铝-铜-镁-银合金的低温时效组织特征

铝-铜-镁-银合金是新型损伤容限型2000系铝合金,是下一代超音速飞机的候选材料。与其他可热处理强化铝合金类似,时效温度的选择对该合金的组织和性能有决定性的影响。主要利用DSC和TEM两种方法研究低温时效对合金时效析出行为的影响。结果表明,时效温度对合金的时效析出行为影响显著,在65℃长时间时效时,合金的析出相为以{100}α为惯析面的G.P.区,无明显特征表明发生Ω相析出;     

超高强铝合金RRA热处理工艺的研究进展

7000系超高强铝合金是航空航天工业的主要结构材料之一,T6(峰时效)状态下该系合金强度最高但对应力腐蚀(SCC)十分敏感,RRA(回归再时效)工艺兼顾了合金的强度和抗应力腐蚀性能,适应目前航空航天工业对结构材料的要求.综述了过去30年超高强铝合金RRA热处理工艺的发展和最新研究动态,并较全面地介绍了RRA热处理对超高强铝合金组织与性能的影响.     

6000系汽车车用铝合金的研究应用进展

综述了6000系铝合金的性能特点以及国内外的研究应用现状,指出了6000系铝合金的发展方向和未来的研究重点,说明了该系铝合金在汽车上具有广泛的应用空间,为汽车用铝合金材料的研究者和汽车的设计者提供了新思路.     

回归再时效中预时效温度对7050铝合金应力腐蚀性能的影响

采用硬度测试、电导率测试、慢应变速率拉伸、透射电镜和扫描电镜等方法,研究了回归再时效热处理工艺中预时效温度对7050铝合金微观组织和应力腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:随着预时效温度升高,回归再时效后7050铝合金晶内析出相从以GP区为主转变为以η′相为主,晶界析出相逐渐粗化,晶界变得不连续分布,合金应力腐蚀敏感性降低;但晶界无沉淀析出带宽度增加,120℃时达到140nm,易导致应力集中和阳极溶解,合金抗应力腐蚀性能下降。预时效温度为80℃,即稍微欠时效时,7050铝合金抗应力腐蚀性能较好,在缓慢应变速率(10-6s-1)和3.5%NaCl溶液腐蚀介质下,合金抗拉强度为473.5MPa,伸长率为10.67%,应力腐蚀指数为0.05824。     

Cu对6000系和7000系铝合金时效过程中微结构演变的影响

介绍了几种研究铝合金时效过程中微结构演变的先进实验及模拟手段,包括用于显示原子列Z衬度的高角环形暗场-扫描透射电子显微术(HAADF-STEM)、分析微区中不同元素三维空间分布的三维原子探针技术(3DAP)、复杂选区电子衍射(SAED)模拟及第一性原理计算。综述了近年来作者及国内外学者使用这些手段研究Cu元素添加对6000系和7000系铝合金时效过程中微结构影响的进展,包括Cu添加对合金析出序列、时效析出速率、合金的析出硬化效果、析出物(如GP区、β″亚稳相、η平衡相等)的化学计量比及原子占位等的影响。最后展望了采用热力学、动力学计算及相场模拟等方法在铝合金设计中的应用,指明了通过对铝合金微结构进行定量模拟并结合关键实验验证来实现铝合金高效设计的发展方向。     

气垫式预时效工艺对6016铝合金汽车板性能的影响

利用拉伸试验、硬度测试、杯突实验及差示扫描量热等检测手段,研究了固溶处理后不同停留时间下气垫式预时效工艺对6016铝合金汽车板成形性及烤漆硬化性的影响,并分析其析出特性。结果表明,气垫式预时效工艺可以抑制自然时效的不利影响。固溶处理后室温停放时间越短,气垫式预时效工艺对6016铝合金汽车板冲压成形性及烤漆硬化性的改善作用越显著。固溶处理后室温停放5min的6016铝合金汽车板经160℃×10min的预时效处理后,同时具有良好的成形性及烤漆硬化性,在烤漆过程中析出较多的强化相。     

汽车车身板用变形铝合金研究进展

基于汽车轻量化的大背景,铝合金因其优异的综合性能成为汽车用板材的优选材料.主要综述了汽车车身板用变形铝合金的研究进展,以汽车车身板材常用的2×××、5×××、6×××和7×××系变形铝合金的应用现状为基础,结合国内外研究者现阶段的研究成果,对各系变形铝合金应用在汽车车身板中的优劣势展开了分析.在此基础上,着重介绍了各系...     

6016铝合金热处理工艺研究

通过硬度测试、力学性能测试和烘烤硬化性能测试,研究了6016铝合金冷轧板材的热处理工艺,结果表明:合金的硬度随着固溶温度升高和固溶时间延长而增加;合金进行预时效处理时,随着预时效时间的增加硬度出现先降低后升高的现象,且预时效温度越高,硬度下降值越大;在本试验条件下,满足覆盖件性能要求的6016合金的热处理工艺为:540℃×20 min固溶水淬+120℃×10 min预时效处理。     

2A23时效成形铝合金的时效研究

通过拉伸性能、维氏硬度测试和TEM分析研究了2A23时效成形铝合金的时效制度以及不同时效处理制度下该合金的显微组织和力学性能.结果表明:合金适宜的时效温度为170℃,时效时间为20h;S′过渡相为合金的主要强化相;时效前的预变形能促进S′相细小弥散析出,显著提高合金的强度;合金的强度随预变形量的增大而升高,但过大的预变形量又会导致塑性下降;合金最佳的预变形量为2.5%～5%.     

石油钻杆用7xxx系铝合金微观组织和性能的研究进展

铝合金具有密度低、强度高、耐酸性气体腐蚀等优点,其在石油钻探领域的应用优势逐渐引起了国内外学者的重视。铝合金石油钻杆在美国、俄罗斯等少数发达国家已被应用于钻探领域数十年,然而我国对铝合金石油钻杆的研究起步较晚,目前主要依靠进口,这极大地限制了我国钻采工业的发展,因此实现自主研发超强耐蚀铝合金钻杆具有很高的社会意义和经济效益。Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系超高强铝合金属于7xxx系铝合金,因具有很高的抗拉强度、较好的耐腐蚀性和高温冲击韧性,已成为当下最具发展潜力的铝合金钻杆用材料,也是我国近几年对高性能铝合金钻具材料的主要研究方向。7xxx系铝合金的主要析出强化相是弥散分布的GP区和η'相。众所周知,合金的成分和组织决定其性能,因而通过改变热处理工艺和合金成分可以调控铝合金材料的性能。铝合金的热处理工艺流程主要包括均匀化、固溶和时效处理等。目前均匀化倾向于采用多级热处理制度,热处理后材料不仅会得到更为弥散细小的析出相,合金在后续热加工过程中的再结晶行为也会受到抑制。热变形后再经双级或多级固溶,合金中残余过剩相可有效溶解,其稳定性和综合性能得到提高。时效处理作为较关键的热处理步骤,也从传统单级处理向多级转变,一种新型的回归再时效(RRA)制度综合了单级和双级时效的优点,在保持铝合金较高强度的同时,又可获得较高的腐蚀抗力。因此,探索合适的热处理制度对提高钻杆用铝合金材料的综合性能有深刻的影响。另外,优化合金成分也是提高铝合金性能的重要方式。研究发现,将石油钻杆用7xxx系铝合金的成分大致控制在Al-6～6.5Zn-2.0～2.8Mg-1.6～2.0Cu范围内,其可获得较优的综合性能。此外,引入新的微合金元素,如Mn、Zr、Cr及稀土元素等,可以显著细化铝合金晶粒,提高其再结晶温度,从而提高它的耐热性和耐腐蚀性,使其更好地满足石油钻杆在实际工况中的服役要求。7xxx系铝合金虽具有诸多性能优势,但其在富氯气氛环境中耐蚀性较差,易发生应力腐蚀开裂,在海洋钻探领域服役时存在一定的失效风险。另外,7xxx系铝合金耐冲蚀磨损能力差,在钻探过程中易产生磨损,从而缩短了其使用寿命。今后的工作重点应从成分设计、材料制备及热处理工艺等方面来提高铝合金钻杆的高温强度,同时系统深入探讨上述因素对材料力学性能、电化学性能、耐磨性能的影响,并就这些性能的优化机理展开基础研究。本文综述了国内外铝合金石油钻杆的研究现状、性能特点和生产工艺,重点归纳了钻杆用7xxx系铝合金的时效析出过程及其微合金化研究方面的进展,阐述了固溶和时效等热处理对7xxx系铝合金综合性能的影响,分析了铝合金石油钻杆耐腐蚀性能及磨损行为的表现。在此基础上,对我国石油钻杆用7xxx系铝合金目前存在的问题以及日后的发展方向进行了展望。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...