热电冷联产与分产能耗比较分析

将热电冷联产与分产能耗比较分解为供热、供电、供冷三种煤耗差进行分析，建立了以分产为基准的三种煤耗差计算公式，探讨了煤耗差随热、冷负荷的变化情况，给出了目前一般情况下联产的节能条件、判据及措施。     

热电冷联产系统节能效益分析

分别以热电冷联产系统的燃料节约量、当量热力系数及热电冷联产系统的供电煤耗作为评价标准,对热电冷联产系统的节能效益进行了分析与研究,并提出了临界供电煤耗概念,作为判断在热电冷联产系统中节能的条件。     

热电冷联产系统节能性分析

为评价热电冷联产与热电联产、冷分产及热电冷分产的节能性，建立了相应的节煤量、当量热力系数、热电冷联产系统供电煤耗3种评价指标的数学模型，并应用于对国产供热式机组的评价，认为热电冷联产系统节能是有条件的，并与评价指标有关，节煤量指标适用于分析热电冷联产系统节能性。     

杭州市区热电联产的发展前景

中叙述了杭州市区热电联产的现状，指出热电联产有利于环保和节约能源，以及天然气在热电（冷）联产中的应用。最后，对发展电联产提出了建议。     

热电冷联产系统节能性的(火用)分析

利用分析的方法,定义了等效发电效率,对常用热电冷联产系统形式的节能性进行了分析。认为相对于全国平均供电煤耗而言,热电冷联产系统的节能是有条件的,应选取合理的方式,优化设计和运行方案;相对于当前有些热电厂夏季负荷不足的情况,热电冷联产是节能的,在不同的情况下节能率在7.8%~39%之间。建议利用现有的热电联产条件,发展热电冷联产系统,提高现有热电厂的设备利用率和运行经济性。     

热电冷联产系统节能性的[火用]分析

利用[火用]分析的方法，定义了等效发电[火用]效率，对常用热电冷联产系统形式的节能性进行了分析。认为相对于全国平均供电煤耗而言，热电冷联产系统的节能是有条件的，应选取合理的方式，优化设计和运行方案；相对于当前有些热电厂夏季负荷不足的情况，热电冷联产是节能的，在不同的情况下节能率在7．8％～39％之间。建议利用现有的热电联产条件，发展热电冷联产系统，提高现有热电厂的设备利用率和运行经济性。     

热电冷联产系统综合节能条件的研究

本文在不同制冷方式耗能分析的基础上，对热电冷联产的综合节能条件进行了探讨。     

杭州市区热电联产的发展前景

文中叙述了杭州市区热电联产的现状,指出热电联产有利于环保和节约能源,以及天然气在热电(冷)联产中的应用。最后,对发展热电联产提出了建议。     

中小型沼气热电冷联产应用的探讨

本文介绍了中小型沼气热电冷联产系统的方式、特点和应用领域,并指出存在的问题及相应的解决方法。对沼气发电及热电冷联产进行了技术经济分析,提出了推动中小型沼气热电冷联产系统发展的一些建议,指明沼气发电及热电冷联产的应用前景。     

我国发展燃气热电冷联产系统的探讨

通过分析我国燃气热电联产系统和燃气热电冷联产系统的的节能性和环保性,指出大型燃气蒸汽联合循环系统比中小型燃气热电冷联产系统更具优势,燃气热电联产系统比燃气冷电联产系统更节能。探讨了中小型燃气热电冷联产系统的适用范围。     

遮阳系数对供暖与空调能耗影响差异的逐时解析

以中国福州为例,从当地逐时气象数据入手,分析了建筑空调负荷及供暖负荷的所有时刻对应的逐时太阳辐射,用特征温度法研究当遮阳系数减小时各时刻建筑的空调与供暖能耗及相对变化(节能率)情况。研究发现,由于冬季有太阳辐射各时刻的供暖能耗相对于无太阳辐射各时刻能耗比例很小,故遮阳措施对供暖总能耗的影响不显著,从而证明DOE-2关于冬季遮阳系数减小对供暖能耗影响的结论值得商榷;由于夏季有太阳辐射各时刻空调能耗远大于无太阳辐射各时刻空调能耗,故遮阳措施对空调总能耗及节能率的影响非常显著,DOP2软件与特征温度法的结果是正确的;通过对福州全年各时刻空调供暖能耗、建筑负荷及节能率进行解析,揭示了看起来很分散的各时刻能耗及节能率差异数据总体上遵循的某种共性规律,供同行参考。     

城市热岛效应对我国不同气候区既有居住建筑采暖空调能耗的影响研究

选取严寒地区、寒冷地区、夏热冬冷地区和夏热冬暖地区的9个城市典型气象年数据为基准,采用TRNSYS对某实际居住建筑的采暖空调能耗进行了模拟计算。结果表明：同一个气候区的居住建筑采暖能耗降低率与热岛强度呈现出良好的线性关系,空调能耗的增加率与热岛强度的线性关系则不明显。夏热冬暖地区,居住建筑仅为空调能耗,受热岛效应影响总能耗增长率约为8.55%/0.5℃;夏热冬冷地区,热岛效应带来的空调能耗增加和采暖能耗降低相差不大,总能耗基本保持不变;严寒和寒冷地区,居住建筑以采暖能耗为主,受热岛效应影响总能耗降低率分别约为1.74%/0.5℃和2.97%/0.5℃。     

Are the energy efficient rates (RVRs) approximate in different climatic locations for the same building with the same reform?

This paper studies the annual heating and cooling energy consumption and the variation law with the tools of characteristic temperature method (CTM) when making the same energy-saving measures on the same building under 43 different climate conditions. It can be found that for the same building, under different climate conditions, the maximal difference in annual energy consumption is up to more than 70 times and after improving building envelope, annual heating and cooling energy reductions are greatly different under various weather conditions, which illustrates that building energy consumption and its reduction is completely dependent on climate conditions; and the energy-saving potentiality and economic value with the same measures are quite different under various climatic conditions. Nevertheless, annual energy efficient rates of cooling are approximate (33.9–39.8%) for the same building with the same energy efficient measures in 43 climate conditions with quite different climatic conditions, and those of heating are also approximate (between 16.2% and 19.5%). This paper proves again the common rule that climate conditions determine energy consumption while energy efficient rates depend on the energy efficient measures.     

夏热冬冷地区办公建筑降低供暖空调能耗的技术路径

以上海地区某办公建筑为例,基于EnergyPlus能耗模拟,探讨了围护结构性能提升和暖通空调系统优化这2条节能技术路径对夏热冬冷地区办公建筑降低供暖空调全年能耗的有效性.结果 表明:围护结构性能提升的节能潜力较小,经济性较差;单纯提高围护结构保温隔热性能并不能保证降低建筑年耗冷量,应综合分析全年供热供冷能耗确定围护结构...     

Are the relative variation rates (RVRs) approximate in different cities with the same increase of shape coefficient?

The influence of the building's shape coefficient on annual heating and cooling energy consumption is significant, therefore, when laying down design standard for building efficiency, each country makes specific limitations to building shape coefficient. This paper takes two types of buildings with great difference of shape coefficient as the study objects and studies the influence rule of the same increase of shape coefficient on the annual cooling and heating energy consumption and its relative variation rates (RVRs) of the two buildings with the same envelope under 14 cities' climatic conditions in China, America and Europe respectively by DOE-2, DeST-h and CTM. It can be found that though the absolute increments of annual cooling and heating needs are obviously different in various cities with the same increase of shape coefficient, the annual relative variation rates (RVRs) of cooling and heating need are approximate in different cities.     

Classified identifications: the annual relative variation rates (RVRs) of energy consumption are approximate in different cities with the same shading coefficient

By research on the variation laws of annual heating and cooling energy consumption and their RVRs with sun-shading coefficient in all the hours with and without solar radiation in three cities (Tampa, Sterling of USA and Fuzhou of China) respectively, we can find that: in winter, the proportion of the heating energy consumption in all the hours with solar radiation in the annual heating needs is very small (less than 15%), the influence of shading measures on the annual total heating energy consumption and its RVRs is not so significant. And thus the predictions of DOE-2 on the effect of shading measures on the annual heating energy consumption deserve further study. However, in summer, the proportion of the cooling needs of each hour with solar radiation in the annual total cooling needs is very large (more than 95%), therefore the influence of shading measures on the annual cooling energy consumption and its RVRs is very great. And hence the predictions of DOE-2 and CTM are both reasonable. By comparative analysis on two representative cities, we can find out that under the same sun-shading coefficient, the annual heating RVRs and the annual cooling RVRs are both approximate in different cities. By further analysis on the distributions of the daily heating and cooling RVRs, the monthly heating and cooling energy consumption and its RVRs in Sterling with different shading measures, we can find out that sun-shading coefficient has a far less impact on the annual heating energy consumption than on the annual cooling needs.     

窗墙比对居住建筑的冷热耗量指标及节能率的影响

以高层公寓式居住建筑为对象,利用特征温度法研究了对建筑采取相同改进措施时窗墙面积比对建筑冷热耗量和能耗相对变化率的影响,并分析了当建筑体形系数不同时,窗墙面积比对全年空调与供暖冷热耗量指标以及采取相同节能措施建筑的全年空调与供暖节能量及节能率的影响。     

Identifications: inevitability of RVRs being approximately the same under different meteorological conditions when taking the same energy-saving measures in the same building

By making comparative research on hourly, daily and monthly energy consumption differences and also on energy conservation rates of heating and cooling when taking the same energy-saving measure in the same building in typical-year meteorological conditions (WDB1) and artificial meteorological conditions (WDB2), we can find from this paper that although the hourly heating and cooling load has great differences when making the same energy efficient measure in the same building under WDB1 and WDB2, the distribution laws of hourly energy efficiency rates (RVRs) of heating and cooling are very similar. It is just the similarity that determines the inevitability of approximation of annual energy conservation rates of heating and cooling. The importance of this paper is that it reveals the common rule of building efficiency. When making the same energy-saving measure on the same type of building in different regions the annual energy consumption and its reduction of the building have a great difference between the regions and the energy conservation rates (RVRs) of the same measures are approximate. After taking some energy-saving measure on the same building in the same place, within the lifetime of the building, however different the local weather conditions over the years are, the energy consumption of different years and the energy reductions of the measure must be different. However, it can be foreseen that the energy conservation rate of any year is approximate after making energy-saving measures on the building. The reason for the above is that although climate changes between years, there is nothing more impractical in artificially modifying meteorological conditions (WDB2), which provides a powerful theoretical basis for every country to lay down design standard for energy efficiency.