基于连续高压脉冲方波的绝缘老化寿命模型

变频电机定子绝缘承受来自逆变器的连续高压脉冲方波,其老化机理与工频正弦电压作用下具有很大差异.本文设计了一种连续高压脉冲绝缘老化试验系统,以聚酰亚胺薄膜为试验对象,研究了脉冲幅值、频率以及温度对绝缘寿命的影响,提出了基于连续高压脉冲方波的绝缘老化寿命模型.     

高频脉冲电压下油纸绝缘局部放电特性研究

高频变压器运行过程中油纸绝缘承受严酷的电热应力,绝缘系统容易过早失效.为了研究高频脉冲电压对油纸绝缘局部放电特性的影响,搭建了高频脉冲电压下的局部放电试验平台,开展局部放电试验,研究油纸绝缘在高频脉冲电压下的局部放电特性,并与工频电压下的局部放电特性进行对比.结果表明:高频脉冲电压下局部放电主要发生在电压的上升沿和下降沿,高频脉冲电压下的局部放电幅值远高于工频下的局部放电幅值,在10 kHz附近存在频致拐点,且高频脉冲下油纸试样出现直击现象;究其原因是高频产生较高的电压上升率,改变了缺陷区域的局部场强和高频电热耦合效应,从而导致了局部放电强度的变化.     

用介质损耗分析变频电机匝间绝缘老化特性

变频电机匝间绝缘承受来自逆变器的连续高压脉冲方波的作用,为探讨工频正弦电压作用下具有很大差异的老化机理,通过采用工频正弦和高压脉冲方波两种电压源对模拟变频电机匝间绝缘的绞线对试样进行了电热联合老化对比试验,测量损耗角正切tanδ随老化时间的变化趋势,并结合热刺激电流测量结果,分析了电压形式对匝间绝缘介质损耗产生和发展的作用机理。试验结果表明:绝缘内部有放电发生时,放电与空间电荷协同作用使绝缘缺陷迅速增多;无放电时空间电荷反复注入和抽出造成绝缘损伤。两者都导致高压方波脉冲老化下绝缘材料的tanδ高于工频正弦老化下的tanδ;高压方波脉冲下空间电荷可能是导致绝缘材料最后击穿的原因。     

PWM脉冲电压下电磁线绝缘老化机理分析

随着电力电子技术的发展，脉宽调制(PWM)电源得到了广泛应用。由于该电源输出电压是一系列脉冲电压，有可能导致变频电机绝缘过早破坏。目前，有关高压连续脉冲电压下绝缘材料失效机理各方观点尚未达成一致；过去的研究大多停留在宏观水平，主要是定性的实验研究，缺少微观定量分析的支持。针对上述问题，本文对变频电机定子绝缘的电磁线进行了老化实验。在此基础上，通过热刺激电流和脉冲下局部放电参数的关系，揭示了老化时间和陷阱参数(如峰值位置、陷阱能级)的联系。同时测量了局部放电参数(如起始放电电压、最大放电量、放电相位分布)随老化时间的变化。上述工作的开展，为更深入的脉冲电压下绝缘老化机理研究打下了坚实的基础。     

基于局部放电统计参量的脉冲电压下绝缘老化分析

主要针对匝间和对地绝缘电磁线在脉冲电压下老化后的局部放电特征进行了研究.通过不同老化时间的局部放电相位相关分析,在高频脉冲电压下老化后放电次数相位分布出现明显的"放电丛"现象,并通过工频老化后的局部放电结果对此加以证实.通过两种不同电磁线老化特征对比,匝间绝缘和对地绝缘呈现不同的放电特征,匝间主要以内部气隙放电为主,而对地绝缘电磁线则以槽放电为主.此外,测量和分析了局部放电统计参量(如偏斜度、峭度、不对称度等)随老化时间的变化,结果表明平均放电量的偏斜度和老化时间有着一定联系.为更深入地研究脉冲电压下绝缘老化机理打下了坚实的基础.     

高频脉冲下牵引电机绝缘的局部放电特性

变频牵引电机定子绝缘承受来自变流器的连续高压方波脉冲,可能导致绝缘过早失效,其老化机理与工频交流电压作用下差异很大。局部放电是导致变频调速牵引电机绝缘失效的主要原因之一。研究高频方波脉冲下的局部放电特性为牵引电机绝缘材料的改进和优化提供理论基础,试验分析了普通和聚酰亚胺纳米复合薄膜制成的电磁线寿命,结果发现纳米试样的寿命得到很大提高。针对普通和聚酰亚胺纳米复合薄膜研究了不同脉冲频率、上升时间和温度对放电起始电压、平均放电量和放电次数的影响。结果表明,频率的增加、上升时间的缩短和温度的增加加剧了局部放电活动,普通薄膜试样的局部放电活动更强,其原因是纳米粒子的添加导致纳米复合薄膜存在大量界面区和电导率增加,电荷的迁移速率增大,空间电荷累积效应减弱。     

变频牵引电机定子绕组电磁线寿命特性的研究

为研究变频调速牵引电机绝缘过早失效的机理,进行了定子绕组电磁线多因子联合作用绝缘寿命试验,利用一元二参数Weibull分布统计分析了不同电压幅值、频率和温度下的绝缘寿命试验数据,并研究了电磁线。提出了高频脉冲条件下多因子联合老化寿命模型,比较3种条件下的寿命模型与实验结果得出其相关系数均>0.89,验证了模型的正确性,可为变频调速牵引电机的设计提供理论依据。     

提取PWM脉冲下局部放电信号的sym4小波滤波器的研究

局部放电是导致变频电机绝缘过早破坏的主要原因之一.由于PWM脉冲电压频率高、上升沿陡,含有较多的谐波分量,使传感器耦合出来的信号包含了很多干扰,导致局部放电信号的分析比工频正弦条件下更加困难.本文提出了采用sym4小波分析法去除高频噪声,能有效地提取这种条件下的局部放电信号,为进一步分析绝缘破坏机理打下了良好的基础.     

脉冲电压下电力电子装备绝缘电荷特性研究综述

电力电子装备长期处于高频、陡脉冲电压的运行工况下,其绝缘系统易发生早期失效,可能会威胁电力系统运行的安全性和可靠性.因此,探究脉冲电压下绝缘劣化机理对保障电力系统安全稳定运行具有重要意义.该文综合国内外研究现状,介绍了几种常见电力电子装备及其运行工况,通过对绝缘体击穿与沿面闪络影响机理的论述,揭示了电荷行为对绝缘劣化的重要作用,阐述了脉冲电压参数对电荷特性影响的研究进展,并对目前研究存在的不足进行了总结与探讨.未来应提升脉冲电压下电荷测试技术,明确脉冲边沿时刻电荷动态特性,以阐明绝缘劣化机理.这些研究成果将为脉冲电压下电力电子装备绝缘材料和电力系统的优化设计提供参考和理论指导.     

电磁线对高压电机绝缘减薄的作用研究

介绍了一种用于高压电机绝缘结构减薄的电磁线及其制备方法,研究了电磁线的玻璃丝层厚度、薄膜厚度及薄膜绕包方式对电磁线击穿电压的影响。结果表明:玻璃丝层厚度对电磁线的击穿电压影响不大,击穿电压随薄膜厚度增加而上升,在不增加电磁线绝缘厚度和生产成本的前提下,通过改变电磁线薄膜绕包方式提升电磁线的击穿电压,从而提升绝缘结构匝间绝缘和对地绝缘击穿电压,为高压电机绝缘结构减薄提供辅助作用。     

高压脉冲方波下聚酰亚胺薄膜电老化寿命模型

逆变器输出的高压脉冲方波会导致变频调速牵引电机绝缘过早损坏,其老化机理与工频交流电压下不同.利用一种高压脉冲绝缘老化试验系统模拟变频器对变频调速牵引电机定子绕组绝缘的老化作用,以聚酰亚胺薄膜为试验对象,研究了脉冲方波幅值、频率对绝缘寿命的影响,提出了高压脉冲方波下绝缘材料的电老化寿命模型.     

Electroluminescence due to impulse voltage in cable-grade XLPE

Underground power cables in service are inadvertently subjected to impulses generated by lightning and switching surges that are superimposed on the ac voltage at which they operate. HV transients caused by lightning and switching operations not only radiate large electromagnetic fields but also impose additional stresses on the insulation and could initiate deterioration which can continue under normal operating conditions. Electrical breakdown of HV cables is a local phenomenon and electrical aging at local sites in the polymeric insulation occurs by molecular dissociation of the polymer and formation of new chemical bonds. This process usually involves the electronically excited states of the molecules that give rise to radiative phenomena, such as electroluminescence (EL). Analysis of EL can help to clarify the degradation mechanisms that occur at points of electrical stress enhancement and lead to cable breakdown. The EL technique is several orders of magnitude more sensitive than the commonly employed partial discharge detection and can provide a better understanding of the various time dependent mechanisms such as space charge injection, trapping and decay that can lead to insulation failure. The characteristics of EL in crosslinked PE subjected to impulse voltage, are described in this paper. Impulses having the same polarities as the half cycles of the ac voltage on which they are superimposed give rise to the largest number of EL pulses. Also, more EL pulses are emitted when impulses are applied at the peaks of the positive and negative half cycles than at the zero crossing of the ac voltage. This suggests that the amount of charge injected and trapped into the polymer plays a crucial role for EL emission     

基于介质损耗分析研究变频电机绝缘老化特性

变频牵引调速电机匝间绝缘承受来自逆变器的连续高压脉冲方波的作用,其老化机理与工频正弦电压作用下具有很大差异。笔者通过采用两种电压源对模拟变频电机匝间绝缘和对地绝缘的绞线对试样进行老化试验,测量了tanδ随老化时间的变化趋势,分析了电压形式对匝间绝缘和对地绝缘介质损耗产生和发展的作用机理。试验结果表明:脉冲电压下,匝间绝缘内部有放电发生时,放电与空间电荷协同作用使绝缘缺陷迅速增多;无放电时空间电荷反复注入和抽出造成绝缘损伤。交流电压下绝缘介质发热主要由局部放电造成,而脉冲电压下主要是由空间电荷所导致。对地绝缘由于其绝缘结构,呈现槽放电现象,空间电荷的引入大大加速了绝缘的老化。     

Switching impulse strength of air insulation: leader inceptioncriterion

The author introduces a general criterion for leader inception of phase-to-ground air insulation under positive critical switching impulses. This criterion established the correspondence between continuous leader initiation in the vicinity of the highly stressed electrode and conditions prevailing later at the instant of the final jump. The criterion is applied to several complex electrode configurations, including rod-rod, conductor-rod, and conductor-structure gaps, where both analytic and digital techniques are used to compute the leader inception voltage, 50% breakdown voltage, and gap factor. The theory has been systematically tested against available experimental results with quite satisfactory agreement     

Electroluminescence technique to evaluate the effect of impulsetests on high voltage cables

EL (electroluminescence) in XLPE (crosslinked polyethylene) subjected to impulses of various amplitudes, shapes and repetition rates has been investigated. Defects that could occur in the polymeric insulation of underground HV cables were simulated by embedding semicon protrusions in XLPE to create highly divergent electric fields. Time resolved measurement of the EL pulses emitted during positive, negative or alternating polarity impulses has shown that the EL pulses are grouped into two distinct time periods between which there is no EL activity. The EL emission probability increased with fall time of the impulse voltage but was independent of the impulse rise time. A study of electroluminescence characteristics from unaged and aged XLPE, subjected to a pair of positive and negative impulses, indicated that the charge trapped in the polymeric insulation during aging plays an important role during impulse application and could affect insulation failure     

Analysis of steep-fronted voltage distribution and turn insulationfailure in inverter-fed form-wound AC motor

As a potential source of turn insulation failure, the steep-fronted voltage at the motor terminal generated by pulsewidth modulation drive switching or cable ringing is not uniformly distributed among the coils of the windings and among the turns of the coils. This paper presents a detailed electromagnetic analysis of the parameters of a transient model of coil and coil group which includes iron loss, skin, and proximity effects. The finite-difference method is applied to solve the model for the interturn and intercoil voltage distributions. The simulation is compared to a simplified lattice diagram analysis and to test results. A turn insulation surge-withstanding capability study is then presented with a flexible insulation test system that models the repetitive steep-fronted voltage stress and temperature stress     

Effects of voltage impulses on extruded dielectric cable life

Laboratory tests were performed to investigate the effects of lightning and thumping impulses on the performance of various 15 kV cable designs. The cable designs were aged in the laboratory using an accelerated water treeing test. Some samples were subjected to lightning impulses, some were subjected to thumping impulses, and some were aged without impulses applied. The impulse effects were evaluated using time to failure data, AC breakdown data, and impulse breakdown data. The results show that lightning or thumping impulses do not affect cable AC or impulse breakdown strength. There is also no visual difference between wafers taken from impulsed and control samples. However, there is a strong indication that lightning impulses can reduce cable life. Almost all the aging failures occurred while the cables were warm. No failures occurred during the impulse application. It is also shown that increased cable wall thickness extends cable life for the tree-resistant high-molecular-weight insulation material tested, but not for the crosslinked polyethylene insulation material tested     

Air density influence on the strength of external insulation underpositive impulses: experimental investigation up to an altitude of 3000m a.s.l

Research carried out to investigate the dependence of the strength of external insulation on air density is described, with particular reference to positive polarity impulses, generally of major interest for design and testing. New tests were carried out up to an altitude of about 3000 m above sea level, with particular attention to the influence of air density on the strength and on the discharge process. It was found that, for positive switching impulses, the variation of the breakdown voltage with air density is more marked at lower density values. It is noted that this trend is not fully taken into account by current correction methods. A refined correction approach is proposed to account for the above-mentioned aspects, with special attention to high altitudes