国外高炉数学模型的研究概况

对高炉过程的大量研究,使高炉冶炼理论有了很大的进步。最近,国外对高炉数学模型进行了大量的研究,这是近年来炼铁理论发展的一个新的领域。高炉数学模型的研究将把高炉炉内产生的复杂现象用数学方程式定量地表示出来。对高炉数学模型的研究不但有理论上的意义,而且对实际具有指导意义。高炉数学模型是高炉自动控制的理论基础,是实现高炉计算机控制的基础。高炉数学模型大致分为描述高炉处于稳定状态时的静态模型,以及描述高炉炉况变     

中国与欧美大高炉运行实绩之分析北大核心

对中国与欧洲和北美的大高炉(炉缸直径≥12m,内容积≥3200m^(3))运行实绩进行了比较分析。结果表明:①中国高炉的利用系数高于欧洲和北美高炉,中国高炉的焦比比欧洲高炉要高,但总燃料比相当;②中国高炉的炉渣碱度高于欧洲高炉,欧洲高炉的某些操作者使用碱度超过2.2的烧结矿;③欧洲高炉的焦丁使用量最高,中间值是46kg/t,中国高炉中间值是40kg/t,北美高炉中间值是25kg/t;④中国高炉操作者通过使用较小风口直径来获得较高风速,而欧洲和北美高炉操作者对炉料分布控制给予了更多关注:炉料熔化行为对高炉运行至关重要,熔化行为可以解释大多数高炉运行指标不同的本质原因。     

关于高炉炉缸长寿的关键问题解析

 高炉长寿化是大型高炉发展的必然趋势,实现高炉长寿的关键在于弄清高炉侵蚀的根本原因。从高炉炉缸侵蚀机理、高炉炉缸象脚型侵蚀原因、高炉炉缸圆周方向侵蚀不均匀性、高炉冷却强度与冷却效率以及高炉炉缸维护技术等5个方面探讨了高炉长寿存在的共性问题,指出高炉炉缸炭砖损毁的本质是碳不饱和铁水对炭砖的溶蚀。具体结果表明,首先,高炉炉缸象脚型侵蚀最严重部位位于高炉炉缸死料柱的根部位置;其次,阐明了直接导致高炉存在不均匀侵蚀的主要原因在于冷却系统的冷却水量和送风系统的风量在高炉周向方向分配不均匀;然后,阐明了冷却系统的作用本质是降低耐火材料热面温度,并提出了高炉冷却强度指数及高炉冷却效率指数;最后,分析了采用无钛矿护炉和钛矿护炉两种模式的高炉炉缸维护技术。     

2号高炉设计的初评与3号高炉的展望

1号高炉投产近4年,2号高炉过二年也将投产,3号高炉正在进行建设的前期工作。看看这三座高炉走过的历程和即将继续走的路子,可以看到当代大型高炉差不多30年技术进步的缩影,可以衡量出宝铜高炉在世界的地位与差距,可以明确3号高炉的设计方向。本文从回顾1号高炉与2号高炉来展望3号高炉。     

高炉炉缸活性的分析探讨

高炉安全长寿、降低高炉能源消耗成为现代高炉技术发展的主要方向,而其关键在于提高高炉炉缸活性.在介绍高炉炉缸活性变差特征的基础上,从高炉上部调剂、下部调剂、渣铁物性、高炉原燃料性能等方面,就如何提高高炉炉缸活性进行了分析和探讨.     

高炉炼铁技术的结构优化

本文介绍了首钢高炉生产现状，分析了高炉炼铁技术的发展前景，提出了高炉炼铁技术结构优化的重点，即大力发展高炉喷煤技术，提高精料水平和风温，延长高炉寿命，降低工序能耗。通过技术改造提高高炉整体水平，全面实现高炉炼铁技术的结构优化。     

高炉参数监控与炉况评价系统的研究及应用

现代化高炉需要对大量监控数据进行分析和处理,并从中提炼出有价值的数据,以指导高炉生产,为此,我们自主开发了高炉参数监控与炉况评价系统。根据高炉工艺情况,建立一级和二级规则库,监控高炉参数变化和波动,对高炉生产状况进行评价,同时,收集和制定高炉操作指导库,通过检索高炉操作指导库,为高炉生产提出操作指导意见。应用于高炉生产后,减少了炉况波动和能源消耗,提高了高炉生产效率。     

大型高炉稳定控制技术探讨

炼铁呈现高炉不断大型化和原燃料资源日益紧张并且质量不断劣化两大相互制约发展趋势,给大高炉操作带来较大困难,高炉稳定性下降,对高炉操作技术要求更高,而且更加精细。为了适应高炉发展需要,综合操作制度合理性和匹配性是高炉稳定的基础。结合宝钢3号高炉2010年生产攻关操作实绩,解析和探讨大型高炉稳定控制技术基本规律,进一步优化和改进大型高炉煤气流控制技术,提升应对高炉原燃料劣化的技术,推进大型高炉操作技术进步。     

承钢5号高炉长寿问题研究

高炉长寿是炼铁技术进步的重要标志,高炉寿命直接关系到钢铁企业的生存和发展。承钢5号高炉已连续生产7年,在高炉服役期间一直伴有冷却壁破损的情况,对高炉长寿构成较大威胁。结合5号高炉实际生产情况,探讨了影响5号高炉长寿的限制环节,同时提出延长高炉长寿的具体措施。     

宝钢高炉长寿命实践

对宝钢高炉20年的长寿实践进行了总结分析。经历了几次高炉寿命制约因素的转变,通过高炉长寿系统工程技术开发和实际应用,宝钢高炉长寿技术取得突破,逐渐形成了具有宝钢特点的大高炉强化冶炼基础上的高炉长寿生产维护技术,使高炉长寿挑战更高目标。     

Role of NAD+ and ADP-ribosylation in the maintenance of the Golgi structure

We have investigated the role of the ADP- ribosylation induced by brefeldin A (BFA) in the mechanisms controlling the architecture of the Golgi complex. BFA causes the rapid disassembly of this organelle into a network of tubules, prevents the association of coatomer and other proteins to Golgi membranes, and stimulates the ADP-ribosylation of two cytosolic proteins of 38 and 50 kD (GAPDH and BARS-50; De Matteis, M.A., M. DiGirolamo, A. Colanzi, M. Pallas, G. Di Tullio, L.J. McDonald, J. Moss, G. Santini, S. Bannykh, D. Corda, and A. Luini. 1994. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1114-1118; Di Girolamo, M., M.G. Silletta, M.A. De Matteis, A. Braca, A. Colanzi, D. Pawlak, M.M. Rasenick, A. Luini, and D. Corda. 1995. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:7065-7069). To study the role of ADP-ribosylation, this reaction was inhibited by depletion of NAD+ (the ADP-ribose donor) or by using selective pharmacological blockers in permeabilized cells. In NAD+-depleted cells and in the presence of dialized cytosol, BFA detached coat proteins from Golgi membranes with normal potency but failed to alter the organelle's structure. Readdition of NAD+ triggered Golgi disassembly by BFA. This effect of NAD+ was mimicked by the use of pre-ADP- ribosylated cytosol. The further addition of extracts enriched in native BARS-50 abolished the ability of ADP-ribosylated cytosol to support the effect of BFA. Pharmacological blockers of the BFA-dependent ADP-ribosylation (Weigert, R., A. Colanzi, A. Mironov, R. Buccione, C. Cericola, M.G. Sciulli, G. Santini, S. Flati, A. Fusella, J. Donaldson, M. DiGirolamo, D. Corda, M.A. De Matteis, and A. Luini. 1997. J. Biol. Chem. 272:14200-14207) prevented Golgi disassembly by BFA in permeabilized cells. These inhibitors became inactive in the presence of pre-ADP-ribosylated cytosol, and their activity was rescued by supplementing the cytosol with a native BARS-50-enriched fraction. These results indicate that ADP-ribosylation plays a role in the Golgi disassembling activity of BFA, and suggest that the ADP-ribosylated substrates are components of the machinery controlling the structure of the Golgi apparatus.     

废锂电池酸浸液非萃取除杂研究

主要研究了废锂电池酸浸液杂质除杂原理,采取“两段酸浸—中和除Fe、Al—絮凝除F—深度除杂”非萃取除杂工艺。在除杂过程中,由于酸浸液含高浓度Ni、Co、Mn离子,中和剂的种类和浓度将影响Ni、Co、Mn的损失率。通过工艺控制及中和剂调试,选择10%CaCO₃作为除Fe、Al、F中和剂,Fe、Al、Cu、F含量可分别从0.20、9.76、0.58、1.66 g/L降至0.01、0.02、0.01、29.86 mg/L,达到三元前驱体溶液杂质标准要求。此时,Ni、Co、Mn的损失率分别仅为0.96%、0.04%、0.01%,均在接受范围之内。     

Sites important for PLCbeta2 activation by the G protein betagamma subunit map to the sides of the beta propeller structure

The betagamma subunits of the heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) that couple heptahelical, plasma membrane-bound receptors to intracellular effector enzymes or ion channels directly regulate several types of effectors, including phospholipase Cbeta and adenylyl cyclase. The beta subunit is made up of two structurally different regions: an N-terminal alpha helix followed by a toroidal structure made up of 7 blades, each of which is a twisted beta sheet composed of four anti-parallel beta strands (Wall, M. A., Coleman, D. E., Lee, E., I?iguez-Lluhi, J. A., Posner, B. A., Gilman, A. G., and Sprang, S. R. (1995) Cell 83, 1047-1058; Lambright, D. G., Sondek, J., Bohm, A., Skiba, N. P., Hamm, H. E., and Sigler, P. B. (1996) Nature 379, 311-319). We have previously shown that sites for activation of PLCbeta2, PLCbeta3, and adenylyl cyclase II overlap on the "top" surface of the propeller, where Galpha also binds (Li, Y., Sternweis, P. M., Charnecki, S., Smith, T. F., Gilman, A. G., Neer, E. J., and Kozasa, T. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 16265-16272). The present study was undertaken to identify the regions on the side of the torus that might be important for effector interactions. We made mutations in each of the outer beta strands of the G protein beta1 propeller, as well as mutations in the loops that connect the outer strands to the adjacent beta strands. Our results suggest that activation of PLCbeta2 involves residues in the outer strands of blades 2, 6, and 7 of the propeller. We tested three of the mutations that most severely affected PLCbeta2 activity against two forms of adenylyl cyclase (ACI and ACII). Both inhibition of ACI and activation of ACII were unaffected by these mutations, suggesting that if ACI and ACII contact the outer strands, the sites of contact are different from those for PLCbeta2. We propose that distinct sets of contacts along the sides of the propeller will define the specificity of the interaction of betagamma with effectors.     

Characteristics of delayed excretion of flavonoids in human urine after administration of Shosaiko-to, a herbal medicine

There has been little explanation of herbal medicines by modern medical sciences, including pharmacokinetics, whereas physicians follow empirical indications written in classical literature. Recent reports of herb-induced adverse reactions compelled us to proceed the investigation of a herbal medicine Shosaiko-to (TJ-9) from a pharmacokinetic point of view. To five healthy volunteers, a single 5 g dose of TJ-9, consisting of 7 herbs, was administered. We conducted HPLC analysis of the timed-urine specimens to disclose the type and amount of compounds excreted. Excretion rate-time curves were analyzed individually. Four flavonoids, liquiritigenin, baicalein, wogonin and oroxylin A, were found both in the urine and TJ-9. The glycosides in TJ-9 were absorbed after microflora hydrolysis. Davidigenin, which was not found in TJ-9, was an intestinal metabolite of liquiritigenin. Also, two flavanones, S-dihydrowogonin and S-dihydrooroxylin A, were identified as the metabolites of wogonin and oroxylin A, respectively. Excretion rate-time curves of the flavonoids were divided into three types of structure-dependent absorption, i.e. (1) the fast absorption of herbal-origin aglycons, (2) the moderately-delayed absorption of aglycons derived from herbal glycosides, and (3) markedly-delayed absorption after the molecular transformation of herbal compounds. Individual excretion profiles seemed to depend on microflora activities. Two types of flavanones, S-dihydrowogonin and S-dihydrooroxylin A, were found in a half of the volunteers, suggesting there might be two kinds of volunteers, namely, rapid and poor metabolizers of flavonoids.     

Extracting metals from ammoniacal solution with low rank coals

Metals which form soluble stable ammine complex cations were extracted by lignite and brown coal by adsorption from ammoniacal solutions of the metal sulfates and carbonates. Known dry weights of the coal were contacted with the solution by agitation in closed polyethylene containers and then separated by filtration. The amount of metals adsorbed was determined from analysis of the solutions before and after contacting. It was found that metal loadings increase with increases in contact time, liquid to solid ratio and with metal concentration at short contact times, but loadings decrease with increases in coal particle size, ammonium ion concentration and with metal concentration at long contact times. Loading is affected only slightly by temperature and excess ammonia. In single contacting high loading is associated with low percentage extraction, and vice-versa, but relatively high values for both loading and extraction were obtained by counter-current contacting. The highest loadings obtained with single contacts, by using favorable combinations of conditions, were 22 pct copper, 15 pct nickel, 17 pct zinc, 31 pct cadmium, 37 pct silver and 13 pct cobalt. Comparative experiments were done with coals from Australia, United States of America, and West Germany. More development of the method is required before meaningful comparison could be made with other hydrometallurgical methods. It is speculated that possible applications could include treatment of ammoniacal solutions derived from sulfide, carbonate and oxide ores, pressure leaching of sulfides, preferential leaching of scrap metal,in situ solution mining and processing of oceanfloor nodules, arid effluent solutions which already contain ammonia. G. V. CULLEN formerly Manager, Institute of Materials Research, Department of Metallurgy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. N. G. SIVIOUR formerly Senior Research Officer, Institute of Materials Re- search, Department of Metallurgy University of Melbourne. G. M. PEARSON formerly Experimental Officer, Institute of Materials Research, Department of Metallurgy, University of Melbourne.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定钴产品生产过程净化液中12种微量元素

钴产品生产过程CoCl₂净化液和Co(NO₃)₂净化液中含有大量钴离子,一般采用基体匹配原子吸收光谱法或萃取分离-分光光度法测定其中Cu、Fe、Ni、Cd、Zn、Mn、Ca、Mg、Na、Si、As、S等12种杂质元素。但是此类方法分析时间长、操作繁琐、费用高,而且只能进行单一元素测定。实验提出了采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定钴产品生产过程净化液中以上目标元素,在优化的仪器工作条件下,使用内标法有效地克服了基体效应及仪器波动所产生的影响。各元素校准曲线的线性相关系数均大于0.9999;方法检出限为0.00003~0.00026g/L。按照实验方法测定钴产品生产过程CoCl₂净化液和Co(NO₃)₂净化液两个体系中Cu、Fe、Ni、Cd、Zn、Mn、Ca、Mg、Na、Si、As、S,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为2.8%~8.9%,加标回收率为93%~107%。实验方法用于Co光谱分析标准样品中Cu、Fe、Ni、Cd、Zn、Mn、Mg、Si、As的测定,测定值与认定值相一致。     

Blood rheology and the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect

The purpose of this report is to present the deconjugation of bile acids by numbers of strains of bacteria in the small intestine and feces. The small intestinal juice was aseptically aspirated by a double lumen tube with a rubber cover on the tip devised by us ("Fukushima Type 1"). Bile acids were analyzed with thin layer chromatography. The results: 1) Among aerobic bacteria, species of which all of the strains split conjugated bile acids was enterococcus, and most of the strains split were Staphylococcus (S.) epidermidis and Lactobacillus (L.) bifidus. Species of which none of the strains split were Escherichia (E.) coli, E. communior, E. freundii, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. buchneri, L. cellobiosus, L. bulgaricus, S. aureus, Aerobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, candida, proteus, serratia, and almost none of the species split was Intermediate coliform bacilli. 2) Among anaerobic bacteria, species of which all of the strains split were Bacteroides (B.) vulgatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. uniformis, Corynebacterium (C.) granulosum, C. avidum, Peptostreptococcus (Peptostrept.) putridus, Eubacterium (Eubact.) lentum, Peptococcus (Pept.) grigoroffii, Pept. anaerobius, Veillonella (V.) orbiculus, and most of the strains split were Coryne. diphtheroides, Eubact. parvum, Peptostrept. intermedius. Species of which none of the strains split were Coryne, parvum, Peptostrept. micros, V. alcalescens, V. parvula, Catenabacterium (Catena.) catenaforme, and Catena. filamentosum. 3) All or none, or almost all or none, of the strains of each species tested split conjugated bile acids, and it seems probably that the presence or absence of this ability would be a proper character of eachspecies.     

Technologies of secondary refractory rare metals (Review)

A short review of works by A.V. Elyutin et al. in the field of rare metals is presented. Technologies of the recovery of zirconium, hafnium, tungsten, tantalum, and niobium from various types of secondary raw materials, notably, scrap metal, scrap of refractory materials, wastes and scrap of hard alloys, and obsolete scrap of capacitors, are considered. Possibilities of increasing the purity of these metals by electrolytic refining and electron-beam melting are shown.     

Search for lead structures to develop new allosteric modulators of muscarinic receptors

Various compounds are known to allosterically modulate the binding of ligands to muscarinic receptors. Most of these compounds have another predominant pharmacological action. Identification of the potent representatives should be useful for the development of allosteric modulators that are specific and highly active. For various reasons, a direct comparison of allosteric potencies on the basis of literature data is difficult. Therefore, a series of compounds was compared with regard to the allosteric delay of the dissociation of N-[3H]methylscopolamine from porcine heart M2 receptors under the following assay conditions: "Na,K,Pi buffer", 4 mM Na2HPO4, 1 mM KH2PO4, pH 7.4, 23 degrees C; "Mg,Tris,Cl,Pi buffer', 50 mM Tris-HCl, 3 mM MgHPO4,pH 7.3, 37 degrees C. Generally, the allosteric potency of the compounds was higher in the Na,K,Pi buffer, compared with the Mg,Tris,Cl,Pi buffer. However, the extent of the potency shift differed, ranging from approximately 2-fold for tacrine to approximately 100-fold for gallamine. The concentration retarding radioligand dissociation to half of the control rate (EC50) served as a measure of allosteric potency. Under both assay conditions, alcuronium was the most potent compound (EC50,Na,K,Pi = 4 nM and EC50,Mg,Tris,Cl,Pi = 55 nM), followed by alkane-bisammonium and bispyridinium compounds containing phthalimido moieties. Gallamine showed intermediate potency (EC50 values of 180 nM and 16,000 nM in Na,K,Pi buffer and Mg,Tris,Cl,Pi buffer, respectively). Obidoxime and hexamethonium, both known to antagonize allosteric actions, revealed submaximal efficacy and low potency (EC50,Na,K,Pi of approximately 100,000 nM). The relevance of these results, regarding the identification of lead structures for the development of new allosteric modulators, is discussed.     

BASETY: Extension et typicalité des exemplaires pour 21 catégories d'objets.

Basety is a French semantic database of exemplars of 21 categories of objects, with a typicality index associated with each exemplar. These 21 semantic categories are animals, trees, weapons, buildings, flowers, fruits, insects, instruments of music, games, toys, vegetables, mammals, furnitures, birds, tools, fish, occupation, containers, sports, vehicles, and clothes. Basety was made up with two groups of 18-to-30 years old French participants, a first group of three subgroups of 100 participants producing exemplars for 7 × 3 categories while a second group of 80 participants evaluating membership of these exemplars. Typicality was computed as the number of occurrences of the exemplar within the set of the five exemplars participants were first producing. Cronbach's coefficient of reliability indicates an internally consistent scale and number of exemplars is correlated with membership ratings: the more the participants of the first group produced exemplars, the more the participants of the second group agreed on the degree of membership of these exemplars. BASETY appears to be a consistant and valid database for French semantic research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)