真空碳热还原制备Mg-Li合金热力学分析

提出了真空碳热还原制备Mg-Li合金的新思路,并对还原反应进行了热力学分析,研究了还原反应的反应式、吉布斯自由能及临界还原温度。结果表明:真空碳热还原制备Mg-Li合金具备热力学可行性,且其吉布斯自由能随真空度和反应温度的升高而降低;相同真空度下,该反应的临界反应温度低于真空碳热还原制备金属Mg、金属Li的临界温度,反应更容易进行;当真空度为10 Pa,Li_2O的相对比例为0.1时,真空碳热还原制备Mg-Li合金的临界反应温度为1345 K;在常规皮江法(真空硅热还原法)制镁的反应条件下,不论反应物料中Mg O、Li_2O相对比例为多少,真空碳热还原制备Mg-Li合金均具有热力学可行性。     

真空硅热法炼锶的热力学分析与实验

采用热力学方法计算并分析真空硅热法炼锶的反应自由能和临界还原温度.结果表明,造渣反应和真空工艺可有效降低反应自由能,并可将反应临界温度由标准状态下的2 876 K降低到1 100 K以下.通过真空硅热法炼锶实验获得纯度(质量分数)为98.53%的金属锶,锶的收得率为55%.经XRD技术分析,反应后残留渣团的主要成分为2SrO·SiO2,并掺有少量的SrO·SiO2.     

真空下碳热还原氧化铝的热力学

对真空条件下碳热还原氧化铝进行热力学研究.结果表明:在1 643～1 843 K的温度范围内,真空碳热还原氧化铝生成气体产物,该气体在温度降低时发生二次反应形成冷凝物,反应过程中体系压力保持在5～150 Pa.热力学分析表明:当体系压力为1～100 Pa时,在1 200～1 900 K的温度范围内,碳热还原氧化铝生成Al2O、Al和CO;生成Al2O的初始反应温度低于生成Al的初始反应温度,但反应温度高于一定值时,更易生成Al气体,该温度取决于体系的压力;当CO的分压分别为1、10和100 Pa时,Al2O稳定存在的温度分别高于1 462、1 560和1 674K,Al气体稳定存在的温度分别高于1 514、1635和1 777K.     

真空下碳热还原氧化铝的二次反应

通过热力学分析和实验研究了真空条件下碳热还原氧化铝的二次反应.热力学分析表明:低温、高压有利于碳热还原氧化铝的产物Al2O、Al与CO的二次反应.分别绘制了Al2O和Al在一定分压下,与CO的二次反应平衡曲线图,给出了各二次反应的CO平衡分压与温度的关系,根据CO的分压和温度、利用二次反应平衡曲线图分析二次反应的产物.氧化铝与石墨的真空碳热还原实验研究证实:Al2O与CO降低温度首先生成Al4O4C和C,Al与CO降低温度首先生成Al4O4C和Al4C3,符合根据二次反应平衡曲线图分析得到的结论,说明二次反应平衡曲线图的合理性.     

Al2O3/Cu复合材料制备中的Cu2O-Al体系化学反应

对Cu2O与Al进行热力学分析后将其粉末压制成块,测试了不同温度下反应的热分析曲线,并对反应后的试样进行X射线衍射分析.结果表明Cu2O-Al体系化学反应包括3个阶段,即第1阶段体系温度T＜910 K,有少量Al2O3和Cu生成;第2阶段体系温度为910 K≤T＜1103 K,Cu2O-Al体系未发生化学反应;第3阶段体系温度为1103 K≤T≤1373 K,Cu2O-Al体系发生化学反应,其产物为Cu、Al2O3及CuAlO2.     

碳化钙热法炼镁试验研究

对以碳化钙为还原剂真空还原氧化镁作了热力学分析,计算出真空条件下还原反应的自由能和还原反应临界温度.并将白云石煅烧后与碳化钙混和制团,进行还原炼镁试验.结果表明,在1150℃左右和1Pa～2Pa真空条件下,可以获得80%以上的镁还原率,而同等条件下以硅铁还原剂获得的镁还原率不到70%.     

铝热还原制备高钛铁的热力学和动力学

对金红石、钛铁矿、铝粉体系热力学进行了计算.结果表明:以Al、Ca、Mg、Ba、Li、Na等金属做还原剂是可行的,标态下反应的吉布斯自由能变化都很负,可以选用这些金属的合金作为复合还原剂.DSC动力学分析结果表明:Al还原TiO2、Fe2O3在1 000 ℃左右开始进行,而Al还原TiO2、Fe2O体系中添加CaO,反应滞后,在1 236 ℃左右发生反应.     

富Al2O3区域Al2O3-Na2O-CaO-SrO系固态反应的研究

用理学X射线衍射仪、TG-DTA、IR-440红外光谱研究了富Al2O3区域Al2O3-Na2O-CaO-SrO系的固态反应.煅烧过程固态反应的最终物相组成为Na2O·11Al2O3、CaO·6Al2O3、SrO·6Al2O3与α-Al2O3共存.     

氧化铝的真空碳热还原—氯化—歧化反应(英文)

通过XRD物相分析和热力学分析研究氧化铝的真空碳热还原—氯化—歧化反应。以氧化铝和石墨为原料,在真空下、1643-1843K的温度范围内进行实验。结果表明,AlCl3(g)与氧化铝碳热还原产生的Al2O(g)或Al(g)反应生成AlCl(g),该AlCl(g)在较低温度下歧化分解为金属铝和AlCl3(g);当压力为100Pa、温度为980K时,AlCl(g)的歧化反应率达到90%。生成的金属铝可以吸附催化CO歧化为C和CO2,并可以与CO二次反应形成Al4C3、Al2O3、C和CO2,导致铝产物中含有C、Al4C3和Al2O3。产物铝中所含的这些杂质随着AlCl(g)歧化反应温度的降低而减少。AlCl3(g)在接近室温的温度下冷凝下来。     

原位反应合成Ag/Al_2O_3复合材料的热力学分析

对原位反应合成法制备Ag/Al2O3复合材料的热力学进行了计算分析。绘制了Gibbs自由能与温度关系图,结果表明:Ag与O2生成Ag2O是一种可逆反应,其可逆转变温度为462 K,而且还发现Al2O3的两种原位反应合成方式:当反应温度低于462 K,主要以Al与O2的反应生成;当反应温度高于462 K,主要以Ag2O和Al的置换反应生成,同时还对原位反应合成过程中的氧分压影响进行计算与分析。最后根据热力学计算分析结果,制备了Ag/Al2O3复合材料。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。