流水线ADC

低采样速率ADC仍然采用逐次逼近(SAR)、积分型结构以及最近推出的过采样∑△ADC,而高采样速率(几百MSPS以上)大多用闪速ADC及其各种变型电路。然而,最近几年各种各样的流水线ADC已经在速度、分辨率、动态性能和功耗方面有了很大的提高。对于几Msps到100Msps的8位高速和16位低速模数转换器(ADC),流水线已经成为最流行的模数转换器结构,它可以涵盖很广的应用范围,包括CCD成像、超声成像、数字接收、基站、数字视频(如     

单通道／双通道、14位250MspsADC系列

凌力尔特公司（Linear Technology Corporation）推出双通道和单通道高IF采样14位、170Msps、210Msps和250Msps模数转换器（ADC）系列,该系列器件在输入频率高达900MHz时,仍然保持良好的SFDR性能。LTC2152—14和LTC2157—14分别是单通道和双通道同时采样ADC,提供双数据速率（DDR）LVDS数字输出。这些ADC专为满足当今通信系统的需要而特别设计,在此类通信系统中,高的欠采样能力可通过免除下变频级而降低了成本。     

一种新型无人机高分SAR 信号非均匀混合采样技术

无人机高分辨合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统具有较大的信号频率带宽,根据奈奎斯特采样定律,雷达接收机需要超高速采样的ADC芯片。由于超高速采样率的ADC芯片的采样量化位数较低、功耗较高、成本昂贵,直接采用超高速采样ADC芯片对无人机高分辨率SAR回波信号进行采样接收不是最优方法。文中提出一种新型的非均匀混合采样技术用于对无人机高分辨率SAR回波信号进行采样接收,通过优化无人机SAR系统的信号收发时序,利用325 Msps采样率的ADC芯片即可对频率带宽为2 GHz的雷达回波信号进行采样接收,保证雷达回波的相位扰动与旁瓣电平满足应用需求。仿真实验表明:2 GHz带宽的Ku-SAR系统的回波信号能被采样率为325 Msps的ADC芯片完好采样接收,成像分辨率优于0. 2 m,旁瓣电平控制在-13 dB以下。     

LTC2152-14／LTC2157-14：模数转换器

凌力尔特公司推出双通道和单通道高IF采样14位、170Msps、210Msps和250Msps模数转换器（ADC）系列,该系列器件在输入频率高达900MHz时,仍然保持良好的SFDR性能。LTC2152．14和LTC2157．14分别是单通道和双通道同时采样ADC,提供双数据速率（DDR）LVDS数字输出。     

用于高速CIS的12-bit紧凑型多列共享并行pipeline-SAR ADC

设计了一款用于高速CMOS图像传感器的多列共享列并行流水线逐次逼近模数转换器。八列像素共享一路pipeline-SAR ADC,从而使得ADC的版图不再局限于二列像素的宽度,可以在16列像素宽度内实现。该模数转换器采用了异步控制逻辑电路来提高转换速度。半增益数模混合单元电路被用于对第一级子ADC的余差信号放大,同时被用于降低对增益数模混合单元电路中运放性能的要求。相关电平位移技术也被用于对余差信号进行更精确的放大。整个pipeline-SAR ADC第一级子ADC精度为6-bit,第二级子ADC为7-bit,两级之间存在1-bit冗余校准,最终实现12-bit精度。输入信号满幅电压为1 V。该8列共享并行处理的pipeline-SAR ADC在0.18 m 1P4M工艺下制造实现,芯片面积为0.204 mm2。仿真结果显示,在采样频率为8.33 Msps,输入信号频率为229.7 kHz时,该ADC的信噪失真比为72.6 dB;在采样频率为8.33 Msps,输入信号频率为4.16 MHz时,该ADC的信噪失真比为71.7 dB。该pipeline-SAR ADC的电源电压为1.8 V,功耗为4.95 mW,功耗品质因子（FoM）为172.5 fJ/conversion-step。由于像素尺寸只有7.5 m,工艺只有四层金属,因此这款12-bit多列共享列并行流水线逐次逼近模数转换器非常适用于高速CMOS图像传感器系统。     

单通道/双通道、14位250Msps ADC系列

凌力尔特公司(Linear Technology Corporation)推出双通道和单通道高IF采样14位、170 Msps、210 Msps和250 Msps模数转换器(ADC)系列,该系列器件在输入频率高达900 MHz时,仍然保持良好的SFDR性能。LTC2152-14和LTC2157-14     

一种具有采样时间扩展功能的异步SAR ADC

SAR ADC每个转换周期的大部分时间被分配给ADC的量化操作,而只剩下少量的时间用来进行信号采样。在短时间内完成高精度的采样,需要前级电路具有更大驱动能力,同时要求ADC的采样开关具有更低的导通电阻。提出了一种交替采样结构,可以在不减少ADC量化时间的前提下,使得SAR ADC的采样时间等于量化时间,由此极大地降低ADC驱动电路的功耗。本文采用上述技术基于Fujitsu 55 nm工艺,实现了40 Msps 10 bit的异步SAR ADC,测试显示ADC有效位可达9.7 bit。     

几乎无噪声、适用于成像应用的ADC驱动器

正无论就采样率还是就信噪比而言,CCD(电荷耦合器件)和其他传感器对数字转换器都有很高的要求。传感器输出一般是以地为基准的一系列模拟电平(像素),在像素的边沿之间可能出现瞬态信号。像素数量增加时,捕获图像所需的ADC采样率也随之提高,就大多数大动态范围应用而言,20Msps流水线型ADC是足够的。为确保所采样信号具备最高SNR性能,ADC的驱动电路必须提供低阻抗、快速稳定以免引入宽带噪声以及对传感器呈现高输入阻抗。本文描述一种用于传感器和高性     

8位CMOS双通道流水线ADC仿真设计

设计了一种8位1.2V,1GS/s双通道流水线A/D转换器(ADC)。所设计ADC对1.5位增益D/A转换电路(MDAC)中的流水线双通道结构进行改进,其中设置有双通道流水线时分复用运算放大器和双/单通道快闪式ADC,以简化结构并提高速度;在系统前置采样/保持器中加设由单一时间信号驱动的开关线性化控制(SLC)电路,以解决两条通道之间的采样歪扭和时序失调问题。用90nm标准CMOS工艺对所设计的流水线ADC进行仿真试验,结果表明,室温下所设计ADC的信噪比SNR为32.7dB,无杂散动态范围SFDR为42.3dB,它的分辨率、功耗PD和采样速率SR分别为8位、23mW和1GS/s,从而满足了高速、高精度和低功耗的应用需要。     

超高速模数转换器研究进展

光通讯、5G和毫米波通信等应用系统的快速发展对ADC的采样速率和输入信号带宽提出了更高的要求。受到功耗和工艺器件的限制,传统流水线型高速高精度ADC的采样速率和精度已接近瓶颈,无法满足高速通信系统的信号采样需求,需要更新颖的超高速ADC结构和设计技术。文章介绍了近年来超高速ADC在工艺和设计技术方面的研究进展,详细分析了近年来基于时域交织技术和FinFET工艺进行超高速ADC设计的研究成果和发展动态。     

一种12位50MS/s CMOS流水线A/D转换器

采用TSMC 0.18μm 1P6M工艺设计了一个12位50 MS/s流水线A/D转换器（ADC）。为了减小失真和降低功耗,该ADC利用余量增益放大电路（MDAC）内建的采样保持功能,去掉了传统的前端采样保持电路;采用时间常数匹配技术,保证输入高频信号时,ADC依然能有较好的线性度;利用数字校正电路降低了ADC对比较器失调的敏感性。使用Cadence Spectre对电路进行仿真。结果表明,输入耐奎斯特频率的信号时,电路SNDR达到72.19 dB,SFDR达到88.23 dB。当输入频率为50 MHz的信号时,SFDR依然有80.51 dB。使用1.8 V电源电压供电,在50 MHz采样率下,ADC功耗为128 mW。     

A power-efficient 10-bit 40-MS/s sub-sampling pipelined CMOS analog-to-digital converter

This paper presents a 10-bit 40-MS/s pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in a 0.13-μm CMOS process for subsampling applications. A simplified opamp-sharing scheme between two successive pipelined stages is proposed to reduce the power consumption. For subsampling, a cost-effective fast input-tracking switch with high linearity is introduced to sample the input signal up to 75 MHz. A two-stage amplifier with hybrid frequency compensation is developed to achieve both high bandwidth and large swing with low power dissipation. The measured result shows that the ADC achieves over 77 dB spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) and 57.3 dB signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio (SNDR) within the first Nyquist zone and maintains over 70 dB SFDR and 55.3 dB SNDR for input signal up to 75 MHz. The peak differential nonlinearity (DNL) and integral nonlinearity (INL) are ±0.2 LSB and ±0.3 LSB, respectively. The ADC consumes 15.6 mW at the sampling rate of 40 MHz from a 1.2-V supply voltage, and achieves a figure-of-merit (FOM) value of 0.22 pJ per conversion step.     

A pipelined SAR ADC with gain-stage based on capacitive charge pump

This paper presents a 14-bit, tunable bandwidth two-stage pipelined successive approximation analog to digital converter which is suitable for low-power, cost-effective sensor readout circuits. To overcome the high DC gain requirement of operational transconductance amplifier in the gain-stage, the multi-stage capacitive charge pump (CCP) was utilized to achieve the gain-stage instead of using the switch capacitor integrator. The detailed design considerations are given in this work. Thereafter, the 14-bit ADC was designed and fabricated in a low-cost 0.35-µm CMOS process. The prototype ADC achieves a peak SNDR of 75.6 dB at a sampling rate of 20 kS/s and 76.1 dB at 200 kS/s while consuming 7.68 and 96 µW, respectively. The corresponding FoM are 166.7 and 166.3 dB. Since the bandwidth of CCP is tunable, the ADC maintains a SNDR >75 dB upto 260 kHz. The core area occupied by the ADC is 0.589 mm².     

Nested Digital Background Calibration of a 12-bit Pipelined ADC Without an Input SHA

To reduce power dissipation, the input sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA) is eliminated in a pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with nested background calibration. The nested architecture calibrates the pipelined ADC with an algorithmic ADC that is also calibrated. Without an input SHA, a timing difference between the sampling instants of the two ADCs creates an error that interferes with calibration of the pipelined ADC. This problem is overcome with digital background timing compensation. It uses a differentiator with fixed coefficients to build an adaptive interpolator. With a 58-kHz sinusoidal input, the 12-bit 20-Msample/s pipelined ADC achieves a signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) of 70.2 dB, a spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of 80.3 dB, and an integral nonlinearity (INL) of 0.75 least significant bit (LSB). With a 9-MHz input, the SNDR is 64.2 dB, and the SFDR is 78.3 dB. About 2 million samples or 0.1 s are required for convergence. The prototype occupies 7.5 mm² in 0.35-mum CMOS and dissipates 231 mW from 3.3 V, which is 23 mW less than in a previous prototype with the input SHA.     

基于冗余子级的流水线ADC校准技术

提出了基于冗余子级的流水线ADC后端校准技术,采用精度较高的流水线冗余子级代替参考ADC,对流水线ADC的各个子级校准,替代了对整个ADC的校准,使校准系统无需降频同步,较好地解决了传统校准系统中主信号通路与参考ADC信号通路不同步的问题。对Matlab/Simulink中搭建的精度为16位、采样频率为10 MS/s的流水线ADC进行仿真,结果表明,当输入信号频率为4.760 5 MHz时,经过校准,流水线ADC的有效位和无杂散动态范围分别由9.37位和59.96 dB提高到15.32位和99.55 dB。进一步的FPGA硬件验证结果表明,流水线ADC的有效位和无杂散动态范围分别为12.73位和98.62 dB,初步验证了该校准算法的可行性。     

An undersampling 14-bit cyclic ADC with over 100-dB SFDR

A high linearity, undersampling 14-bit 357 kSps cyclic analog-to-digital convert (ADC) is designed for a radio frequency identification transceiver system. The passive capacitor error-average (PCEA) technique is adopted for high accuracy. An improved PCEA sampling network, capable of eliminating the crosstalk path of two pipelined stages, is employed. Opamp sharing and the removal of the front-end sample and hold amplifier are utilized for low power dissipation and small chip area. An additional digital calibration block is added to compensate for the error due to defective layout design. The presented ADC is fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS process, occupying 0.65 × 1.6 mm~2.The input of the undersampling ADC achieves 15.5 MHz with more than 90 dB spurious free dynamic range (SFDR),and the peak SFDR is as high as 106.4 dB with 2.431 MHz input.     

SFDR高于100dB的14位欠采样循环模数转换器

本文为射频标签(RFID)收发机系统设计了一个高线性,14位357 k采样率的欠采样循环模数转换器。为提高模数转换器的精度,设计中采用了有源电容误差平均(PCEA)技术。并且提出了一种改进的PCEA采样网络,可以消除两个流水级之间的串扰影响。为降低模数转换器的功耗和减小面积,设计采用了运放共享技术,并且去除了采样保持放大级。为补偿不完善的版图设计引入的误差,增加了一个附加的数字校准模块。该模数转换器由180 nm CMOS工艺流水完成,面积为0.65 mm  1.6 mm。在确保SFDR不低于90 dB的条件下,该欠采样模数转换器的输入信号频率高达15.5 MHz;在2.431 MHz输入下,峰值SFDR高达106.4 dB.     

A 4 Gbps current-mode transmitter for 12-bit 250 MSPS ADC

A 4 Gbps transmitter for a 12-bit 250 MSPS pipelined ADCs is presented. A low power current mode (CM) output driver with reverse scaling technique is proposed. A high speed, low power combined serializer is implemented to convert 12 bit parallel data into a seria1 data stream. The whole transmitter is used in a 12-bit 250 MSPS pipelined ADC for the digital output buffer and fabricated in 180 nm 1. 8 V 1P5M CMOS technology. Test results show that the transmitter provides an eye height greater than 800 mV for data rates of both 2 Gbps and 4 Gbps, the 12-bit 250 MSPS ADC achieves the SNR of 69.92 dBFS and SFDR of 81.17 dB with 20.1 MHz input at full sampling speed. The ADC with the 4 Gbps transmitter consumes the power consumption of 395 mW, where the power consumption of transmitter is 75 mW. The ADC occupies an area of 2.5×3.2 mm², where the active area of the transmitter block is 0.5×1.2 mm².     

A 1-V 100-MS/s 8-bit CMOS Switched-Opamp Pipelined ADC Using Loading-Free Architecture

A 1-V, 8-bit pipelined ADC is realized using multi-phase switched-opamp (SO) technique. A novel loading-free architecture is proposed to reduce the capacitive loading and to improve the speed in low-voltage SO circuits. Employing the proposed loading-free pipelined ADC architecture together with double-sampling technique and a fast-wake-up dual-input-dual-output switchable opamp, the ADC achieves 100-MS/s conversion rate, which to our knowledge is the fastest ADC ever reported at 1-V supply using SO technique, with performance comparable to that of many high-voltage switched-capacitor (SC) ADCs. Implemented in a 0.18-mum CMOS process, the ADC obtains a peak SNR of 45.2 dB, SNDR of 41.5 dB, and SFDR of 52.6 dB. Measured DNL and INL are 0.5 LSB and 1.1 LSB, respectively. The chip dissipates only 30 mW from a 1-V supply     

12bit10MS/s流水线结构模数转换器

介绍了12 bit,10 MS/s流水线结构的模数转换器IP核设计。为了实现低功耗,在采样电容和运放逐级缩减的基础上,电路设计中还采用了没有传统前端采样保持放大器的第一级流水线结构,并且采用了运放共享技术。瞬态噪声的仿真结果表明,在10 MHz采样率和295 kHz输入信号频率下,由该方法设计的ADC可以达到92.56 dB的无杂散动态范围,72.97 dB的信号噪声失调比,相当于11.83个有效位数,并且在5 V供电电压下的功耗仅为44.5 mW。