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1.
V. P. Kharbanda 《AI & Society》2002,16(1-2):89-99
In the present scenario of globalisation, knowledge has become the prime factor of production for competitive advantage.
This calls for acquisition and utilisation of knowledge for innovation and technical change on a constant basis, which is
only possible in a ‘learning organisation’. Innovative activities of a learning organisation are influenced by three main
factors: (1) internal learning; (2) external learning; and (3) the innovation strategies decided upon by the enterprise management.
An assumption has been made that, particularly in developing countries, absorption and adaptation of technologies, i.e. indigenisation,
take place through a process of ‘learning by doing’. Taking this into consideration, this paper focuses on a few case studies
carried out at NISTADS, New Delhi, India, on small enterprises in the formal as well as traditional sectors, highlighting
the learning process in an organisational context and how it brings in innovation and technological change at enterprise level.
The study demonstrates that the learning environment in an organisational context is an indispensable process to be innovative
and building up capabilities for technological change. This in turn also calls for strong networking of the enterprises with
academia, R&D institutions and other enterprises, to create knowledge clusters. This builds up a strong case for a network
approach of learning organisations not only at the regional level but also at the cross-cultural level for constant innovation
and technical change. 相似文献
2.
Kavita Mehra 《AI & Society》2002,16(1-2):112-118
The paper highlights entrepreneurial skills of Indian farmers, informal channels of communications in the socio-cultural
setting of the village, tacit knowledge and factors responsible for the adoption of floriculture in open field conditions.
It illustrates that the diffusion of new technology in a farming community is dependent on culture-based communication and
the tacit knowledge-driven entrepreneurial spirit of a few. 相似文献
3.
Pratibha Jolly 《AI & Society》2002,16(1-2):148-162
We describe our attempts at curriculum development at the undergraduate level working within the constraints of a large traditional
university system. Curriculum reform is described as a three-step process of product innovation, accommodation and assimilation.
In a dual-pronged strategy, students are constructively engaged, first, in investigative projects and assigned specific tasks,
giving them a flavour of creative research, and, second, in development of curricular products. The process of transfer of
pedagogic innovations into the formal classroom is enhanced by a teacher training programme that aims to provide experiential
learning of research-based innovative teaching practices, catalyse a process of reflection through classroom research and
establish a collaborative network of teachers. 相似文献
4.
Regional Specialisation for Technological Innovation in R&D Laboratories: A Strategic Perspective 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The present paper attempts to highlight the strategy of regional specialisation for technological innovation in R&D laboratories.
The paper makes a proposition that regional specialisation should be recognised as a strategic initiative for technology development
in R&D laboratories. The rationale for this strategic initiative has been substantiated with the help of illustrations from
the cases of technology development efforts taken up in different laboratories in the country under the Council of Scientific
and Industrial Research (CSIR), India. In this direction, CSIR and other centres of excellence have played a pioneering role
in the development of various industrial clusters and artisan concentrations in different parts of the country. The implications
of adoption or otherwise of this strategy initiative for technological innovation in R&D laboratories have been discussed. 相似文献
5.
Abhai Mansingh 《AI & Society》2002,16(1-2):138-147
In the wake of the information technology (IT) revolution, the paper describes the changing role of universities to promote
IT education in India to generate qualitative and competitive manpower in the face of the mushrooming of private institutions
in the field of IT. The rapid growth of private teaching initiatives reflects inadequacies of the public educational system
to the needs of the emerging IT environment, especially considering the high prices charged by private training. It is pointed
out that the emerging knowledge society and the economy are not going to be based on IT alone, but will depend on the development
of both IT and basic research in domain areas. Any policy on IT education should ensure that basic disciplines are not ignored.
Universities should develop new and innovative programmes for students from different basic disciplines to give training for
high-end jobs. To promote IT education a new innovative concept of earning while learning has recently been introduced. Some
of the initiatives started by Delhi University to modify/improve course programmes for IT education are highlighted, looking
at the needs of the industry. 相似文献
6.
Jin Zhouying 《AI & Society》2002,16(1-2):21-48
This research focuses on the driving forces of technology development and the interactive relationships between technology
and the factors that promote economic development and social progress. It aims at presenting a basic theory for sustainable
development, as well as a foundation for decision-makers for drawing up an integrative strategy. As such it is an attempt
at how to create harmonious relations between human progress, technology, economy, and society. 相似文献
7.
Gujarat has been identified as an enterpreneurial hub of India, primarily due to the innovative behaviour of Gujarati entrepreneurs.
This has led Gujarat to become known as a model of enterpreneurial innovations. This model of enterpreneurial innovations
has been developed from a study of entrepreneurs in a variety of industries from the region and several industrial clusters
of enterprises in Gujarat. The study points to the transformation of many communities, particularly the Patel community, which
was traditionally an agricultural community, into a manufacturing class and a new emergent in Gujarat’s industrial scenario. 相似文献
8.
Scenario-Based Analysis of COTS Acquisition Impacts 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
When an enterprise considers the acquisition of a COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) system, the procurement process typically
includes consideration of technical criteria such as feature sets and ease of integration with other systems. However, any
selected COTS system will also have an impact on how the enterprise runs – how the work of the enterprise gets done and ultimately
how the services of the enterprise are delivered to its customers. This paper presents a method for determining these enterprise-level
impacts. A notion of enterprise-level impacts is delineated, and a scenario-based technique is presented for uncovering and
assessing these impacts. The method is informal and lightweight – it does not require extensive modelling, formal rigour,
or management of artefacts. Some insights, experience and lessons are reported. Some comparisons are made with past experience
using a more formal, heavyweight method and tool. 相似文献
9.
Abstract. We propose a new adaptive strategy for text recognition that attempts to derive knowledge about the dominant font on a given
page. The strategy uses a linguistic observation that over half of all words in a typical English passage are contained in
a small set of less than 150 stop words. A small dictionary of such words is compiled from the Brown corpus. An arbitrary
text page first goes through layout analysis that produces word segmentation. A fast procedure is then applied to locate the
most likely candidates for those words, using only widths of the word images. The identity of each word is determined using
a word shape classifier. Using the word images together with their identities, character prototypes can be extracted using
a previously proposed method. We describe experiments using simulated and real images. In an experiment using 400 real page
images, we show that on average, eight distinct characters can be learned from each page, and the method is successful on
90% of all the pages. These can serve as useful seeds to bootstrap font learning.
Received October 8, 1999 / Revised March 29, 2000 相似文献
10.
Karamjit S. Gill 《AI & Society》2002,16(3):252-277
Knowledge networking in the cross-cultural setting here focuses on promoting a culture of shared communication, values and
knowledge, seeking cooperation through valorisation of diversity. The process is seen here in terms of creating new alliances
of creators, users, mediators and facilitators of knowledge. At the global level, knowledge networking is seen as a symbiotic
relationship between local and global knowledge resources. This focus is informed by the human-centred vision of the information
society, which seeks a symbiotic relationship between technology and society. It explores the nature of the knowledge in transition,
raising issues of technology and knowledge transfer in the local–global context. The notions of human–machine symbiosis and
of diversity and coherence provide a handle to explore the role of technology for sustainable development. The centrality
of knowledge in stimulating knowledge networking for cross-cultural collaboration is illustrated through an exemplar of an
EU–India Cross-Cultural Innovation Network project, a collaboration between European and Indian universities and institutes. 相似文献
11.
In this paper, we present a method called MODEEP (Motion-based Object DEtection and Estimation of Pose) to detect independently
moving objects (IMOs) in forward-looking infrared (FLIR) image sequences taken from an airborne, moving platform. Ego-motion
effects are removed through a robust multi-scale affine image registration process. Thereafter, areas with residual motion
indicate potential object activity. These areas are detected, refined and selected using a Bayesian classifier. The resulting
regions are clustered into pairs such that each pair represents one object's front and rear end. Using motion and scene knowledge,
we estimate object pose and establish a region of interest (ROI) for each pair. Edge elements within each ROI are used to
segment the convex cover containing the IMO. We show detailed results on real, complex, cluttered and noisy sequences. Moreover,
we outline the integration of our fast and robust system into a comprehensive automatic target recognition (ATR) and action
classification system. 相似文献
12.
Building knowledge base management systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
John Mylopoulos Vinay Chaudhri Dimitris Plexousakis Adel Shrufi Thodoros Topologlou 《The VLDB Journal The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases》1996,5(4):238-263
Advanced applications in fields such as CAD, software engineering, real-time process control, corporate repositories and digital
libraries require the construction, efficient access and management of large, shared knowledge bases. Such knowledge bases
cannot be built using existing tools such as expert system shells, because these do not scale up, nor can they be built in
terms of existing database technology, because such technology does not support the rich representational structure and inference
mechanisms required for knowledge-based systems. This paper proposes a generic architecture for a knowledge base management
system intended for such applications. The architecture assumes an object-oriented knowledge representation language with
an assertional sublanguage used to express constraints and rules. It also provides for general-purpose deductive inference
and special-purpose temporal reasoning. Results reported in the paper address several knowledge base management issues. For
storage management, a new method is proposed for generating a logical schema for a given knowledge base. Query processing
algorithms are offered for semantic and physical query optimization, along with an enhanced cost model for query cost estimation.
On concurrency control, the paper describes a novel concurrency control policy which takes advantage of knowledge base structure
and is shown to outperform two-phase locking for highly structured knowledge bases and update-intensive transactions. Finally,
algorithms for compilation and efficient processing of constraints and rules during knowledge base operations are described.
The paper describes original results, including novel data structures and algorithms, as well as preliminary performance evaluation
data. Based on these results, we conclude that knowledge base management systems which can accommodate large knowledge bases
are feasible.
Edited by Gunter Schlageter and H.-J. Schek.
Received May 19, 1994 / Revised May 26, 1995 / Accepted September 18, 1995 相似文献
13.
Ashok Jain 《AI & Society》2002,16(1-2):4-20
The paper investigates the structure and functioning of the science and technology (S&T) system in India as it has evolved
in the post-independence period (1947 onwards). The networks of entities involved in S&T actions, the paper argues, can be
categorised, in terms of adopted approaches to agenda and priority setting and accounting for actions, into two streams. The
origins and expansion of the two streams are traced. One, the ‘Elite’ stream (high profile and visibility linked to big industry),
adopting what the paper has generically termed the ‘Nehruvian’ model of development, is shown to have emerged as a dominant
network. The other socially powerful ‘Subaltern’ stream (less visible, closer to ground realities and linked to village and
cottage industry), adopting the ‘Gandhian’ model of development, still remains dispersed and outside the consideration of
high-level decision-making bodies. The paper stresses the importance of moving the support and attention from the dominant
stream to efforts that attempt a synthesis between the dominant and the subaltern. 相似文献
14.
Delay-jitter control in multimedia applications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The growing needs of multimedia communications are leading to
new developments in providing real-time communication with guarantees.
Several extensions
have been proposed for different layers of the
Open Systems Interconnection Reference
Model to accomodate these
needs. In this paper, we study methods for guaranteeing delay jitter
bounds for high-speed networks in the network and application layers of
this model. The method proposed for the network layer
provides distributed jitter control. The method proposed
for the application layer allows the destination application to control
delay jitter. We use a simulation to compare the effects on delay
jitter in each
method for various scenarios, such as constant bit rate,
cross traffic, and bursty data. In addition, the buffer space
requirements for accommodating real-time channels are monitored at
each node in the network. 相似文献
15.
16.
Ellen Olbertz 《AI & Society》2002,16(3):224-242
All economic processes are increasingly being networked across the globe. This economic globalisation has become possible
through the globalisation of information and communication technology networks. In view of such growing globalisation of economic
processes, the region and its enterprises can only sustain competitiveness on the basis of continuous innovation processes,
i.e., through continuous learning. The question, however, is which kind of economic framework – established by regional or transregional politics – is needed to support such innovation and learning processes
in the region. In this paper, some aspects of this framework and its structural change processes are described, leading to
the strategy to implement the concept of a Learning Region. The Learning Region is characterised in that it recognises its own needs for change and to accept these challenges, leading
to its own learning processes within its cooperative networks. 相似文献
17.
V. Vuori J. Laaksonen E. Oja J. Kangas 《International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition》2001,3(3):150-159
This paper describes an adaptive recognition system for isolated handwritten characters and the experiments carried out with
it. The characters used in our experiments are alphanumeric characters, including both the upper- and lower-case versions
of the Latin alphabets and three Scandinavian diacriticals. The writers are allowed to use their own natural style of writing.
The recognition system is based on the k-nearest neighbor rule. The six character similarity measures applied by the system are all based on dynamic time warping.
The aim of the first experiments is to choose the best combination of the simple preprocessing and normalization operations
and the dissimilarity measure for a multi-writer system. However, the main focus of the work is on online adaptation. The
purpose of the adaptations is to turn a writer-independent system into writer-dependent and increase recognition performance.
The adaptation is carried out by modifying the prototype set of the classifier according to its recognition performance and
the user's writing style. The ways of adaptation include: (1) adding new prototypes; (2) inactivating confusing prototypes;
and (3) reshaping existing prototypes. The reshaping algorithm is based on the Learning Vector Quantization. Four different
adaptation strategies, according to which the modifications of the prototype set are performed, have been studied both offline
and online. Adaptation is carried out in a self-supervised fashion during normal use and thus remains unnoticed by the user.
Received June 30, 1999 / Revised September 29, 2000 相似文献
18.
The convergence of mobile communications and handheld computers offers the opportunity to develop technology that will assist
individuals and groups to learn anytime, anywhere. We describe the theory-informed design, implementation and evaluation of
a handheld learning device. It is intended to support children to capture everyday events such as images, notes and sounds,
to relate them to web-based learning resources, to organise these into a visual knowledge map, and to share them with other
learners and teachers. A working prototype system, for children aged 9–11, is discussed and evaluated, as an exemplar of personal
mobile systems for life-long learning. 相似文献
19.
Igor D.D. Curcio Antonio Puliafito Salvatore Riccobene Lorenzo Vita 《Multimedia Systems》1998,6(6):367-381
The relative simplicity of access to digital communications nowadays and the simultaneous increase in the available bandwidth
are leading to the definition of new telematic services, mainly oriented towards multimedia applications and interactivity
with the user. In the near future, a decisive role will be played in this scenario by the providers of interactive multimedia
services of the on-demand type, which will guarantee the end user a high degree of flexibility, speed and efficiency. In this
paper, some of the technical aspects regarding these service providers are dealt with, paying particular attention to the
problems of storing information and managing service requests. More specifically, the paper presents and evaluates a new storage
technique based on the use of disk array technology, which can manage both typical multimedia connections and traditional
requests. The proposed architecture is based on the joint use of the partial dynamic declustering and the information dispersal
algorithm, which are employed for the allocation and retrieval of the data stored on the disk array. We also define efficient
strategies for request management in such a way as to meet the time constraints imposed by multimedia sessions and guarantee
good response times for the rest of the traffic. The system proposed is then analyzed using a simulation approach. 相似文献
20.
J. Hu R.S. Kashi D. Lopresti G.T. Wilfong 《International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition》2002,4(3):140-153
While techniques for evaluating the performance of lower-level document analysis tasks such as optical character recognition
have gained acceptance in the literature, attempts to formalize the problem for higher-level algorithms, while receiving a
fair amount of attention in terms of theory, have generally been less successful in practice, perhaps owing to their complexity.
In this paper, we introduce intuitive, easy-to-implement evaluation schemes for the related problems of table detection and
table structure recognition. We also present the results of several small experiments, demonstrating how well the methodologies
work and the useful sorts of feedback they provide. We first consider the table detection problem. Here algorithms can yield
various classes of errors, including non-table regions improperly labeled as tables (insertion errors), tables missed completely
(deletion errors), larger tables broken into a number of smaller ones (splitting errors), and groups of smaller tables combined
to form larger ones (merging errors). This leads naturally to the use of an edit distance approach for assessing the results
of table detection. Next we address the problem of evaluating table structure recognition. Our model is based on a directed
acyclic attribute graph, or table DAG. We describe a new paradigm, “graph probing,” for comparing the results returned by
the recognition system and the representation created during ground-truthing. Probing is in fact a general concept that could
be applied to other document recognition tasks as well.
Received July 18, 2000 / Accepted October 4, 2001 相似文献