面向电子商务的XML文档加密

随着可扩展标记语言(XML)在互联网中的广泛应用,XML的信息安全性越来越受到重视.基于电子商务的特点,通过对对称密码术(也称作密钥密码术)中的分组密码方式和算法的研究,认为对XML中的数据的加密方式可以采用分组密码中较为成熟的算法-数据加密标准(DES)来实现,并给出了电子商务中应用XML数字签名的实现过程.     

Signaling theory and information asymmetry in online commerce

An e-business environment results in information asymmetry because buyers cannot physically evaluate the quality of products and easily assess the trustworthiness of sellers. Product and seller quality are communicated through website signals. Using signaling theory, we developed a three-dimensional framework to classify website signals. We empirically tested the framework with a comparative content analysis of websites from a sample of online pharmacies. We found that low-quality sellers were likely to avoid costly and easy-to-verify signals and used fewer signals than did high-quality sellers, who used costly and difficult-to-verify signals and displayed more signals. These results provide information to online buyers and regulatory institutions in charge of online retailer evaluation.     

电子商务环境下的密码法律困境

随着电子商务的发展,电子商务应用对密码的需求日益增长,而我国密码法律制度所确定的密码专控管理模式下所能提供的密码产品种类、数量都非常有限,难以满足这种庞大的市场需求,造成了电子商务中密码应用的“民主化”,这种“民主化”一方面说明现有的密码法律制度脱离经济发展的客观实际,已经不能发挥其规范作用和社会作用;另一方面“民主化”的负面效应对个人、社会和国家信息安全造成的威胁在现有密码法律制度框架中已经无法解决。我们要尊重电子商务用户保障隐私权的要求,就要实现密码的自由化与市场化;我们要降低密码“民主化”的风险,就要在密码自由化的同时,通过一定的标准加以约束。密码发展标准化和专利化的趋势,正是对上述问题的回应。     

Object-oriented design processes of electronic commerce in a multi-agent environment

Corporations are moving from traditional management into a world of agile and electronic business. Such businesses have continually sought to develop information technology (IT) systems, in order to assist in the decision-making of the business process. Due to rapid changes in the business environment this process is subject to ongoing examination. To ensure the agility of electronic commerce, business design process problems must be addressed by a team of specialists or intelligent agents, and be based on object-oriented design, characterized by computability, reusability, and exchangeability. This paper proposes a multi-agent system encompassing an object-oriented approach, to design processes for electronic commerce. This approach entails solutions to design processes, for decision-makers who are geographically separated and operate on differing computer platforms. By combining various objects, different types of design processes can be solved with the same agent-based framework, making this approach very responsive. The proposed methodology is applied to a real-world construct that involves combining objects to complete an electronic commerce model: in particular the logistics objective.     

Supporting cooperation in the SPADE-1 environment

Software development is a cooperative activity that relies heavily on the quality and effectiveness of the communication channels established within the development team and with the end-user. Process-centered software engineering environments (PSEEs) support the definition and the execution of various phases of the software process. This is achieved by explicitly defining cooperation procedures, and by supporting synchronization and data sharing among its users. PSEE and CSCW technologies have been developed rather independently from each other, leading to a large amount of research results, tools and environments, and practical experiences. We have reached a stage in technology development where it is necessary to assess and evaluate the effectiveness of the research efforts carried out so far. Moreover, it is important to understand how to integrate and exploit the results of these different efforts. The goal of the paper is to understand which kind of basic functionalities PSEEs can and should offer, and how these environments can be integrated with other tools to effectively support cooperation in software development. In particular, the paper introduces a process model we have built to support a cooperative activity related to anomaly management in an industrial software factory. The core of the paper presents and discusses the experiences and results that we have derived from this modeling activity, and how they related to the general problem of supporting cooperation in software development. The project was carried out using the SPADE (Software Process Analysis, Design and Enactment) PSEE and the ImagineDesk CSCW toolkit     

Supporting learning in a shared design environment

Design is a complex problem solving and knowledge refinement process. Learning is a part of this process that can improve computer based design support systems by using the knowledge representing the experience and expertise of designers. Learning from past design examples, and acquiring new knowledge during the process of design are closely related activities that must be supported by future computer supported design systems.This paper analyses the relation between design and learning activity to propose a learning model of design first. Then it presents the software architecture of a design agent with an inductive learning mechanism. Subsequently it introduces the knowledge representation and learning algorithms in a multi-agent design system. Finally, the paper examines the possible ways in which the proposed learning model and the software architecture can be placed in an industrial and engineering design context for developing application tools for design support.     

面向课堂环境的多人脸检测

针对目前课堂环境下的多人脸检测研究不够深入,特别在拍摄角度变化等多个因素影响下人脸识别率较低的问题,提出了真实课堂环境下基于全卷积头部检测器(FCHD)人脸检测的改进算法.首先,针对课堂环境下多人脸数据集的不足构建了两类课堂数据集,通过10人以下、11～20人、21～30人、31～40人以及41人以上不同的数据进行分析;然后,对比评估了传统的人脸检测算法以及基于深度学习的算法;最后,提出基于FCHD算法进行锚点设计的改进,针对课堂多人脸数据集的特点,通过不同锚点的设计以及神经网络的微调提升多人脸检测的准确率.实验结果表明,所提算法对于10人以下的人脸检测平均准确率能达到90％,能够较好地解决多人脸识别领域中存在的人脸偏移、遮挡、角度等问题.     

Value of culturally oriented information design

Cultural issues play a substantial role in the design process. This study aims to empirically prove a meaningful relationship between cultural context-oriented information and information design. It includes a literature review to identify the attributes that make information high quality. Several surveys were conducted to investigate the relations between these attributes and a set of cultural context-oriented information design cases. An open-ended evaluation from the respondents was also conducted to interpret the results of the previous survey stage and identify the properties of high quality information that were difficult to uncover in the previous survey stage. A universal design sample was utilized particularly for comparison and contrast and can illustrate cultural context-oriented information designs’ pros and cons. By conducting a survey and statistical techniques at the same time, for objective and subjective interpretations, this study resulted in several conclusions. First, compared with universal information design, cultural context-oriented information design shows its limitations more or less in the pragmatic/rational aspects concerning conveying information meanings appropriately and objectively. Second, however, cultural context-oriented information design has a striking value in terms of aesthetic experience and emotional experience. The aesthetic experience aspects are important for making information attractive, creative, or innovative, and the emotional experience aspects work on information users’ subjective and conscious experience, such as in being attractive, interesting, humorous, funny, joyful, pleased, bored, or uninterested. Third, under some restrictive conditions, cultural context-oriented information design also shows the strengths of cognitive aspects such as interpretability, accessibility, understandability, and lack of errors. Lastly, cultural context-oriented information can be incorporated with the concept of universal information design to be high quality information design available in the so-called glocalization context.     

Supporting scientific discovery learning in a simulation environment

Abstract Until recent times, most studies on supporting simulation-based scientific discovery learning adopted the ad hoc strategies-oriented approach. This paper makes a systematic analysis of the internal conditions of scientific discovery learning to propose a triple scheme for learning support design that includes interpretative support (IS), experimental support (ES), and reflective support (RS) . The experiment was conducted with 78 students (aged from 12 to 13 years) to examine the effects of the IS and ES using a 2x2 between-subjects design. The main results were: significant effects were observed for IS on the post-test of intuitive understanding, flexible application and knowledge integration; no main effect was demonstrated for ES, and there was a marginally significant interactive effect for ES and IS on the intuitive understanding test. A process analysis showed that the successful learners had designed more well-controlled experiments than the failing ones. Learning support in a simulation environment should be directed toward the three perspectives to invite meaningful, systematic and reflective discovery learning.     

Supporting evolution in a multi-agent cooperative design environment

New architectures for next-generation of computer-aided design environments need to be distributed, evolutive, and cooperative. This paper presents a multi-agent design environment that supports cooperative and evolutionary design by cooperation of a group of agents. Multi-agent system architecture offers a promising framework with its novel approach for dynamically creating and managing agent communities in widely distributed and ever-changing design environments; while the genetic algorithm based approach provides a foundation for supporting evolutionary and innovative design abilities. The computational and information processing processes involved in evolutionary and distributed environment are discussed in this paper.     

Supporting parallel programming in a distributed UNIX environment

A distributed processing system based on UNIX (trademark of Bell Laboratories) is currently operational at New Mexico State University. The system which is composed of a variety of PDP-11 and LSI-11 processing elements allows users to schedule tasks to run totally or in parallel on its satellite units. A UNIX-like kernel is run on the satellite processors and this allows virtually any process to run on any processing element. The architecture of the system is a star configuration with a PDP-11/34a as the central or host node. To support experiments in parallel processing, a parallel version of the C programming language has been developed which allows users to write programs as a collection of functional units which can be automatically scheduled to run on the satellite processors. In this paper the structure of the system is described in terms of hardware and software, and our implementation of pc, a parallel C language, is discussed.     

Supporting information evolution on the WWW

This paper describes a simple versioning system which we have developed to support collaborative authoring on the WWW. The system provides facilities for versioning pages and allowing readers access to different versions of web pages. We discuss why such a system is needed and present the versioning model which we have developed. This model allows existing web pages to be converted to versioned entities without affecting links to these pages. Central to the model, is a set of access control facilities which allows authors to provide coauthors with access to versions of pages under development. We describe the instantiation of this model and assess our work against the requirements identified in the first part of the paper.     

Real-time workflows oriented online scheduling in uncertain cloud environment

Workflow scheduling has become one of the hottest topics in cloud environments, and efficient scheduling approaches show promising ways to maximize the profit of cloud providers via minimizing their cost, while guaranteeing the QoS for users’ applications. However, existing scheduling approaches are inadequate for dynamic workflows with uncertain task execution times running in cloud environments, because those approaches assume that cloud computing environments are deterministic and pre-computed schedule decisions will be statically followed during schedule execution. To cover the above issue, we introduce an uncertainty-aware scheduling architecture to mitigate the impact of uncertain factors on the workflow scheduling quality. Based on this architecture, we present a scheduling algorithm, incorporating both event-driven and periodic rolling strategies (EDPRS), for scheduling dynamic workflows. Lastly, we conduct extensive experiments to compare EDPRS with two typical baseline algorithms using real-world workflow traces. The experimental results show that EDPRS performs better than those algorithms.     

基于有向关联信息的知识约简

关联信息是度量两个定性变量之间非线性关系的一个统计量。论文定义了信息系统以及目标信息系统属性之间的有向关联信息,用来度量信息系统以及目标信息系统属性之间的关联程度,基于此给出信息系统以及目标信息系统的知识约简一种新的判定定理。最后以信息系统以及不协调目标信息系统知识约简的实例证明这种知识约简是简单有效的。