一种12 bit 80 MS/s流水线ADC的设计,用于基带信号处理,其中第一级采用了2.5 bit级电路,采样保持级采用了自举开关提高线性,后级电路采用了缩减技术,节省了芯片面积.采用了折叠增益自举运放,优化了运放的建立速度,节省了功耗.芯片采用HJTC0.18μm标准CMOS工艺,1.8 V电压供电,版图面积2.3 mm × 1.4 mm.版图后仿真表明,ADC在8 MHz正弦信号1 V峰值输入下,可以达到11.10 bit有效精度,SFDR达到80.16 dB,整个芯片的功耗为155 mW.     

低功耗10位100MHz流水线A/D转换器设计

介绍了一个10位100 MHz,1.8 V的流水线结构模/数转换器（ADC）,该ADC运用相邻级运算放大器共享技术和逐级电容缩减技术,可以大大减小芯片的功耗和面积。电路采用级联1个高性能前置采样保持单元和4个运放共享的1.5位/级MDAC,并采用栅压自举开关和动态比较器来缩减功耗。结果显示,在输入频率达到奈奎斯特频率范围内,整个ADC的有效位数始终高于9位。电路使用TSMC 0.18μm 1P6 M CMOS工艺,在100 MHz的采样频率下,功耗仅为45 mW。     

用于SOC系统的逐次逼近型ADC设计

设计了一个基于SOC系统的触摸屏逐次逼近型结构的10 bit 2Msps模数转换器(ADC)。高精度比较器和Bootstrap开关应用于设计电路中,提高了芯片速度和降低了功耗。芯片采用SMIC0.18μm 1P6M CMOS工艺流片,版图面积为0.25mm2,2MHz工作时平均功耗为3.1mW。输入频率320kHz时,信噪比(SNR)为56dB,ENOB为9.05bit,无杂散动态范围(SFDR)为66.56dB,微分非线性(DNL)为0.8LSB,积分非线性(INL)为1.4LSB。     

一种采用4bit MDAC的12bit流水线模数转换器

采用GF 0.18μm标准CMOS工艺,设计并实现了一种12 bit 20 MS/s流水线模数转换器(ADC)。整体架构采用第一级4 bit与1.5 bit/级的相结合的方法。采用改进的增益数模单元(MDAC)结构和带驱动能力的栅自举开关来提高MDAC的线性度和精度。为了降低子ADC的功耗,采用开关电容式比较器。仿真结果表明,优化的带驱动的栅自举开关可减小采样保持电路(SHA)的负载压力,有效降低开关导通电阻,降低电路的非线性。测试结果表明:在20 MS/s的采样率下,输入信号为1.234 1 MHz时,该ADC的微分非线性(DNL)为+0.55LSB/-0.67LSB,积分非线性(INL)为+0.87LSB/-0.077LSB,信噪比(SNR)为73.21 dB,无杂散动态范围(SFDR)为69.72 dB,有效位数(ENOB)为11.01位。芯片面积为6.872 mm2,在3.3 V供电的情况下,功耗为115 mW。     

基于MATLAB的新型Pipeline ADC的建模和仿真

在MATLAB/Simulink的平台上,设计并实现了一种新的10 bit Pipeline ADC的系统仿真模型.针对2 bit,共9级的结构的精度不足以及4 bit首级结构的功耗较大的特点,提出了一种首级3 bit,共8级的结构.这种结构可以实现精度和功耗的平衡.经过系统仿真,在输入信号为10 MHz,采样时钟频率为40 MHz时,系统最大的SNR=60.36 dB,SFDR=82.177dB.创建的系统模型可为ADC系统中的误差和静态特性研究提供借鉴.     

超低功耗逐次逼近寄存器型模数转换器的设计

采用逐次逼近方式设计了一个12 bit的超低功耗模数转换器(ADC).为减小整个ADC的芯片面积、功耗和误差,提高有效位数(ENOB),在整个ADC的设计过程中采用了一种改进的分段电容数模转换器(DAC)阵列结构.重点考虑了同步时序产生电路结构,对以上两个模块的版图设计进行了精细的布局.采用0.18 μm CMOS工艺,该ADC的信噪比(SNR)为72 dB,有效位数(ENOB)为11.7 bit,该ADC的芯片面积只有0.36 mm2,典型的功耗仅为40 μW,微分非线性误差小到0.6 LSB、积分非线性误差只有0.63 LSB.整个ADC性能达到设计要求.     

8位 80 MS/s低功耗流水线型ADC的设计

采用每级为1.5位或者2位精度的7级流水线结构,即7级子ADC,设计了一款8位80 MS/s的低功耗模数转换电路。利用每一级子ADC中的钟控开关及电容实现采样保持功能,节省了整个ADC的采样保持电路模块。在满足整个ADC性能情况下,采用了逐级缩放技术,减小了芯片面积和功耗。版图设计中,考虑了每一级ADC中电容及放大器的对称性,减小了电容失配对整个ADC性能的影响。采用0.18 μm CMOS工艺,在输入信号为11.25 MHz,采样速率为80 MHz的条件下,信噪比(SNR)为49.5 dB,有效位数(ENOB)为7.98 bits,整个ADC的芯片面积为0.56 mm²,典型工作电流为22 mA。     

基于功耗优化的流水线ADC研制

提出了一种使流水线模数转换器功耗最优的系统划分方法。采用Matlab进行模拟,以信噪比(SNR)为约束,得出一定精度条件下,流水线ADC各子级分辨率和各级采样电容缩减因子的不同选取组合;又以功耗为约束,从以上多种组合中找到满足最低功耗的流水线ADC结构划分方法。基于以上分析,在SMIC 0.35μm工艺条件下,设计了一个10 bit、采样率20 MS/s的流水线ADC,并流片验证。2.1 MHz输入频率下测试,SFDR=73 dB、ENOB=9.18 bit,模拟部分核心功耗102.3 mW。     

基于GaAs HBT工艺的3.8GHz带宽4GS/s 4bit超高速ADC

报道了一种4GS/s 4bit超宽带（UWB）模数转换器（ADC）芯片,采用1.4um发射级宽度、2层金属布线的InGaP/GaAs HBT工艺实现。该芯片采用折叠内插架构来最小化其面积和电路规模。为了消除折叠内插电路中的偶发错误码,该ADC采用了一种新颖的比特同步电路。实测结果表明,其在4GS/s采样率下具有3.8GHz的模拟带宽和2.6GHz的有效精度带宽（ERBW）,在2.6GHz输入带宽内ADC的有效位数大于3.4bit,在4GHz输入带宽内有效位大于3bit。在6.001GHz输入并将输入功率提高4dB后,有效位仍然高达3.49bit,表明该ADC可采样的频率范围包含从第一到第三奈奎斯特区（DC~6GHz）。该芯片的DNL和INL在4GS/s下均小于±0.15LSB,总面积为1.45×1.45 mm2,总功耗为1.98W。     

应用于无线传感网络的低功耗10bit 300Ksps多通道逐次逼近型模数转换器的设计

本文给出了一款可应用于无线传感网络的低功耗10bit 300Ksps的逐次逼近型模数转换器(SAR ADC)的设计。采用了单端结构低功耗的拆分式电容阵列DAC和具有轨到轨输入级的比较器来实现本文中的ADC,可以减小功耗同时扩展满量程输入范围。为了实现功耗优化,采用2V的低电源电源供电。设计的ADC还具有4个模拟信号通道,使其更适用于无线传感网络的应用。电路样片采用3.3V 0.35μm 2P4M CMOS工艺实现,占用了1.23mm2的芯片面积,测试结果表明在2V供电166Ksps的采样速率下,ADC的功耗只有200uW,计算得到的信噪比为58.25dB,有效位数为9.38bit,品质因子FOM为4.9pJ/conversion-step。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.