益生菌和益生元在功能性食品中的应用现状及展望

阐述了肠道为机体提供能量的功能及其重要性,肠道内的微生态系统与人体免疫和人体健康的重要关系.根据肠道中菌群的类别,着重介绍了肠道内益生菌的分类、功能及增加肠道益生菌的两种途径,这两种途径分别是进食含活性益生菌的食品和摄取益生元类的非活菌食品.根据这两种不同的增加肠道内益生菌的途径,调节肠道健康的功能性食品可分为两类,一类为添加益生菌的功能性食品,另一类是添加益生元的功能性食品.根据全球不同国家和地区的现状,本文对益生菌和益生元在各国功能食品中的应用情况进行分析、介绍和举例说明,发现虽然各国和地区在益生菌或益生元的使用量及使用领域存在较大差异,但益生菌和益生元的市场都呈现良好的增长趋势,最后本文展望了益生菌和益生元的在功能性食品中应用的发展趋势.     

后生元和类生元的研究进展

随着益生菌领域研究的不断深入,近年来后生元（postbiotics）及类生元（paraprobiotics）成分受到业界的广泛关注。后生元是益生菌在无细胞的上清液中分泌的代谢产物的复杂混合物;类生元是益生菌的灭活微生物细胞或粗细胞提取物。后生元及类生元具有一定的益生作用,该文从概念、生物活性及其在食品及相关医药产品的应用等方面对后生元及类生元进行介绍。     

后生元在肠道健康中的研究进展

后生元是指对宿主起有益作用的灭活菌或菌体成分。相对于益生菌来说,后生元既具有益生菌调节肠道健康的益生功能,同时又有良好的安全性、且成本相对低廉,是一种可替代益生菌安全有效的潜在肠道调节佐剂。本文对后生元的组成成分、对人体健康的益生作用及其在肠道健康方面的应用研究现状进行了阐述,对后生元改善儿童轮状病毒肠炎、炎症性肠病、肠应激综合征、结直肠癌以及新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的肠道健康等相关研究进行了归纳总结,以期为其通过肠-肺轴,肠-脑轴等多器官轴的生物活性作用在预防相关疾病方面的实际应用提供参考。     

益生菌和益生元对肠道健康的双效作用

<正>益生菌,这一概念最早来源于希腊语,即"对生命有益"。联合国粮农组织(FAO)、世界卫生组织(WHO)对益生菌作了定义:益生菌是"通过摄取适当的量、对食用者的身体健康能发挥有效作用的活菌"。它是一种对人体有益的细菌,能够促进有益菌抑制致病菌的生长,维持肠道菌群的平衡。益生元可以选择性的促进肠道内有益菌的生长,但不会被有害菌利用,因而对宿主的健康有益。这种选择性作用主要是针对肠道内的两种益生菌,即双歧杆菌和乳杆菌。益生元作为益生菌的选择性底物,具有促进益生菌增殖、改善肠道菌群、保健等功能,因此被称为功能性食品。目前市场上公认的益生元有低聚果糖、抗性糊精、乳果糖、菊粉、低聚半乳糖等。     

益生元对益生菌生长代谢的研究

益生元是一种理想的人体膳食补充剂,可促进益生菌的生长代谢.本试验从活菌数、产酸能力、胞外多糖产量和双乙酰产量4个方面,研究了多种益生元,如低聚果糖、低聚半乳糖、低聚异麦芽糖、低聚木糖、聚葡萄糖、抗性糊精和菊粉对复合益生菌(干酪乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌)发酵代谢的影响.结果表明,低聚木糖对活菌数和产酸能力具有明显提升作用;抗...     

益生菌和益生元缓解乳糖不耐受的研究进展

文章阐述了乳糖不耐受及其治疗方法等相关问题,具体介绍了益生菌和益生元在缓解乳糖不耐受症状中的主要作用机制和临床治疗效果,并基于益生菌和益生元的作用优势,为研发缓解乳糖不耐受的健康替代品提出合理建议。旨在探讨益生菌和益生元在缓解乳糖不耐受症状中的作用及应用,为研发相关产品提供理论依据和方向指引。     

益生元在乳制品和冰淇淋产品开发中的应用

叙述了益生元的概念、种类和生理功能,益生菌的作用机理,各种益生元在相关乳制品和冰洪琳产品中的应用,以及在乳制品中添加益生元的工艺配方和工艺流程,并对益生元的前景进行了展望.     

乳酸菌代谢低聚果糖/菊粉途径及机理的研究进展

合生元又称合生素,指益生元与益生菌结合使用的生物制剂（微生态制剂）,近年来,越来越多研究表明合生元具有多种益处,益生元和益生菌的选择对其最终效果起着至关重要的作用。低聚果糖和菊粉是合生元中常见的益生元,可被肠道内的乳酸菌选择性吸收,通过促进益生菌增殖的方式来改善机体健康。本文综述了乳酸菌对低聚果糖和菊粉的代谢差异及代谢途径,并从分子水平阐述水解酶、转运系统、调控蛋白的作用机制,以期为探明乳酸菌调控低聚果糖和菊粉的代谢网络提供依据;同时总结了近年来低聚果糖/菊粉合生元的应用,为益生元与益生菌的进一步联用提供参考。     

保持益生菌食品中益生菌活性的技术方法

益生菌食品是功能性食品中发展极快的一个领域。益生菌要对人体产生益生作用,必须在被食用时达到一定的活细胞数,并能在胃肠道中保持活性。如何保持益生菌食品中益生菌的活性,是食品工业面临的难题和研究热点。本文综述了目前国际上保持益生菌食品中益生菌活性的各种技术方法及研究思路,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

泓缘益生菌对猪肉品质的影响研究

1益生菌概况 微生态制剂包括益生菌，益生元及益生菌和益生元的合生素（原）三种类型。微生态制剂作为绿色饲料添加剂现已被广大消费者所接受。一般认为微生态制剂对促进畜禽健康的作用机理包括以下几个方面。     

Probiotic bacteria: selective enumeration and survival in dairy foods

A number of health benefits have been claimed for probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium spp., and Lactobacillus casei. Because of the potential health benefits, these organisms are increasingly incorporated into dairy foods. However, studies have shown low viability of probiotics in market preparations. In order to assess viability of probiotic bacteria, it is important to have a working method for selective enumeration of these probiotic bacteria. Viability of probiotic bacteria is important in order to provide health benefits. Viability of probiotic bacteria can be improved by appropriate selection of acid and bile resistant strains, use of oxygen impermeable containers, two-step fermentation, micro-encapsulation, stress adaptation, incorporation of micronutrients such as peptides and amino acids and by sonication of yogurt bacteria. This review will cover selective enumeration and survival of probiotic bacteria in dairy foods.     

Functional cultures and health benefits

A number of health benefits have been claimed for probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium spp., and L. casei. These benefits include antimutagenic effects, anticarcinogenic properties, improvement in lactose metabolism, reduction in serum cholesterol, and immune system stimulation. Because of the potential health benefits, these organisms are increasingly being incorporated into dairy foods, particularly yoghurt. In addition to yoghurt, fermented functional foods with health benefits based on bioactive peptides released by probiotic organisms, including Evolus^® and Calpis^®, have been introduced in the market. To maximize effectiveness of bifidus products, prebiotics are used in probiotic foods. Synbiotics are products that contain both prebiotics and probiotics.     

Encapsulation of probiotic living cells: From laboratory scale to industrial applications

In the recent past, there has been a rising interest in producing functional foods containing encapsulated probiotic bacteria. According to their perceived health benefits, probiotics have been incorporated into a range of dairy products but the major current challenge is to market new probiotic foods. In the research sector, many studies have been reported using dairy products like cheese, yogurt and ice cream as food carrier, and non-dairy products like meat, fruits, cereals, chocolate, etc. However, in the commercial sector only few products containing encapsulated probiotic cells can be found. Nutraceuticals are another important vector for probiotics already developed by several companies in a capsule or a tablet form. The review compiles the technologies used to encapsulate the cells in order to keep them alive and the food matrices used in the research and commercial sector for delivery to the consumer.     

Importance of food in probiotic efficacy

Foods are carriers for the delivery of probiotics to the human body. In addition, foods help to buffer the probiotic through the gastrointestinal tract, regulate their colonization and contain other functional ingredients, such as bioactive components, which may interact with probiotics to alter their functionality and efficacy. The growth and survival of probiotics during gastric transit is affected by the physico-chemical properties of food carriers. Gastric acid, juices and bile tolerance, adherence to gastrointestinal epithelium and the acid production of probiotics are also affected by the food ingredients used in probiotic delivery. Same probiotic strains could vary in functional and technological properties in the presence of different food ingredients. Prebiotic food ingredients encourage the growth of probiotic bacteria. The appropriate combination of prebiotics and probiotics manifest higher potential for a synergistic effect. Originally, probiotic delivery was consistently associated with foods, particularly dairy foods. But nowadays, there is an increasing trend toward using probiotics in different food systems despite its original sources and even as nutraceuticals, such as in capsules. This changing trend in delivering probiotics may lead to a reduction in functional efficacy due to the exclusion of the potential synergistic effect of the food. Thus, selection of suitable food systems to deliver probiotics is a vital factor that should be considered in developing functional probiotic foods. This review focuses on information related to the effect of processed food products on functional efficacy of probiotics.     

The Comparison of Food and Supplement as Probiotic Delivery Vehicles

Probiotics are live bacteria which have frequently been reported to be beneficial in preventing a wide range of diseases as well as playing a major role in treating the existing ailments. Thus far, a variety of probiotic products have been developed which can be categorized into two groups: probiotic foods and supplements. Both foods and supplements have been able to confer the health benefits claimed for them. However, it is not known which one can be clinically more efficient, and to the best of our knowledge, until now no research has been conducted to investigate this issue. The present review aims to discuss this matter, based on the evidence available in the literature. To do so, articles indexed in PubMed and ScienceDirect between 2000 and 2011 were reviewed. The articles included the clinical trials in which either foods or supplements were used to administer the probiotics to either patients suffering from different diseases or healthy subjects. Although both foods and supplements seem to have been efficient carriers for the beneficial bacteria, to generally promote public health in communities, probiotic foods appear to be preferred to probiotic supplements.     

Functional foods as carriers for SYNBIO®, a probiotic bacteria combination

The popularity of functional foods continues to increase as consumers desire flavorful foods that will fulfil their health needs. Among these foods, probiotics may exert positive effects on the composition of gut microbiota and overall health. However, in order to be beneficial, the bacterial cultures have to remain live and active at the time of consumption. The aim of this study was to develop new probiotic food products, such as seasoned cheeses, salami, chocolate and ice-cream with a final probiotic concentration of approximately 10?CFU/daily dose of Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501? and Lactobacillus paracasei IMC 502? mixed 1:1 (SYNBIO?). The survival and viability of probiotics were determined during the foods shelf-life. The values of viable probiotic bacteria of all dairy and non-dairy foods were between 10? and 10?CFU/g of food at the end of the shelf-life and for some of them the values were maintained even after the expiry date. Based on the results of the current study, all the dairy ("Caciotta" cheese, "Pecorino" cheese, "Büscion" Swiss cheese and "Fiordilatte" ice-cream) and non-dairy ("Ciauscolo" salami, Larded salami, Swiss small salami, milk chocolate, dark chocolate, organic jam and chocolate mousse) food products studied would be excellent vehicles to deliver the probiotic health effects because of the high viability of probiotics during the shelf-life of foods and in some cases even after their expiry date.     

Non-dairy probiotic food products: An emerging group of functional foods

ABSTRACT

The functional food sector has shown tremendous growth in recent years with the application of probiotic bacteria as “food additives”. The utilization of probiotic bacteria in food presents many challenges related to their growth, survival, viability, stability and functionality in food processing, storage and consumption as well as changes of sensory characteristics of probiotic foods. Although dairy foods are currently the most common food carrier to deliver probiotics, an increasing number of non-dairy food matrices exhibit potential for delivery of probiotics. This review provides more recent insight into the emergence of non-dairy probiotics products, the interactions between probiotics and different food matrices and the challenges in developing such products. Some of the technical issues are also reviewed and discussed. These issues include the efficacy of probiotic bacteria in non-chilled, low pH or high water activity foods; the potential loss of bacterial viability, additionally unwanted fermentation and changes of the sensory characteristics of food products which may result in poor microbiological quality and low acceptability to consumers.     

Bacterial survival and adhesion for formulating new oral probiotic foods

Abstract

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms, which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits to the host. Traditionally, probiotic food research has heavily focused on the genera Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, along with their benefits for gut health. Recently with the identification of new probiotic strains specifically intended for oral health applications, the development of probiotic foods for oral health benefits has garnered interest, with a renewed focus on identifying new food formats for delivering probiotics. The development of novel oral probiotic foods is highly complex, as the composition of a food matrix dictates: (1) bacterial viability during production and shelf life and (2) how bacteria partition with components within a food matrix and subsequently adhere to oral cavity surfaces. At present, virtually no information is available on oral probiotic strains such as Streptococcus salivarius; specifically, how orally-derived strains survive under different food parameters. Furthermore, limited information exists on the partition behavior of probiotics with food components, governed by physico-chemical interactions and adhesion phenomena. This review aspires to examine this framework by providing a foundation with existing literature related to the common probiotic genera, in order to inform and drive future attempts of designing new oral probiotic food formats.     

The Beneficial Use of Cereal and Cereal Components in Probiotic Foods

Cereals and cereal components can be used as fermentation substrates for probiotic organisms imparting prebiotic effects. Consumer interest in healthy functional foods has resulted in the need for food products with versatile health-benefiting properties. The conventional choice for probiotic food applications has been dairy-based products, but whole grain-based probiotic functional foods have debuted in Japan and Europe. In the US, pro- and prebiotics are mainly marketed as dietary supplements, but are moving towards inclusion in the diet as mainstream foods. Cereal constituents, such as wheat bran-based ingredients fermented with probiotics, would enhance consumer health with the benefits of probiotics, bran fiber, and healthful bioactive components.     

益生菌活菌与死菌的保健作用研究进展

酸奶和发酵制品均强调活菌的重要性。然而,并非活菌产品才具有保健效果。就乳糖酶缺乏症、过敏性鼻炎、急性胃肠炎患者而言,活菌和死菌具有相似的临床治疗效果。在刺激免疫系统、抗肿瘤、治疗阴道炎等方面,活菌的生理功能强于死菌,而在清除黄曲霉毒素方面,死菌则强于活菌。目前益生菌功能研究多限于活菌,且在某些活菌和死菌功能研究中存在争议,提示将来的研究应对两者进行科学的对照实验。