3种组合工艺深度处理污水处理厂二级出水的研究

以污水处理厂实际二级出水为研究对象,探讨了混凝沉淀过滤、混凝沉淀-曝气生物滤池和臭氧-生物活性炭3种污水深度处理组合工艺对二级出水中有机物、氮磷和荧光特性的去除效果。结果表明,臭氧-生物活性炭对于COD、UV254和色度的去除效果优于混凝沉淀过滤和混凝沉淀-曝气生物滤池;混凝沉淀-曝气生物滤池对氨氮、亚硝氮的去除更有优势;混凝沉淀过滤对磷的去除效能最高;3种组合工艺对硝氮都没有明显的去除。三维荧光光谱分析结果表明,臭氧能够有效去除腐殖酸类荧光物质。     

预臭氧在臭氧生物活性炭深度处理工艺中的优化和协同作用

预臭氧通常位于净水处理工艺的最前端,其对后续工艺的协同和优化作用值得探讨。通过中试,研究预臭氧在臭氧生物活性炭深度工艺处理太湖水中的作用。试验表明,预臭氧具有助凝效果,但对混凝去除有机物的帮助有限。研究发现,预臭氧可有效提升砂滤去除可生物降解有机物(BDOC)的效果,并与臭氧投加量有密切关系。预臭氧投加量为1.5 mg/L时,常规处理(混凝沉淀-砂滤)去除有机物的效果最好。预臭氧还可促进生物活性炭去除BDOC。在本试验中,最佳的预臭氧投加量对整个深度工艺去除有机物为1.5 mg/L,砂滤起到关键的作用。     

混凝缓解纳滤膜有机污染研究

对3种混凝剂去除水中有机物的性能进行了对比,确定了适用于纳滤预处理的混凝剂种类。研究了混凝剂投加量、沉淀时间对纳滤膜通量衰减的影响,并对纳滤膜有机污染物的亲水性进行分析。研究结果表明较高的混凝剂投加量能提高有机物的去除率,但混凝剂本身会造成纳滤膜污染,引起通量的下降,而沉淀过程不能完全分离水中的微小絮体。研究还表明混凝过程对水中有机物的去除具有选择性,对疏水性有机物的去除率明显高于亲水性有机物。将混凝与活性炭过滤结合能够显著缓解纳滤通量衰减过程。     

美国ICR数据库有机物去除分析及对我国的借鉴作用

我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)对有机物指标的要求,给我国给水处理的运行带来了新的挑战。依照美国第一阶段消毒剂与消毒副产物标准中对有机物指标(TOC)的去除率要求,用美国ICR(Information Collection Rule)数据库分析了常规工艺及增加生物活性炭(BAC)的深度处理工艺对水中有机物的去除。结果表明,常规工艺对有机物的去除效果随原水的TOC增大而变好,随碱度增大而变差;对于水中有机物的去除,常规工艺的去除率中位数为32%,BAC的深度处理工艺中位数为40%。混凝和BAC工艺弥补了各自的不足,尤其是当原水碱度较高TOC较低,在混凝工艺后增加BAC工艺可以更好地去除水中的有机物。     

微污染水库水超滤膜处理工艺的试验研究

利用PVC合金超滤膜中试装置与不同预处理组合成"混凝-超滤"、"混凝-沉淀-超滤"和"混凝-气浮-超滤"3种工艺处理微污染水库水,研究其净水效果及跨膜压差变化规律。结果表明:3种组合工艺的浊度去除率均在99%以上;镜检出水细菌、藻类含量基本接近零;对CODMn、UV254的去除效果顺序为:"混凝-气浮-超滤""混凝-沉淀-超滤""混凝-超滤";红外光谱分析结果显示,亲水性有机物是引起膜污染的主要物质;低温低浊期,跨膜压差随着产水时间变化趋势线的斜率为0.016 4、跨膜压差平均值为23.57 k Pa;高温高藻期斜率为0.043 2、跨膜压差平均值为21.28k Pa。     

淮安北京路净水厂MIEX树脂处理系统应用研究

淮安北京路净水厂采用高锰酸钾预氧化、MIEX树脂处理、混凝沉淀组合工艺制水,对不同单元出水进行检测的结果表明,组合工艺对浊度去除率为95.4%,但MIEX树脂系统本身不能去除浊度;组合工艺能够有效地去除水中UV254、DOC、CODMn,MIEX树脂系统对进水中UV254、DOC、CODMn的去除率分别为50.9%、35.1%、19.8%;组合工艺对THMFP、HAAFP总体去除率分别为44.2%、65.6%,主要通过MIEX树脂去除;水中Cl-经过MIEX树脂处理后有较大程度增加,SO42-可得到部分去除,NO-3含量几乎不变;净水厂MIEX树脂运行成本实际约为0.199元/m3。     

高锰酸盐-聚丙烯酰胺联用强化混凝处理太湖支流原水研究

太湖B支流地表水受水土流失、水体富营养化和环境污染等因素影响,水体污染严重,水中有机物浓度和藻密度相对较高。常规的"混凝—沉淀—砂滤—加氯消毒"处理工艺难以有效地去除水中有机物、铁锰、藻类等物质。采用高锰酸盐(PPC)-聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)联用强化混凝工艺对原水进行处理。高锰酸盐投量在0.45 mg/L和聚丙烯酰胺投量在0.07 mg/L条件下联用强化混凝的静态试验结果表明:PPC-PAM联用强化混凝对浊度、色度、铁、锰和耗氧量的平均去除率为90%、73%、92%、99%和38%。PPC在0.3～0.5 mg/L投量和PAM在0.05～0.10 mg/L投量下联用强化混凝生产试验的出厂水浊度、色度、铁、锰等指标,均比历史同期水平要好。     

多晶硅生产废水处理系统的运行调试研究

针对无锡某多晶硅生产企业生产废水的特点,对不同水质废水分流处理。酸性、碱性废水分别经过混凝、沉淀工艺,去除水中的氟化物和SS。酸水处理利用工业废弃物,达到以废治废的目的。混合废水进入高效浅层气浮池,进一步去除SS和部分COD;之后进入水解酸化池,提高废水的可生化性;经过水解酸化后的水进入接触氧化池,利用好氧微生物去除大部分的有机物;最后经塔式生物滤池,提高出水水质。经过上述工艺处理,该厂的生产废水可达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)三级排放标准,且处理效果好、运行稳定、耐冲击负荷、经济效益高。     

河北应急水源的预臭氧化工艺研究

南水北调的应急工程是从河北四水库调水进京,四水库水源水质与密云水库水质相差较大.为了保证河北水进京后水厂工艺运行的稳定性,根据水厂现行工艺(混凝-沉淀-煤砂过滤-活性炭过滤)增加预臭氧在河北黄壁庄水库进行适应性研究.试验结果表明:在投加臭氧1.5～2.6 mg/L后炭出水基本无味;试验条件为:臭氧浓度0.4 mg/L,接触时间8 min时,预臭氧能够将剑水蚤杀死去除;预臭氧后系统对有机物去除效果较好,且沉后藻类去除率达到80%以上,煤滤池出水藻类低于2万个/L;中试系统煤滤池出水和炭滤池出水溴酸盐浓度均小于5 μg/L,因此臭氧氧化后不存在溴酸盐副产物超标的风险.同时,建议在河北水进京前测定水中MIB浓度,适时调整臭氧投加量,在有必要的情况下考虑增加粉末活性炭预吸附.     

臭氧组合工艺深度处理酒精废水

研究了混凝-O3、O3-混凝、混凝-H2O2-O3等臭氧组合工艺对某酒精废水的深度处理效果.结果表明:混凝-O3工艺中臭氧的加入同样可以达到单独混凝所达到的出水效果,处理效率高,减少了混凝剂的投加量,从而减少了产泥量;O3-混凝工艺的试验表明,臭氧对混凝存在促进作用,在相同混凝剂和臭氧投加量的条件下,O3-混凝工艺对有机物的去除效果好于混凝-O3工艺;混凝-H2O2-O3工艺中,H2O2的加入提高了臭氧对CODCr的去除效果,H2O2的投加量存在最优值,在本试验中一次性投加H2O2 165 mg/L时CODCr去除率最高,达75%,比未投加H2O2时对CODCr的去除率提高了45%.H2O2分次投加比一次性投加对CODCr的去除率高,同时,随着臭氧投加量的增加,分次投加与一次性投加对CODCr的去除率差距变小.     

A case study of dissolved air flotation for seasonal high turbidity water in Korea.

A DAF (Dissolved-Air-Flotation) process has been designed considering raw water quality characteristics in Korea. Although direct filtration is usually operated, DAF is operated when freshwater algae blooms occur or raw water turbidity becomes high. Pre-sedimentation is operated in case when the raw water turbidity is very high due to rainstorms. A main feature of this plant is that the operation mode can be changed (controlled) based on the characteristics of the raw water to optimize the effluent quality and the operation costs. Treatment capacity (surface loading rate) and efficiency of DAF was found to be better than the conventional sedimentation process. Moreover, low-density particles (algae and alum flocs) are easily separated while the removal of them by sedimentation is more difficult. One of the main concerns for DAF operation is a high raw water turbidity. DAF is not adequate for raw water, which is more turbid than 100 NTU. In order to avoid this problem, pre-sedimentation basins are installed in the DAF plant to decrease the turbidity of the DAF inflow. For simulation of the actual operation, bench and full-scale tests were performed for highly turbid water conditions. Consequently, it is suggested that pre-sedimentation with optimum coagulation prior to DAF is the appropriate treatment scheme.     

沉淀与气浮工艺单元处理太湖原水效果比较

针对典型的太湖湖泊水源水,通过中试对比混凝沉淀和混凝气浮两种工艺对太湖原水的处理效果。试验表明,气浮工艺单元对低温低浊水的浊度、UV254的去除率分别比沉淀工艺平均高14.94个百分点、7.51个百分点,对高温高藻水则平均高出5.77个百分点、5.62个百分点。气浮工艺较沉淀工艺能更好地去除藻类和藻毒素。对于CODMn、DOC、土臭素(GSM)、二甲基异冰片(MIB)的去除效果,气浮工艺单元略高于斜管沉淀。气浮工艺单元对各粒径等级的颗粒物去除率基本在90%以上。     

Performance of ultrafiltration membrane process combined with coagulation/sedimentation.

Effects of coagulation/sedimentation as a pre-treatment on the dead-end ultrafiltration (UF) membrane process were studied in terms of membrane fouling and removal efficiency of natural dissolved organic matter, using Chitose River water. Two types of experiment were carried out. One was a bench scale membrane filtration with jar-test and the other was membrane filtration pilot plant combined with the Jet Mixed Separator (JMS) as a pre-coagulation/sedimentation unit. In the bench scale experiment, the effects of coagulant dosage, pH and membrane operating pressure on the membrane fouling and removal efficiency of natural dissolved organic matter were investigated. In the pilot plant experiment, we also investigated the effect of pre-coagulation/sedimentation on the membrane fouling and the removal efficiency of natural dissolved organic matter. Coagulation/sedimentation prior to membrane filtration process controlled the membrane fouling and increased the removal efficiency of natural dissolved organic matter.     

不同有机物组分对膜污染影响的中试研究

采用粉末活性炭、混凝沉淀和超滤膜联用的技术对某低浊湖水进行中试研究。试验结果表明,采用的超滤膜及其工艺系统不仅能有效地去除浊度及悬浮颗粒,还可将CODMn由4.17mg/L降至3mg/L以下。试验将有机物分离为强疏水、弱疏水、极性亲水和中性亲水四种组分,研究不同组分对膜污染的影响。试验结果显示,预处理和超滤膜能有效去除疏水性和极性亲水性有机物,但对中性亲水性有机物的去除效果较差。反冲洗能有效清除累积在膜内的疏水性和极性亲水性有机物,但难以清洗中性亲水性组分。药剂清洗可有效去除中性亲水性有机物。疏水组分造成膜的可逆污染,而中性亲水组分导致膜的不可逆污染。三维荧光分析表明,造成不可逆污染的有机物主要在Ex238/Em345区域响应。     

Influence of type and dose of coagulants on effectiveness of PAH removal in coagulation water treatment

This study evaluated the influence of the type and dose of coagulants on the removal of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the coagulation process. The effects of coagulant type and dose in reducing water turbidity, colour, and the total content of organic compounds were also assessed. The surface water samples had the turbidity of 9.3–11.2 NTU and colour of 25–35 mg/L. The content of organic compounds determined with total organic carbon (TOC) was 9.2–12.5 mg/L. For the coagulation process, pre-hydrolyzed polyaluminium chloride (PACl) coagulants with basicity values of 41%, 65%, and 85% were used. This shows that water purification performance increased as the basicity of the coagulant increased. When the coagulant with the highest basicity and a dose of 3 mg Al per litre was used, a removal efficiency of 83% in the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene was achieved, and efficiencies for the remaining 15 PAHs ranged from 80% to 91%. These values were 4%–9% higher than those achieved using other coagulants. The removal efficiencies of turbidity, colour, and TOC were 80%, 60%, and 35%, respectively. The water purification performance, including PAH removal, was improved with the increased coagulant dose. Increasing the coagulant dose had more pronounced effects on PAH removal than on the reduction of turbidity and TOC.     

低温低浊水混凝沉淀处理研究

研究快速搅拌强度(GR)、快速搅拌时间、缓速搅拌时间以及pH等因素对低温低浊水混 凝沉淀效果的影响。研究结果表明,当混凝剂投加量一定时,选择合适的混凝条件,沉后水浊度、沉 后水中混凝剂残余量及过滤阻抗系数STI将有较大改善。并且伴随快速搅拌强度的增大,与沉后水 浊度相比,混凝剂残余量及过滤阻抗系数改善更加显著。     

Roughing filtration as an effective pre-treatment system for high turbidity water

Effective water treatment is the prime goal of every water treatment facility. Chakwal Water Treatment Plant in Pakistan has been treating high-turbidity surface water through crude coagulation, sedimentation and slow sand filtration since the early 1980s. The process has always been tedious in terms of high coagulant dosage, large volumes of sludge and short filter runs especially after wet spells. A laboratory-scale study was conducted to see if roughing filtration, as the pre-treatment process, would help in reducing coagulant dose and sludge volume and improving effluent quality. Results indicated that up-flow rouging filtration with media grades decreasing in the direction of flow could reduce wet weather raw water turbidity (by more than 90%) and coagulant dose. Overall, the plant could save over US $54,000 annually in terms of coagulant cost only. Longer filter runs, improved product water quality leading to lower chlorine dose requirement, would be additional benefits.     

强化混凝技术处理南淝河污染水的效果

选用聚合氯化铁(PFC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)作为混凝剂;选用阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)、阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺(APAM)和非离子型聚丙烯酰胺(NPAM)作为助凝剂,通过室内试验对比研究强化混凝技术中多种混凝剂单用及其和助凝剂联用对南淝河污染水的除浊和去污效果,并用于南淝河现场构建的混凝沉淀系统。结果表明,4种混凝剂单用时,PAFC对浊度、TP去除效果最优,对CODMn有良好的去除效果,且不影响原水的p H值,而PFC和PFS单用时可明显降低原水p H值,4种混凝剂单用时对TN均没有明显去除效果;PAFC与CPAM联用时对浊度的去除效果最佳,明显优于PAFC与APAM和NPAM联用和PAFC单用的效果;混凝剂与CPAM联用提高了其除浊和去除TP的能力,但不能明显改善其去除CODMn的效果,对原水p H和TN的影响与单用时相同。选取"PAFC+CPAM"作为南淝河示范工程的混凝剂和助凝剂,现场混凝沉淀出水水质稳定,浊度和TP的去除效果较好,去除率分别达到90%和80%,对CODMn的去除率约为52%,而对TN的去除效果有限,去除率约为22.4%。     

城市小区雨水径流投加细砂强化混凝沉淀优化条件研究

城市小区雨水径流水质的污染主要为有机污染和悬浮固体污染,且污染物的可生化性差,采用投加混凝剂同时加细砂的强化混凝沉淀实验,确定了小区径流混凝沉淀处理最适宜的混凝剂种类、最佳的混凝反应运行条件及最优的药剂和细砂投加量.实验表明:在混凝沉淀过程中投加细砂,不仅能提高混凝沉淀效果,而且能提高沉淀速度.小区径流强化混凝沉淀的浊度去除率达99.7％,COD去除率达92.6％,处理水的浊度1.66 NTU,COD 35mg/L两主要指标均优于杂用水水质标准.因此,投加细料的混凝沉淀是小区雨水径流处理利用及污染控制最简便易行且有效的处理方法.     

强化混凝超滤组合工艺对有机污染物去除效能的研究

为了进一步提高水质处理效果,采用强化混凝超滤的组合工艺对湖水进行处理,考察该组合工艺对有机物的去除效能,及影响有机物去除效能的因素。试验结果表明:①强化混凝超滤组合工艺对原水浊度的去除效果较好,对TOC和UV254的去除效果也明显优于传统水处理工艺;②原水中UV254含量的波动,对UV254的去除率和滤后水UV254含量影响并不大。原水中TOC含量的波动,对TOC的去除率有很大的影响,对滤后水TOC含量的影响并不大。TOC的去除率普遍高于UV254的去除率;③根据原水和滤后水SUVA值的变化发现,强化混凝超滤组合工艺对亲水性有机物的去除率大于该工艺对疏水性有机物的去除率。在一定范围内,pH的变化对TOC和UV254去除率变化趋势相反。