Simulation study on function mechanism of some precipitates in localized corrosion of Al alloys

The function mechanism of different types of aging precipitates in localized corrosion of Al alloys was studied. The function mechanism of the precipitates of θ (Al₂Cu) and η (MgZn₂) is validated. The precipitate of θ containing noble element Cu is cathodic to the alloy base, resulting in the anodic dissolution and corrosion of the alloy base at its adjacent periphery. The precipitate of η containing active element Mg is anodic to the alloy base, anodic dissolution and corrosion occur on its surface. Meanwhile, a localized corrosion mechanism conversion associated with the precipitate of T1 (Al₂CuLi) is advanced, which contains noble element Cu and active element Li simultaneously. The precipitate of T1 is anodic to the alloy base and corrosion occurs on its surface at the beginning. However, during its corrosion process, the preferential dissolution of Li and the enrichment of noble element Cu make its potential move to a positive direction. As a result, the corroded T1 precipitate becomes cathodic to the alloy base at a later stage, leading to the anodic dissolution and corrosion of the alloy base at its adjacent periphery.     

Localized corrosion mechanism associated with precipitates containing Mg in Al alloys

To clarify the localized corrosion mechanism associated with precipitates containing Mg in Al alloys, the simulated bulk precipitates of S and β were synthesized through melting and casting. Their electrochemical behaviors and coupling behaviors with α（Al） in NaCl solution were measured. Meanwhile, simulated Al alloys containing S and β particles were prepared and their corrosion morphologies were observed. It＇s found that there exist two kinds of corrosion mechanisms associated with precipitates containing Mg. The precipitate of β is anodic to the alloy base, resulting in its anodic dissolution and corrosion during the whole corrosion process. While, there exists a corrosion conversion mechanism associated with the S precipitate, which contains active element Mg and noble element Cu simultaneously. At an initial stage, S is anodic to the alloy matrix at its periphery and the corrosion occurs on its surface. However, during its corrosion process, Mg is preferentially dissolved and noble Cu is enriched in the remnants. This makes S become cathodic to a（Al） and leads to anodic dissolution and corrosion on the alloy base at its periphery at a later stage.     

Al-Mg-Si合金中Mg_2Si和Si粒子在晶间腐蚀过程中的作用机理

研究Al-Mg-Si合金晶界组成相（Al-Mg2Si及Al-Mg2Si-Si）间的电化学行为和动态电化学耦合行为,提出Al-Mg-Si合金的晶间腐蚀机理。研究表明,晶界Si的电位比其边缘Al基体的正,在整个腐蚀过程中作为阴极导致其边缘Al基体的阳极溶解;晶界Mg2Si的电位比其边缘Al基体的负,在腐蚀初期作为阳极发生阳极溶解,然而由于Mg2Si中活性较高的元素Mg的优先溶解,不活泼元素Si的富集,致使Mg2Si电位正移,甚至与其边缘Al基体发生极性转换,导致其边缘Al基体的阳极溶解。当n（Mg）/n（Si）〈1.73时,随着腐蚀的进行,合金晶界同时会有Mg2Si析出相和Si粒子,腐蚀首先萌生于Mg2Si相和Si边缘的无沉淀带,而后,Si粒子一方面导致其边缘无沉淀带严重的阳极溶解,另一方面加速Mg2Si和晶界无沉淀带的极性转换,从而促使腐蚀沿晶界Si粒子及Mg2Si粒子边缘向无沉淀带发展。     

Mg_2Si及Si粒子在Al-Mg-Si合金晶间腐蚀中协同作用机理的多电极偶合研究

通过测定Al-Mg-Si合金晶界各组成相的极化曲线及不同Mg/Si比Al-Mg-Si合金晶界组成相(AlMg_2Si及Al-Mg_2Si-Si)间的动态电化学偶合行为,研究了不同Mg/Si比Al-Mg-Si合金的晶间腐蚀机理。研究表明,晶界Si电位比其边缘Al基体正,在整个腐蚀过程中作为阴极导致其边缘Al基体的阳极溶解。晶界Mg_2Si电位比其边缘Al基体负,在腐蚀初期将作为阳极而发生阳极溶解;由于Mg_2Si中活性较高元素Mg的优先溶解,不活泼元素Si富集,致使Mg_2Si电位正移,甚至与其边缘Al基体发生极性转换,导致其边缘Al基体的阳极溶解。Mg/Si1.73的Al-Mg-Si合金晶界只存在不连续分布的含Mg、Si的析出相,不能在晶界形成连续腐蚀通道,合金不表现出晶间腐蚀敏感性。Mg/Si1.73的Al-Mg-Si合金晶界同时析出含Mg、Si析出相和Si粒子;腐蚀首先萌生于Mg_2Si相;而后,Si粒子一方面导致其边缘无沉淀带严重的阳极溶解,另一方面通过加速Mg_2Si和晶界无沉淀带的极性转换,协同促进了Mg_2Si边缘无沉淀带的阳极溶解,即腐蚀沿晶界Si粒子及Mg_2Si粒子边缘的无沉淀带发展。Si粒子促进了腐蚀的发展,导致合金表现出严重的晶间腐蚀敏感性。     

Study on localized corrosion mechanism of 2195 Al‐Li alloy in 4.0% NaCl solution (pH 6.5) using a three‐electrode coupling system

Localized corrosion morphologies of 2195 Al‐Li alloy with various heat treatment in 4.0% NaCl solution (pH 6.5) were investigated, and its corrosion mechanism was studied using a three‐electrode coupling system of α (Al) substituting for the precipitate‐free zone (PFZ), simulated bulk θ′ (Al₂Cu) and T1 (Al₂CuLi). θ′ acts as cathodic zone in the alloy. At the initial stage, T1 phase is active with respect to θ′ and α (Al), and endures the main anodic current, indicating that anodic dissolution occurs on T1. However, its potential moves to positive direction with immersion time, due to dealloying of Li from T1. As a result, the main anodic dissolution occurs on α (Al) at a later stage. At this stage, as only T1 and α (Al) are coupled, T1 is cathodic to α (Al). In real 2195 alloy, T1 phase is very tiny, and anodic dissolution of T1 and PFZ occurs alternately. These results show that its intergranular corrosion or intersubgranular corrosion is caused by alternate anodic dissolution of T1 phase and PFZ along grain and subgrain boundaries.     

Effect of galvanic corrosion between precipitate and matrix on corrosion behavior of As-cast magnesium-aluminum alloys

In the present study, the corrosion behavior of an as-cast magnesium alloy was studies focusing on the galvanic corrosion between a precipitate and Mg-rich matrix. Through immersion and electrochemical tests, the variation of the corrosion behavior with the alloy composition and alloy system was discussed in detail. The corrosion rate of an as-cast alloy increased abruptly to 9 wt.% Al in both alloys, but in the composition range of over 12 wt.% Al, the corrosion rate reveals a different tendency than the alloy system. The β-phase that is a typical precipitate in an Mg-xAl alloy is a more potent cathodic phase than is the ternary precipitate in a Mg-xAl-LZn alloy. In the case of the Mg-xAl alloy, the formation of a galvanic cell between the precipitate and matrix promotes the preferred dissolution of the matrix, but the precipitate in the Mg-xAl-lZn alloy has a minor effect on the corrosion behavior of the Mg-rich matrix. However, the corrosion rate of as-cast Mg-xAl and Mg-xAl-lZn alloys which contain precipitate, depends mainly upon the corrosion behavior of the Mg-rich matrix, which is influenced by the Al content. It depends additionally upon the variation of the Anode-Cathode Area Ratio (ACAR) and the chunk breakage of precipitate during corrosion.     

峰时效AA2090及AA8090铝-锂合金晶间腐蚀与剥蚀性能

研究了峰时效AA2090及AA8090 Al-Li合金的晶间腐蚀与剥蚀敏感性．结果表明，AA2090合金峰时效时晶内析出大量T1相．晶内T1相的优先溶解导致晶间腐蚀的电化学动力较低，合金晶间腐蚀程度较弱；而AA8090合金峰时效时由于T2相在晶界呈粗链状析出，其阳极溶解导致严重的晶问腐蚀．由于晶问腐蚀敏感性的差异，AA8090合金的剥蚀敏感性较大，而AA2090合金则出现只呈小薄片状的轻微剥蚀。     

Exfoliation corrosion of 7150 Al alloy with various tempers and its electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in EXCO solution

The exfoliation corrosion susceptibility and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of 7150 Al alloys with T6, T73, and RRA (retrogression at 175 °C for 3 h) tempers in EXCO solution were investigated. The anodic equilibrium precipitate η(MgZn₂) is continuous or closely spaced at the grain boundaries in the 7150‐T6 Al alloy, resulting in its greatest susceptibility to exfoliation corrosion. The grain boundary η precipitates in the RRA and T73 treated 7150 Al alloys are coarsened and show a clear discontinuous nature; they possess similar exfoliation corrosion sensitivity and their exfoliation corrosion resistance is greatly increased. At the beginning of immersion in EXCO solution, the EIS plot of the 7150 Al alloys is composed of a capacitive arc in the high to medium frequency range and an inductive component in the medium to low frequency range. As immersion time is increased, exfoliation corrosion with different corrosion ratings occurs on the surface of the 7150 Al alloy with various tempers, two capacitive arcs appear in the high to medium and medium to low frequency ranges, respectively. The fitted medium to low frequency capacitance C₂ of 7150‐T6 Al alloy, corresponding to the new surface caused by the exfoliation corrosion, is much greater than that of the T73 and RRA treated 7150 Al alloy, which is consistent with the greatest exfoliation corrosion susceptibility of the 7150‐T6 Al alloy.     

Exfoliation corrosion and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of an Al‐Li alloy in EXCO solution

The exfoliation corrosion and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of an Al‐2.8%Cu‐1.5%Li‐0.3%Mg‐0.3%Zn‐0.3%Mn‐0.15%Zr alloy with various aging states in EXCO solution were investigated. The equilibrium precipitates at grain boundaries are anodic to the alloy base at their adjacent periphery. With prolonging aging time, the amount and the size of the equilibrium precipitates at grain boundaries are increased, resulting in an enhanced susceptibility to exfoliation corrosion. At the beginning of immersion in EXCO solution, the EIS plot of the alloys is composed of a capacitive arc in the high frequency range and an inductive loop in the low frequency range. As immersion time is increased, two capacitive arcs appear in the high‐mediate and mediate‐low frequency ranges respectively and the appearance time of two capacitive arcs could be an indication of the speed of localized corrosion development in EXCO solution. The longer appearance time of two capacitive arcs of the under‐aged alloy indicates its slower localized corrosion development.     

模拟偏析相Al2Zn在3%NaCl溶液中的电化学行为

根据Al-Zn-In合金中偏析相Al2Zn的元素组成熔炼出模拟偏析相合金,测试了模拟偏析相合金和Al-Zn-In合金的自腐蚀电位、极化曲线和交流阻抗谱.结果表明:相对于Al-Zn-In合金,模拟偏析相Al2Zn自腐蚀速率小,自腐蚀电位负,呈现阳极性;Al-Zn-In合金中的偏析相Al2Zn与合金基体构成微区电偶腐蚀,受到阳极极化优先溶解,引起阳极电流效率的损失.     

ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY DURING CORROSION PROCESS OF 8090 Al-Li ALLOY IN EXCO SOLUTION

1.IntroductionAl-Li alloys, compared to traditional Al alloys, have more excellent properties, such as lower density, greater elastic modulus and higher specific strength[1,2]. In the near future, they would be widely applied to airplane structures. While, exfoliation, a main kind of localized corrosion, lowers their strength, plasticity and fatigue properties, and also decreases their service life[3, 4]. So investigating their exfoliation would be very important to their application.Usua…     

Al含量和烧结温度对Ti_(50)Ni_(50)与Ti_(47)Ni_(47)Al_6合金耐蚀性的影响

采用粉末冶金方法制备了Ti_(50)Ni_(50)与Ti_(47)Ni_(47)Al_6合金,通过极化曲线、配备能谱分析的扫描电镜测试手段研究了Al含量和烧结温度对烧结合金耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:1080℃烧结Ti_(50)Ni_(50)合金表现为钝化特征,蚀孔尺寸较小,弥散分布;Al含量为6%时,合金表现为活性溶解,蚀孔尺寸及腐蚀区域面积显著增加,耐蚀性降低;烧结温度提高至1180℃时,合金重新表现为钝化,蚀孔尺寸及腐蚀区域面积显著减小,耐蚀性最佳。     

The corrosion behavior of Cu–Al and Cu–Al–Be shape-memory alloys in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution

The corrosion behavior of Cu–Al and Cu–Al–Be (0.55–1.0 wt%) shape-memory alloys in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution at 25 °C was studied by means of anodic polarization, cyclic voltammetry, and alternative current impedance measurements. The results of anodic polarization test show that anodic dissolution rates of alloys decreased slightly with increasing the concentrations of aluminum or beryllium. Severe intergranular corrosion of Cu–Al alloy was observed after alternative current impedance measurement performed at the anodic potential of 0.6 V. However, the addition of a small amount of beryllium was effective to prevent the intergranular corrosion. The effect of beryllium addition on the prevention of intergranular corrosion is possibly attributed to the diffusion of beryllium atoms into grain boundaries, which in turn deactivates the grain boundaries.     

8090Al-Li合金晶间腐蚀与剥落腐蚀性能研究

本文研究了8090Al—Li合金的点蚀、晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀性能,探讨了热处理制度对耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:Al-2.79Li-1.3Cu-0.7Mg-0.12Zr合金自然时效态抗晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀性能最佳,峰时效状态耐腐蚀性能最差,欠时效比过时效略好。显微组织观察表明合金的耐蚀性能与显微组织密切相关,峰时效条件下,粗大T_2相连续分布于晶界上,它的电位比基体电位低因此晶界构成阳极通道,从而使合金耐蚀性能恶化。     

Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Alloy AP65 in 3.5% Sodium Chloride Solution

Magnesium alloy AP65 was prepared by melting and casting. The corrosion behavior of the as-cast and solid solution (T4)-treated AP65 alloys in 3.5% sodium chloride solution was investigated by corrosion morphology observation, immersion test, and electrochemical measurements. The results show that the second phase Mg₁₇Al₁₂ surrounded by a lead-enriched area distributes discontinuously along the grain boundaries in the as-cast AP65 alloy. The lead-enriched areas with high activity are susceptible to be attacked during immersion test and can act as places for preferential anodic dissolution. The corrosion resistance of the as-cast AP65 alloy can be improved after T4 treatment and the T4-treated alloy suffers general corrosion.     

Effect of an Mg-rich matrix on the corrosion behavior of As-cast magnesium-aluminum alloys

In the present study, the corrosion behavior of as-cast Mg-Al and Mg-Al-Zn alloys was studied as a function of the Al content in the matrix. Corrosion properties such as the corrosion rate, corrosion potential, and repassivation tendency were estimated through immersion and electrochemical tests. The corrosion potential and corrosion rate of a solutionized alloy depend mainly on the Al content of the as-cast alloy. The variation of Al content in the Mg-rich matrix influences the stability of the passive film and the repassivation tendency, i.e., as the Al content of the matrix increases, the repassivation tendency of the surface protective film after its breakage deteriorates. Also, it was proven that the enhancement of corrosion resistance by heat treatment, as in T6, is due to the decrease of solute concentration in the matrix, in addition to the effect of the precipitate, which plays the role of a barrier against corrosion.     

Electrochemical behavior of Ni3Al-based intermetallic alloys in NaOH

The corrosion behavior of Ni₃Al-based intermetallic alloys in a 0.5 M NaOH solution was studied at 25 °C. The open circuit potential, cathodic and anodic potentiodynamic polarization, Tafel plots and linear polarization resistance measurements were used to characterize the corrosion behavior. For the Ni₃Al(B, Zr) alloy, potentiodynamic polarization curves showed a wide passive region that can be found between about ?0.220 V_SCE and 0.520 V_SCE. On the other hand, a narrow passive region, in the range of potentials from about ?0.180 V_SCE to 0.180 V_SCE, was observed for the Ni₃Al(B, Zr, Cr, Mo) alloy. Chromium, as an alloying element in the Ni₃Al(B, Zr, Cr, Mo) alloy, contributes to transpassive dissolution of the passive film at much lower anodic potentials and remarkably reduces the passivation region. The experiments indicated also that damaged passive films on alloys repairs itself and pits do not initiate. The surface of both alloys and passive films possess extremely high corrosion resistance in a studied solution. However, Tafel and linear polarization tests revealed that freshly exposed surfaces of the Ni₃Al(B, Zr) alloy exhibited better corrosion resistances than the Ni₃Al(B, Zr, Cr, Mo) alloy. Both methods, used for the determination of corrosion rates gave very similar results. The calculated corrosion rates are about 2.8 ·10^?3 and 6.0·10^?3 mm year^?1 for the Ni₃Al(B, Zr) alloy and B, respectively.     

IncoMAPAl—9052合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀行为

采用双悬臂梁试样,实验研究了IncoMAP Al-9052合金在3.5％NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为。结果表明该种合金的裂纹扩展机制有别于常规的铝合金。其初期阶段的裂纹扩展过程可划分为三个阶段,在每一阶段的裂纹扩展机制可能是不同的,但其裂纹扩展的主要机制为氢脆。     

铝锂合金组织、性能及成形工艺的研究现状与展望

铝锂合金具有较高的比强度、比刚度以及优良的抗腐蚀性能和抗疲劳性能,在航空、航天、航海等关键领域备受关注.铝锂合金在美、俄等国已经被研究并应用了数十年,我国也通过多个科技攻关项目,在铝锂合金的研发、生产与应用方面取得了长足进展,但与发达国家相比尚有一定差距.本文从国内外铝锂合金的发展历程出发,深入探讨了铝锂合金的合金化思...     

时效制度对含钪超高强铝合金晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀的影响

通过晶间腐蚀、剥落腐蚀和电化学腐蚀试验,结合扫描电镜和透射电镜等分析手段,研究了含钪Al-Mg-Zn-Cu-Zr合金在不同时效状态下的的晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀行为。结果表明,合金抗晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀能力随着时效时间的延长而提高,在4.0mol/L NaCl+0.1mol/L HNO3+0.4mol/L KNO3(EXCO)溶液中测试的极化曲线也表现出相同的趋势。透射电镜观察表明,晶界析出相和晶界无沉淀析出带(PFZ)是影响合金腐蚀性能的主要因素。随着时效时间的延长,非平衡相η′和S′相逐渐向平衡相η和S相转变,晶界析出相粗化并呈链状分布,PFZ变宽。晶界粗大平衡相的不均匀分布和PFZ阻断了腐蚀的阳极通道,使合金的腐蚀敏感性降低。