真空冷却中的气体温度变化特性研究

为了研究真空冷却过程中温度与压力的变化关系以及在抽空与回气时对温度的影响，采用自制的食品真空冷却试验台，以水为对象对冷却过程中及冷却结束后复压过程中真空室内不同位置点的气体温度变化情况进行了多组实验，通过对实时反馈的温度、压力等相关模拟量变化情况进行比较分析，发现真空室内气体随压力、水温等发生变化，真空室内气体温度会出现反复，特别是在真空复压过程中气体温度较之环境温度要高出很多。     

冷阱温度对蒸煮肉制品真空冷却效果的影响

真空冷却技术具有降温速度快、运行能耗低等优点,在食品冷链中得到了应用并迅速发展。本文以蒸煮肉制品为研究对象,开展蒸煮肉制品真空冷却效果实验,分析不同冷阱温度对冷却速率、质量变化和真空室内压力对冷却效果的影响。结果表明:不同的冷阱温度对蒸煮肉制品冷却速率、冷却前后的质量变化,以及对冷却过程中真空室内的压力产生不同的影响。另外,并非冷阱温度越低冷却效果越好,实验对比了冷阱温度为-15℃、-25℃和-35℃下的真空冷却过程,冷阱温度的最佳值为-25℃,冷却时间最少为320s。     

真空冷却过程中水分蒸发沸腾的数值模拟（Ⅰ）：模型的建立

真空冷却过程是复杂的相变传热传质过程。在真空冷却期间,当真空室内的真空压力低于或者等于熟肉温度对应的饱和压力时,熟肉内部的水分将会沸腾蒸发以产生冷却效应。在能量和质量守恒的基础上,经过适当的简化,建立了真空冷却过程中水分迁移的数学模型。此模型能够预测真空冷却过程中熟肉内部的温度、压力和水分含量分布。     

真空冷却过程中的一些热现象分析研究

对真空冷却过程中一些特殊的温度变化现象进行分析研究,分析了在抽气与复压阶段中真空室内的温度以及以水作为样品的温度变化规律.特别是在复压阶段中,真空室内的温度会高于环境的进气温度.应用变质量系统热力学进行分析,其结果是理论计算值均高于实验值,原因是实际的复压过程是热力与传热的综合过程.     

白菜真空预冷热质迁移模型及实验研究

以柱状白菜为研究对象,建立了热质迁移数学模型,并对该模型采用实验的方法加以验证。在设定真空压力状况下,就真空室内的压力变化,白菜自身温度变化,真空室内相对湿度变化以及白菜质量损失情况,模拟与试验进行了对比,其结果相接近。文章分析了试验过程参数变化的机理及误差产生的原因,模型对柱状蔬菜真空预冷的理论研究有参考价值。     

基于Monte-Carlo方法模拟分析NBI真空压力分布的研究

中性束注入装置是产生高能中性粒子以加热托卡马克等离子体的装置。NBI真空压力分布是影响中性束传输效率特别是再电离损失的关键因素之一。研究分析了超导托卡马克实验装置中NBI的工作原理和结构特点,建立了EAST NBI的几何与物理模型,利用Monte-Carlo方法建立NBI主真空室内分子运动及碰撞的数学模型,并运用Matlab软件编程实现对NBI主真空室内真空压力分布的模拟计算,得到主真空室内三段区域在进气过程中的气体分子三维分布图和平均压力变化曲线。研究可为EAST NBI主真空室内的中性化室、偏转系统、低温抽气系统的结构设计提供指导。     

真空冷却过程中水分蒸发沸腾的数值模拟（Ⅱ）：模型的验证

利用圆柱型的熟肉为实验材料,通过实验验证了真空冷却过程中水分迁移的数学模型。结果发现：产品在70min内从70℃被冷却到5℃。当真空冷却结束时,产品中心和表面的实验温度分别是7．01。c和3．98℃,对应的产品的中心和表面的模拟温度分别是6．97℃和3．78℃。真空冷却实验过程中,产品的平均水分含量从72．60％降到61．03％。模拟过程中,产品的平均水分含量从71．00％降低到62．37％。模拟结果显示真空冷却的质量损失为8．63％,然而实验过程中真空冷却的质量损失为11．57％,其偏差在3％左右。模拟结果与实验结果基本一致,建立的数学模型能够正确地预测真空冷却过程中温度、压力和水分含量的变化过程。     

在不同真空度下的卷心菜真空冷却实验对比研究

在卷心菜真空冷却实验中,真空度是影响冷却时间和效果的主要因素。本文通过设定不同的自动补气阀工作压力范围来控制真空室的压力,进行卷心菜真空冷却实验,并分析了此过程中水分在低压下的气化过程。实验发现,自动补气阀工作压力范围分别为700 Pa-900 Pa、1000 Pa-1200 Pa和1300 Pa-1500 Pa时,当温度最低处(表叶)达到预定的0．7℃时,耗时分别为11 min、22 min和43 min,中心温度分别为3．86℃、6．68℃和9．11℃。结果表明：700 Pa～900 Pa的自动补气阀工作压力范围,对卷心菜进行真空冷却实验的效果较好；对于特定食品的真空冷却,应该可以找到各自恰当的自动补气阀工作压力范围,以提高冷却的效率。     

抽气和充气过程中真空容器内气体温度的变化

本文介绍了真空容器在抽气。充气过程中气体温度变化的测试结果，这些结果揭示了：上述过程中，在真空容器内气体压力发生巨大变化的同时，它的温度也有明显的变化，这与我们知道的绝热自由膨胀过程中温度没有变化的情形不一样，另外，各次测试结果都是现相同的变化规律，即使在较小的容器中也是如此。     

果蔬真空预冷过程中热质传递的理论分析

从基本理论和基本定义出发建立了描述球形果蔬在真空冷却中传热、传质的数学模型。通过数值解算得到系统总压、产品温度(表面温度、中心温度、质量平均温度)、产品质量随时间的变化曲线。并用文献中可得实验资料对模拟的趋势加以验证,得到了较好的模拟效果,表明数学模型用来预测真空冷却中球形产品的特征参数如温度、压力和质量的变化过程是正确的,具有一定的理论意义。     

Wasserstoff in Hochvakuumsystemen mit Turbomolekularpumpen bei verschiedenen Vorpumpen

The combination of diaphragm pumps with wide‐range turbomolecular pumps constitutes a small but powerful oil‐free high vacuum pumping system. Turbomolecular pumps show gas dependent compression ratios, the lowest for hydrogen. Thus, the high vacuum can be governed by the hydrogen partial pressure. In the present investigation the residual gas composition of a turbomolecular pump and different backing pumps shows no improvement if diaphragm pumps with low ultimate pressure are replaced by rotary vane or Roots pumps. In this case the ultimate pressure in the high vacuum chamber is basically determined by the ratio of outgassing to pumping speed and not by the product of compression ratio and backing pressure. However, the hydrogen partial pressure increased if the ultimate pressure of the diaphragm pump was raised. At a backing pressure of 0.5 mbar the high vacuum reached a stable value not improvable by reduction in backing pressure.     

Vacuum performance of a beam screen with charcoal for the LHC long straight sections

The vacuum chamber inside the cryogenic magnets in the LHC Long Straight Sections will have a beam screen at a temperature between 5 and 20 K to protect the cold bore against the synchrotron radiation, electron and ion exposure. The desorbed molecules of H₂ will leave the inner part of the beam screen through the pumping slots on the beam screen and eventually condense on the cryosorber, which is mounted on the shadowed (outer) part of the beam screen for magnets operating at 4.5 K. The design of the experimental set-up, the results of the adsorption capacity measurements for charcoal, the pumping speed and the capture factor of the beam screen with charcoal for a proposed LHC vacuum chamber configuration are described in this paper.     

High-speed pumping to UHV

Development of a high-speed pumping system for ultra high vacuum (UHV) process dose not reduce only cost and waiting time for experiment and production, but also reduces CO₂ emission that is known as one of the serious causes in the global warming problem. Reduction of vapor water concentration in a purge gas line would be one of the most effective measures to reduce pumping time to UHV. We carried out control of water vapor in a nitrogen gas purge line in addition to surface treatments of chambers using buff polishing and electrolytic polishing, followed by measurement of outgassing rate of the chambers. Under the reasonable control of the water vapor, the pumping time to reach the pressure of 1 × 10⁻⁶ Pa was able to be shortened with two orders of the magnitude. And it was also found that the main residual gas in the chamber was hydrogen after pumping down with the low concentration of water vapor. The quality of residual gas was equivalent to the quality in a baked UHV system. The introduction of well controlled nitrogen gas to the vacuum system which was not baked out during its pumping has proved a pressure of 3 × 10⁻⁸ Pa for 24 h in the chamber without orifice.     

Uncertainty analysis of the high vacuum part of the orifice-flow-type pressure standard

The orifice-flow-type pressure standard is commonly accepted as primary standard for vacuum gauge calibration in the high vacuum gas pressure range. It consists of two parts—a high vacuum part and a flowmeter. Practical questions arising at design of the standard have to be answered based on the standard uncertainty analysis.The analysis of the uncertainty sources in the high vacuum part except deviations from the Maxwellian distribution is given in the paper. Uncertainty of a precise flowmeter is taken from references for comparison. It follows from the analysis that uncertainties caused by some sources at routinely achievable parameters are negligibly small and further improvement brings no benefit. The crucial quantities influencing the total uncertainty are the temperature of the chamber and the flowmeter, the outgassing rate from the inner surfaces, the ultimate pressure of the pump and the additional (detrimental) pumping speed. The pumping speed of the main pump has to be “sufficiently higher” than the orifice conductance.     

Modelling vacuum cooling process of cooked meat—part 1: analysis of vacuum cooling system

A mathematical model is developed to analyse the performance of a vacuum cooler. The model is based on the mass conservation of air and vapour in the vacuum chamber. In the chamber, the vapour evaporated from foods under the vacuum and the vapour removed by the vapour-condenser and vacuum pump contribute to the variation in the vapour partial pressure, and the ingress air and the air released by the pump cause the change of air partial pressure. Experiments were carried out on vacuum cooling of water to validate the model. The predicted vacuum pressure and temperature histories are compared with the measured values. The maximum deviation between the predicted and measured vacuum pressure is within 110 Pa (for the chamber pressure between 12,000 and 2200 Pa), while the maximum deviation between the predicted and measured temperature of water is less than 2 °C. The model can, therefore, be used to predict the transient vacuum pressure profiles for analysing the vacuum cooling process of foods such as cooked meat.     

The surface cleanliness of 316 L + N stainless steel studied by SIMS and AES

Some cleaning methods for 316 L + N stainless steel including solvent cleaning, high temperature treatment in vacuo and gas discharge cleaning have been studied by SIMS and AES with a view to providing a clean vacuum chamber surface with low gas desorption under ion bombardment. After solvent cleaning the main surface contaminant was found to be C and its associated compounds. Laboratory investigations on small samples of stainless steel showed that clean surfaces could be obtained by heating in vacuo to 800°C followed by exposure to air and by argon or argon/10% oxygen discharge cleaning. Due to a cross contamination within the vacuum system, the 800°C treated chamber gave positive desorption coefficients under ion bombardment. The pure argon discharge cleaned chambers proved stable giving negative desorption coefficients up to 2200 eV ion energy even after several weeks storage between discharge treatment and installation. No results have yet been obtained on the stability of an argon/10% oxygen discharge cleaned vacuum chamber.     

基于分子流传感元件的真空腔体漏率测量方法

本文介绍了一种基于分子流传感元件的真空腔体漏率测量方法,该方法通过分子流传感元件测量真空腔体整体漏率,采用的测量装置由气体流量测量系统、真空抽气系统、恒温系统等部分组成.在测量系统中,流经传感元件的气流处于分子流状态,通过测量传感元件两端的差压,计算质量流量,可以得到真空腔体的整体漏率.实验中对多个真空腔体漏率的测量结...     

Automatic control of gas pressure in a vacuum system

This paper describes the development of a microprocessor based system to be used for the automatic setting of the gas pressure within a vacuum chamber.The requirements of the system have been presented by five modes of operation which are easily set up by thumb wheel and on/off switches on a panel. The microprocessor system automatically balances the rates of the pumping system and gas inlet to set and maintain the requested gas pressure. The gas inlet needle valve is controlled by either an ac or de motor. The use of computer software allows the system to be readily adapted for use with the commonly used needle valves, pressure gauges and pumping systems. It allows for non linear transducers and mechanical wear and additional modes of operation may be easily added when required. The system is intended for use as a subsystem of a microprocessor controlled vacuum system for laboratory or industrial use.The technique has been illustrated by controlling the pressure over the range 1–20 torr in a conventionally pumped vacuum system.     

Investigation of a set procedure for the stability of pressure control in the newly developed flow-control system at KRISS

Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) has assembled a new flow-control system (FCS-705) for the study of advanced applications and calibration of different types of vacuum gauges by comparison method. This report details the measurement of the outgassing rate of the main vacuum chamber by the pressure rate of rise method. Constant pressure was generated inside the vacuum chamber by employing a dynamic flow control method. Nitrogen gas flow data was recorded to demonstrate that constant pressure was controlled in the vacuum chamber. The measurements were performed in a sequence of increasing pressures.     

Dynamic extension - A new principle for a vacuum primary standard for UHV-range (10-10 Pa) calibration of hot cathode ionisation gauges

The main obstacle in the construction of primary vacuum standards for very low pressures - ultra-high vacuum (UHV) - is outgassing from the walls of the apparatus. Thus, principles utilising a higher pumping rate in the calibration chamber, e.g., the pressure ratio technique, seem to be more useful for this range. However, a serious problem is inherent in this method, namely, that the gas in the calibration chamber is not in equilibrium and thus cannot be characterised by a single scalar pressure value, although such a value is then used to evaluate the measurement. This discrepancy can be overcome by using a hot cathode ionisation gauge as a transfer standard calibrated by the dynamic extension method.The dynamic extension method is explained and compared with the pressure ratio technique. The basic conditions for achieving acceptable uncertainty values are considered.