基于DEFORM-3D对AZ31镁合金往复挤压变形均匀性有限元分析

通过DEFORM-3D对不同的模具进行往复挤压变形有限元模拟,研究了不同挤压比λ、挤压角度θ和变形区长度l对AZ31镁合金等效应变分布的影响。结果表明:模具挤压角度在45°～60°时,有助于改善等效应变分布的均匀性,挤压角度由30°增大至60°时,线性拟合后斜率从0. 85降至0. 53。减小挤压比λ和变形区长度l对改善等效应变分布均匀性效果显著,挤压比λ由4. 69减小至2. 64时,线性拟合后斜率从0. 53降低至0. 2。变形区长度l由5. 4 mm变为圆弧过渡(圆角半径r=5 mm),等效应变不均匀程度参数Ci从0. 4减小至0. 258。当模具挤压角度为45°,颈缩区直径为Φ16 mm (λ=2. 64),变形区长度l改为r=5 mm圆弧过渡时,试样等效应变不均匀程度参数Ci=0. 102,在模拟结果中数值最小,表明等效应变分布最均匀。     

模具几何形状对镁合金ECAP变形均匀性的影响

本文利用有限元软件对镁合金ECAP变形工艺进行了二维动态模拟,分析了不同模具拐角和模具圆心角镁合金试样的变形分布情况,并通过计算的方法研究了试样的变形均匀性.结果发现不同模具拐角时试样上、中、下部位的变形程度并不相同,中上部的变形程度要大于试样下部.计算得到,模具拐角为120°时,试样的变形相对均匀.而模具圆心角不同时...     

模具外角对等通道转角挤压纯铝变形过程的影响

模具外角对等通道转角挤压(ECAE)变形过程影响较大,文章利用有限元软件(MSC.Marc)模拟研究了模具外角对ECAE过程中等效应变、变形机理的影响。模拟结果表明,模具外角Ψ>0°～30°的范围内,等效应变的分布较为均匀;当模具外角Ψ>30°时,等效应变的分布越来越不均匀;当模具外角Ψ=0°～90°范围内逐渐增大时,试样的变形机理由单一剪切变形逐渐变为剪切变形与弯曲变形相结合的复合变形行为。为了验证模拟结果,对大尺寸纯铝进行了等通道转角挤压实验(模具内角Ф=90°,模具外角Ψ=30°),纯铝实验应变值的分布与大小和模拟应变值的分布与大小近似吻合。由光学显微组织可知,经ECAE挤压一次后,变形试样组织较为均匀,晶粒得到一定程度细化。     

模具外角和内角对等通道角挤压的影响的有限元分析

等通道角挤压(ECAE)工艺受模具外角和模具内角的影响较大,为此利用有限元分析方法对该工艺过程进行了模拟.结果表明:模具外角主要影响等效应变分布的均匀性,对等效应变值的大小影响不大;模具内角主要影响等效应变值的大小,对等效应变分布的均匀性影响较模具外角小;随着模具外角的逐渐增大,模具拐角变形区域逐渐变大,变形机理由纯剪切变形变为剪切变形和弯曲变形相结合的复合变形;随着模具内角的逐渐增大,模具拐角变形区域基本保持不变,变形机理由纯剪切变形变为弯曲变形;模具内角较模具外角对加载载荷的影响更为显著.     

纯铝等径角挤扭新工艺变形

等径角挤扭(ECAPT)是结合等径角挤压(ECAP)和挤扭(TE)两种典型的大塑性变形(SPD)工艺而产生的一种新型细晶材料制备技术。利用刚塑性有限元技术对纯铝1100ECAPT工艺变形特征进行模拟研究,获得了等效应变和等效应力的大小及分布规律,分析了挤压载荷随变形时间的变化规律及其对试样变形的影响。结果显示,在模具拐角和螺旋通道处,等效应变得到有效积累,最终呈层状分布,且相对较为均匀,应变分布均匀性也得到一定改善,等效应力在上述两处区域达到最大。采用纯铝进行室温3道次ECAPT实验,测量试样显微组织和力学性能的变化。结果表明,实验结果与模拟结果具有较好的一致性;晶粒得到了明显细化,屈服强度、抗拉强度与显微硬度等力学性能得到明显提高,但试样塑性略有降低。     

锐角模具等通道转角挤压过程变形分析

等通道转角挤压是制备块体超细品材料的一种重要方法,模具通道内角是影响晶粒细化效果的关键要素.采用刚塑性有限元法对通道内角ψ为锐角(60°≤ψ≤90°)时的挤压过程进行分析,获得了试样在挤压过程金属的流动和变形规律.研究结果表明:在无摩擦的理想状况下,随ψ减小,金属的流动趋于均匀,角部间隙减小,试样整体变形效果增强,当ψ=60°时,角部间隙完全消失并形成变形死区;同时,接触摩擦和模具外圆角ψ对挤压效果的影响随ψ减小而增强;采用适当大小的ψ不仅可以消除尖角锐角模具所产生的缺陷,提高金属流动和变形的均匀性,而且可显著降低所需的变形力.     

面向应变均匀性和成形力的等径道角挤压模具结构参数优化

面向等径道角挤压成形应变均匀性和成形力,以3003铝合金为研究对象,采用有限元法分析不同模具外角、内角、内角半径挤压变形的等效应变均匀性和挤压成形力。研究结果表明:外角ψ对等效应变均匀性影响显著,而内角φ主要对挤压成形力影响较大,内角半径r对二者影响不明显。因此采用合理的模具结构参数,既可以提高应变均匀性,又能降低挤压成形力。基于正交试验分析得到了模具结构参数为:ψ=40°,φ=105°,r=1.5 mm,这为研究试样宏观塑性变形与细化晶粒微观组织演变规律、模具结构设计参数提供理论依据。     

摩擦系数对等通道转角挤压工艺影响的有限元分析及试验研究

采用ANSYS软件建立了等通道转角挤压有限元模型,对试样与模具接触面间不同摩擦系数条件下的等通道转角挤压过程进行了模拟,获得了摩擦应力、试样与模具内部应力的变化及分布规律。以AZ31镁合金为试验对象,进行了等通道转角挤压试验,将模拟分析结果与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明,等通道转角挤压过程中,试样与模具间的摩擦系数对摩擦应力、试样变形及弹性应力均有重要影响。随着试样与模具接触面摩擦系数的增加,试样与模具表面会产生较大摩擦应力,导致试样与模具内应力分布不均匀。摩擦应力、材料内部应力大小及分布区域随着摩擦系数的增加而增加。     

6061铝合金等通道挤压工艺数值模拟

采用有限元技术模拟6061铝合金在室温下等通道转角挤压(ECAP)过程,分析了模具圆心角、摩擦因数对ECAP过程的影响。结果表明,圆心角减小,试样等效应变值增大且较为均匀,但是挤压载荷增加;摩擦对载荷的影响明显。单道次挤压后,试样变形不均匀。     

有限元分析等径角挤压中通道外角的影响

通道外角是等径角挤压过程中影响试样变形均匀性的重要因素.运用有限元模拟的方法研究了通道外角在等径角挤压过程中的影响.研究结果表明:随着通道外角的增大,材料的流动阻力降低,材料的剪切更加趋于均匀,致使试样的变形和等效应变分布都更加均匀.     

Numerical Modeling of Ti Deformation for the Development of a Titanium and Stainless Steel Transition Joint

Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to model the joining of titanium grade 2 (Ti) to AISI 321 stainless steel (SS) transition joint of lap configuration with grooves at the interface on SS side. The hot forming of Ti for filling the grooves without defects was simulated. FEA involving large plastic flow with sticking friction condition was initially validated using compression test on cylindrical specimen at 900 °C. The barreled shape and a no-deformation zone in the sample predicted by FEA matched with those of the compression experiments. For the joining process, FEA computed the distribution of strain and hydrostatic stress in Ti and the minimum ram load required for a defect-free joint. The hot forming parameters for Ti to fill the grooves without defects and any geometrical distortion of the die were found to be 0.001 s^?1 at 900 °C. Using these conditions a defect-free Ti-SS joint was experimentally produced.     

Constitutive modeling of hot deformation behavior of X20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel with strain effect

Hot deformation behavior of X20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel was investigated by conducting hot compression tests on Gleeble–1500D thermo-mechanical simulator at the temperature ranging from 1173 to 1423 K and the strain rate ranging from 0.001 to 10 s^?1. The material constants of α and n, activation energy Q and A were calculated as a function of strain by a fifth-order polynomial fit. Constitutive models incorporating deformation temperature, strain rate and strain were developed to model the hot deformation behavior of X20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel based on the Arrhenius equation. The predictable efficiency of the developed constitutive models of X20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel was analyzed by correlation coefficient and average absolute relative error which are 0.996 and 3.22%, respectively.     

一种估算结构钢室温蠕变的方法

研究了轧制态、正火态X70管线钢和AISI304不锈钢的室温蠕变行为,发现在数种应力水平下此2种钢主要呈现为速率递减的对数蠕变特征.室温蠕变和拉伸实验的关系表明,室温蠕变实验中的加载过程与拉伸实验相同,且室温蠕变开始时的应变速率与加载过程结束时的相等.在此基础上,结合室温蠕变本构方程和描述拉伸实验中应力-应变关系的Ra...     

Microstructure and antibacterial property of stainless steel implanted by Cu ions

Copper ions were implanted into AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel by metal vapor vacuum are (MEVVA) with 60 - 100 keV energy and a dose range (0.2 - 5.0) × 1017 cm-2. Then Cu-implanted stainless steel was treated by a special antibacterial treatment. Antibacterial rates of Cu-implanted stainless steel, Cu-implanted stainless steel with special antibacterial treatment and un-implanted stainless steel were obtained by agar plate method. Phase composition in the implanted layer was analyzed by glancing X-ray diffraction (GXRD). Microstructure of antibacterial stainless steel was observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and changes of the bacterium appearance after 24 h antibacterial action on the surface of un-implanted and Cu-implanted stainless steel with antibacterial treatment were observed with bio-TEM respectively. The results show that stainless steel obtains antibacterial property against E. coli when the Cu ions dose approaches to the saturated one. A suitable amount of Cu-rich phase uniformly disperses on the surface of Cu-implanted stainless steel that is treated by the special antibacterial treatment. The Cu-rich phase naked on the surface has a function of damage to pericellular membrane and cell wall,the pericellular membrane is thickened and the karyon degraded, and finally, bacteria die. Cu-rich phase naked on the surface endows stainless steel with best antibacterial property.     

Behavior of 316L stainless steel containing corrosion pits under cyclic loading

The environmental performance of 316L grade stainless steel, in the form of tensile specimens containing a single corrosion pit with various aspect ratios, under cyclic loading in aerated chloride solutions is investigated in this study. Results from environmental tests were compared and contrasted with those obtained using finite element analysis (FEA). Fractography of the failed specimens obtained from experiments revealed that fatigue crack initiation took place at the base of the shallow pit. The crack initiation shifted towards the shoulder and the mouth of the pit for pits of increasing depth. This process is well predicted by FEA, as the strain contour maps show that strain is the highest around the centric strip of the pit. However, for shallow pits, local strain is uniformly distributed around that strip but begins to concentrate more towards the shoulder and the mouth region for increasingly deep pits.     

940X新型不锈钢的耐蚀性能

通过盐雾试验和点腐蚀电位测试,对比了新型940X不锈钢和9Cr18不锈钢的耐蚀性能.结果表明,在NaCl溶液中940X不锈钢的耐全面腐蚀和耐点腐蚀的性能比9Cr18的高.并结合化学成分及金相能谱分析了940X不锈钢的耐蚀机理.     

Pulse Current Auxiliary Thermal Deep Drawing of SiCp/2024Al Composite Sheet with Poor Formability

The pulse current auxiliary thermal deep drawing (PCATDD) of SiCp/2024Al composite sheets with poor formability was investigated and an integrated high-efficient heating and deep drawing process design was developed to improve the formability of SiCp/2024Al composites. The average pulse current density was achieved at 21.7?A/mm² with temperature of SiCp/2024Al composites reaching around 673?K in the 50?s. The temperature uniformity of the sheet electrified by the high-intensity pulse current and temperature gradients between the sliding core and top flat of female die were investigated to achieve precise temperature control of sheet and die. During electrification, the stainless steel inserts between the sheet and the copper electrodes successfully prevented heat dissipation and promoted temperature uniformity. Meanwhile, the temperature gradients can be efficiently controlled by blowing high-speed air. The workpiece showed good shape retention, surface quality, and high geometry accuracy. The present study has verified successfully the feasibility of process procedure for PCATDD of SiCp/2024Al composites sheet.     

不锈钢件套裁级进模设计

介绍了冲压不锈钢制件的同时 ,利用该零件的冲裁废料冲压成形另一不锈钢零件的工艺过程 ,并介绍了冲压成形两不锈钢零件的级进模结构及模具凸、凹模间隙的选择、模具材料及热处理工艺。     

固态塑性成形过程中界面接触换热的实验研究

文章通过自制的接触换热系数测量设备对纯铜与3Cr2W8V合金钢、不锈钢与不锈钢间的接触换热系数进行了实验研究。分析了温度和载荷对接触换热系数的影响,并且分析了在铝合金和模具钢的接触面间加入玻璃润滑剂后对接触换热系数的影响。实验结果发现,接触换热系数与温度的关系并不是简单的正比关系,而与载荷的指数近似成正比关系,且在接触面涂上玻璃润滑剂后,接触换热系数可大大降低。     

21Cr节镍型双相不锈钢高温形变过程的静态软化分析

采用热模拟研究了21Cr双相不锈钢在高温变形道次间隔时间内的静态软化行为,讨论了变形温度、应变速率和变形程度对静态再结晶行为及微观组织的影响。结果表明,变形条件通过影响两相内部应变分配进一步影响双相不锈钢静态软化行为。随着变形温度和变形程度增加,铁素体相内承担的应变增加,铁素体内部再结晶程度增加,促进双相不锈钢的静态软化程度增加;而随着应变速率的增加,试验钢静态软化率的变化规律与奥氏体相承担的应变变化规律相同,都呈现出先降低后升高的变化趋势,奥氏体相在应变速率为1 s^-1时的内部再结晶程度最低。21Cr双相不锈钢静态再结晶激活能约为301 kJ/mol。