EVALUATION OF FEEDSTOCKS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROCRACKING CATALYSTS FOR HEAVY OIL

A number of feedstocks namely Arab Light atmospheric residue (ALAR), Arab Heavy atmospheric residue (AHAR), vacuum gas oil (VGO) and hydrotreated vacuum gas oil (HT-VGO), were evaluated for their physical and chemical characteristics. The characterization results of the feedstocks show the complex nature and composition of both residues and gas oils. The distillation results showed that about 50 weight percent of Arab Light crude consists of atmospheric residue. The elemental analysis of the ALAR showed that high amount of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen is present along with heavy metals such as nickel and vanadium. In case of Arab Heavy crude oil, the atmospheric residue is even higher, that is 57 percent and contains higher amount of metals along with more carbon, sulfur and nitrogen contents. The determination of hydrocarbon types by HPLC exhibited that ALAR contains higher amount of saturates compared to AHAR but less amount of aromatics, polars and asphaltenes. ALAR was found to have 55% saturates, 27% aromatics, 12% polars and 6% asphaltenes while AHAR has 30% saturates, 42% aromatics, 18% polars and 10% asphaltenes. Molecular weight determination indicated that the molecular weight of ALAR was determined to be 511 compared to 595 for AHAR. ALAR being lighter, showed 54% distillation at 547°C while AHAR exhibited 45% distillation at 543°C. VGO was found to have 13% saturates, 68% aromatics and 19% polars while HT-VGO had 29% saturates, 63% aromatics and 8% polars. VGO was found to have high IBP and FBP compared to HT-VGO. On the basis of the characterization data, VGO was selected to be use with catalysts containing high pore size supports such as alumina, silica alumina and clay while HT-VGO was selected as feedstock for performance evaluation of zeolite based catalysts. ALAR and AHAR will be utilized in the later stages of the catalysts development work.     

EVALUATION OF FEEDSTOCKS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROCRACKING CATALYSTS FOR HEAVY OIL

A number of feedstocks namely Arab Light atmospheric residue (ALAR), Arab Heavy atmospheric residue (AHAR), vacuum gas oil (VGO) and hydrotreated vacuum gas oil (HT-VGO), were evaluated for their physical and chemical characteristics. The characterization results of the feedstocks show the complex nature and composition of both residues and gas oils. The distillation results showed that about 50 weight percent of Arab Light crude consists of atmospheric residue. The elemental analysis of the ALAR showed that high amount of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen is present along with heavy metals such as nickel and vanadium. In case of Arab Heavy crude oil, the atmospheric residue is even higher, that is 57 percent and contains higher amount of metals along with more carbon, sulfur and nitrogen contents. The determination of hydrocarbon types by HPLC exhibited that ALAR contains higher amount of saturates compared to AHAR but less amount of aromatics, polars and asphaltenes. ALAR was found to have 55% saturates, 27% aromatics, 12% polars and 6% asphaltenes while AHAR has 30% saturates, 42% aromatics, 18% polars and 10% asphaltenes. Molecular weight determination indicated that the molecular weight of ALAR was determined to be 511 compared to 595 for AHAR. ALAR being lighter, showed 54% distillation at 547°C while AHAR exhibited 45% distillation at 543°C. VGO was found to have 13% saturates, 68% aromatics and 19% polars while HT-VGO had 29% saturates, 63% aromatics and 8% polars. VGO was found to have high IBP and FBP compared to HT-VGO. On the basis of the characterization data, VGO was selected to be use with catalysts containing high pore size supports such as alumina, silica alumina and clay while HT-VGO was selected as feedstock for performance evaluation of zeolite based catalysts. ALAR and AHAR will be utilized in the later stages of the catalysts development work.     

Changes in structural-group characteristics of resins and asphaltenes of heavy oils in the primary distillation process

Transformations of resins and asphaltenes of chemically different heavy oils during primary distillation have been studied using oils form the Usa (Komi Republic, Russia) and Zuunbayan (Mongolia) oil-fields as an example. The structural-group parameters of resins and asphaltene molecules of the crude oils and oil residues (fuel oils) obtained via atmospheric distillation involving the withdrawal of IBP–350°C fractions have been determined using elemental analysis, molecular weight, and NMR data. Changes in the average structures of molecules in the primary distillation process of crude oils have been revealed, and it has been found that these changes depend on the chemical composition of the original oils.     

常减压蒸馏装置设计方案的对比

以某大型原油处理工程项目为例，对初馏塔加压方案、闪蒸塔常压方案、常压塔加压方案和常压方案进行了对比分析，最终确定常减压蒸馏装置设计方案。     

减压塔填料结焦原因分析及应对措施

某炼油厂12 Mt/a常减压蒸馏装置减压塔洗涤段填料局部产生严重结焦.从原料性质、操作参数、异常工况、设备问题和加工负荷等方面分析,结焦原因为:全厂停电、紧急停工导致洗涤油突然中断和填料层局部过热;洗涤油个别喷头堵塞,导致局部填料润湿不均匀;劣质原油及重污油掺炼比例提高和减压塔加工负荷的增大加剧了洗涤段结焦.提出了控制...     

利用活化剂强化常减压蒸馏

利用活化剂来改变石油分散体系的性质,以改善石油液体沸腾时的气相形成条件,可以强化常减压蒸馏过程,提高烃质油的收率和质量,这对炼油新技术的开发以及解决石油市场的供需矛盾、提高柴汽比均具有重要的意义。通过对国内外的这方面研究成果的总结与分析,指出了强化蒸馏技术的关键性问题,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

原油混炼过程中常减压蒸馏装置腐蚀防护研究

中国石油天然气股份有限公司广西石化分公司常减压蒸馏装置混炼的进口原油属于含硫含酸原油,平均酸值为0.56 mgKOH/g,硫质量分数为0.14％.电脱盐及三顶注剂的离子分析数据出现超标现象,常减压蒸馏装置冷换设备发生泄漏.通过分析得出冷换设备发生泄漏的原因为氧腐蚀.为了更好地控制腐蚀,通过更换注剂使塔顶腐蚀速率由注剂前的0.234 mm/a降低到注剂后的0.002 mm/a,较好地控制了设备的腐蚀,保证了装置长周期有效地运行并提出了相应的腐蚀防护措施.     

A级道路石油沥青的开发与生产

通过对道路石油沥青针入度指数(PI)与平均分子量关系的研究,提出了选择原油、提高减压蒸馏分离效果、氧化和原油混合提高道路石油沥青PI的方法,筛选原油得出进口原油2可生产A级产品,氧化试验证明选择合适的氧化条件沙中减渣可制备A级产品,减压蒸馏试验并经工业装置验证得出沙中原油可生产A级产品。     

常减压蒸馏装置灵活加工方案的探讨

运用校验后的常减压蒸馏装置模型，对加工3．0Mt／a高硫高酸原油和加工2．0Mt／a沙轻原油的全流程进行了模拟及水力学计算。通过分析比较，确定了该常减压蒸馏装置对两种原油进行灵活加工的工艺条件。结果表明该装置在保证加工3.0Mt／a高硫高酸原油的情况下，经过部分改造就可以加工2．0Mt／a沙轻原油，且各设备能正常运行。流程模拟为该常减压蒸馏装置的改造奠定了基础。     

常压闪蒸-溶剂脱沥青组合工艺提高塔河原油加工中液体收率的研究

基于塔河原油高硫、高酸、高残炭、高沥青质、高金属以及低轻馏分油收率等特点,对塔河原油常压闪蒸-溶剂脱沥青与常压蒸馏-延迟焦化两种组合工艺进行了对比分析。结果表明：常压闪蒸-溶剂脱沥青组合工艺的总液体收率为78.77%,比常压蒸馏-延迟焦化组合工艺的总液体收率（69.30%）提高9.47百分点,可为催化裂化或加氢处理提供较高比例的优质原料。闪蒸-溶剂脱沥青组合工艺操作温度较低,可减缓常减压蒸馏等装置的石油酸腐蚀问题。从提高塔河原油液体收率、改善油品性质和缓解腐蚀等方面考虑,常压闪蒸-溶剂脱沥青组合工艺具有一定的发展前景。     

原油蒸馏装置降低直馏柴油收率操作优化

中国石油独山子石化分公司炼油一部原油蒸馏装置目前主要加工管输哈萨克斯坦原油、克拉玛依玛湖原油和南疆牙哈原油,该装置设计混合柴油收率为31%。近些年市场对柴油需求日渐减少,为了缓解柴油库存压力,缓解因原油加工量低、乙烯装置直供石脑油量不足的情况,通过实施常压蒸馏装置及减压蒸馏装置侧线流程调整,优化常压蒸馏塔操作,从而降低直馏柴油收率至26.06%,优化了公司产品分布,对提高公司整体运行效益做出了突出贡献。     

高酸原油对减压系统腐蚀的影响

中海油惠州炼化分公司按加工高酸低硫原油设计,常减压蒸馏装置防腐设计主要针对环烷酸引起的腐蚀和塔顶冷凝冷却系统的腐蚀。常减压装置减压系统高温部位控制腐蚀的主要措施包括采用高的材质等级、加注高温缓蚀剂和控制流速流态避开严重腐蚀区。低温部位控制腐蚀的措施主要包括加注中和缓蚀剂、控制好适宜的操作条件,同时通过设备管道腐蚀在线监测系统加强对腐蚀的监控。常减压蒸馏装置减压系统经过3a的运行,腐蚀控制良好。减顶出现较严重的小分子有机酸腐蚀,减二线腐蚀速率较高。对于小分子有机酸的腐蚀、减压塔填料的腐蚀、减二线腐蚀问题进行了分析并提出相应的改进措施。     

常减压蒸馏装置长周期运行腐蚀分析与防腐蚀策略

针对2号常减压蒸馏装置2016—2020年生产运行期间加工原油和腐蚀监检测情况,结合大修期间腐蚀检查发现的问题,综合分析了主体设备腐蚀的现状,评价了工艺防腐蚀的控制效果,分别从原油质量控制、深度电脱盐、工艺防腐蚀管理、腐蚀监检测等方面提出了下周期装置的防腐蚀策略,从而确保常减压蒸馏装置长周期安全稳定运行。     

Thermal transformations of high-molecular-mass-components of heavy petroleum residues

Transformations of high-molecular-mass heteroatomic compounds (resins, asphaltenes) present in atmospheric distillation residue of crude oil from the Usa field (Republic of Komi) by thermal cracking at temperatures of 350–450°C in the presence of fly ash ferrospheres as initiator additives have been studied. The structural group parameters of resin and asphaltene molecules existing in the feedstock and the thermolysis products have been determined using elemental analysis, molecular mass, and proton NMR data.     

原油常减压装置节能技术

介绍了适用于常减压装置节能的新工艺、新设备以及利用计算机监控技术提高产率的情况。工艺方面主要采用过滤脱盐新技术对原油进行深度脱盐；采用强化蒸馏新工艺提高原油蒸馏拔出率、优化产出，增产柴油。设备方面使用规整填料和新型塔板，改善分馏塔分馏效率；使用新型燃烧器提高加热炉效率；使用新型换热器提高热回收率；采用变频调速技术降低装置电耗。最后对国内原油常减压装置节能改造提出了建议。     

伊朗大不里士炼油厂常减压蒸馏装置改造

介绍了伊朗大不里士炼油厂常减压蒸馏装置的改造情况。由于原油性质发生了较大改变,对装置的换热流程、电脱盐、常压塔和汽提塔内件、加热炉等部分进行改造。采用Bilectric高效电脱盐技术。常压塔采用高效SUPERFRAC塔盘，新旧加热炉并联操作等。充分利用原有设备，改动少，投资省，40天完成全部改造，并一次开车成功。结果表明，改造后装置可以加工四种混合原油。并达到原油加工量不变、生产的产品规格也不变的改造目的。     

Simulation of Atmospheric and Vacuum Crude Units Using Aspen Plus

Abstract

Steady-state simulation of preflash, atmospheric column (pipestill), and vacuum distillation units in a crude oil distillation plant was performed using an Aspen Plus simulator. The object of this work was to make a computer simulation using different mixed crude's: Dubai and Basara (crude 1) and Dubai and Bomby High (crude 2). Simulation results are compared to real experimental data available in literature.     

全常压渣油催化裂化装置掺炼减压蜡油的技术分析

随着原油性质的劣化以及原油加工量的不断提高。洛阳分公司自投产以来一直采用的不开减压蒸馏装置。常压重油直接作为渣油催化裂化装置原料的生产方案已经不能适应生产需要。2002年12月减压蒸馏和溶剂脱沥青装置开工，催化裂化装置掺炼减压蜡油和脱沥青油。原料性质明显改善。催化裂化装置的生焦率比减压蒸馏装置未开工期间的两次标定分别降低了2．76和3．44个百分点。轻质油收率分别增加了7．18和5．98个百分点，催化剂单耗分别降低了0．43和0．58kg／t,装置单位能耗分别降低约l084和l246MJ／t,经济效益显著。     

原油蒸馏增收剂的应用

为了解决原油日益变重的问题,达到提高常压蒸馏拔出率的目的,在石油加工领域,开发了原油强化蒸馏技术。针对长庆原油应用GCD系列增收剂进行了强化蒸馏实验室研究和工业应用试验。结果表明：GCD660和GCD600型增收剂均能不同程度地提高轻质油的拔出率;GCD660型增收剂的效果优于GCD600型增收剂,轻质油收率最多提高2．26个百分点。     

常减压蒸馏装置运行中存在的问题及对策

对常减压蒸馏装置生产运行过程中存在的综合能耗偏高、原油分馏精度和减压拔出率低、电脱盐装置运行工况不理想及装置腐蚀等问题进行了具体分析,并提出了应对措施。