不同穗型水稻品种生理特性及其与产量关系的研究

结合辽宁省2000～2001年区域试验,对不同穗型水稻品种生理特性与产量关系进行了研究。结果表明,直立穗、半直立穗型品种(系)产量显著高于弯穗型品种。增加直立穗型品种的成粒率、半直立穗型品种的每穗颖花数和弯穗型品种的千粒重可以提高水稻产量。拔节期、成熟期干物质积累均与产量呈显著正相关。直立穗型品种产量与抽穗期剑叶叶绿素含量呈显著正相关,弯穗型品种产量与拔节期、抽穗期LAI呈显著正相关。由此可见,根据穗型进行栽培上的调控,可以获得高产。     

1974年以来辽宁省审定的水稻品种分析

７０年代以来，辽宁省通过审定的水稻品种逐步增多，累计６５个。新品种的产量呈上升趋势。杂交粳稻辽优１号和株型理想的直立穗品种辽粳２４４的培育成功，使区域试验亩产量分别突破５００和６００ｋｇ，其它品种的产量水平也明显提高。促使水稻新品种产量增长的关键因素是增加了杂交粳稻和理想株型品种的每穗成粒数。     

水稻籽粒充实程度术语与测定方法探讨

从产量构成因素角度分析，水稻产量＝穗数×每穗总数×结实率（成熟率）×粒重（千粒重）。籽粒充实度差是籼粳亚种间杂种优势利用的重要限制因素，亚种内杂交稻和常规品种特别是大穗型高产品种也同样存在这一问题。可见籽粒充实程度与水稻产量有直接关系，是水稻栽培和育...     

不同氮素水平对直立穗型水稻品种群体光合特性的影响

在田间条件下测定了两种氮素水平下直、弯穗型水稻品种的群体光合特性。结果表明：参试的两个水稻品种群体光合速率（CAP）的生育期变化为单峰曲线,在籽粒灌浆期,直立穗型品种CAP下降幅度慢于弯曲穗型品种;增施氮肥可提高CAP,并延长其高值持续期;直立穗型品种不同叶位单叶净光合速度（PN）最大值差异不明显,增施氮肥可延缓PN高值持续期,但对提高PN影响不大,于水稻开花期及乳熟期田间高氮区群体饲喂^14CO2,测定结果表明：直立穗型品种冠层中项部三片叶的光合速率最高,其光合量占单株总光合量的87.4%;弯曲穗品种测定结果与直立穗型品种相似。直立穗型品种抽穗后剑叶叶绿素含量、光合速率、比叶重、单株根伤流量和冠层生态条件大都优于弯曲穗型品种,这可能是直立患得患失同穗后CAP下降较缓慢的主要原因。     

不同行向对不同穗型水稻品种群体光能分布的影响

对于不同穗型水稻品种不同行向对水稻群体光化分布进行了分析，结果表明：直立穗型群体内各高度处向光行测光照强度均高于弯曲穗型群体。直立穗型行距对行内的光照强度影响大，弯曲穗型株距对行内的光照强度影响大。弯曲穗型比直立穗型更适于东西行向种植。     

辽粳9号高产机理分析及栽培技术要点

辽粳9号是辽宁省农业科学院稻作研究所选育的水稻新品种,于2003年通过辽宁省品种审定委员会审定。该品种具有高产、优质、抗病、综合性状好、适应性广等特点熏深受广大农民朋友的欢迎熏2004年种植面积迅速扩大熏已跃升为辽宁省的主栽品种熏本研究通过对辽粳9号品种的高产性状分析熏提出了其高产栽培技术要点。     

粳稻品质与穗部性状关系的研究

采用聚类分析、回归分析等方法对辽宁省近年来32个水稻品种(品系，以后简称品种)品质性状和穗部性状进行分析。结果表明：弯穗型品种品质指标优于半直立穗型品种，半直立穗型品种品质指标优于直立穗型品种。依品质性状参试材料可聚类为6类，第1类辽盐40组品质特点是垩白率、垩白度较高；第2类是辽粳294组，品质指标普遍很好；第3类辽粳5号组，垩白率、垩白度偏高；第4类沈农654组，直链淀粉含量较高，垩白率、垩白度较高，胶稠度较小。黎明、辽粳326各成一类．垩白率、垩白度很高。直立穗型品种成粒率、谷粒长对品质影响很大；半直立穗型品种一次枝梗、成粒率、谷粒长宽比对品质影响很大：弯穗型品种穗长、二次枝梗／一次枝梗、成粒率、一次枝梗对品质影响很大。以提高成粒率为重点，可使穗部性状各指标实现优化组合，实现优质。     

丹玉自交系在我国玉米育种和生产中的地位与作用

优良玉米自交系自330、E28和丹340等为代表的丹玉自交系,是中国玉米育种和生产中最重要的骨干材料.它们具有配合力高、抗逆性强、适应性广、综合农艺性状优良的突出特点,因而被全国各地广泛应用.自70年代以来,由丹玉自交系组配的杂交种,经审定、鉴定的就有142个,合计种植面积约8×107hm2,年种植面积7×106hm2.由此,确立了旅大红骨种质类群和Lancaster类群中自330亚群的重要地位,已成为中国玉米重要的种质来源,促进了中国玉米育种研究的快速发展,为中国玉米生产做出了巨大的贡献.     

不同年代水稻品种穗部性状比较研究

以辽宁省20世纪70年代以来历次更替的有代表性的4个水稻主栽品种和新育成的2个水稻超高产品种为试材 ,研究各品种穗部性状的变化趋势。结果表明 :随着品种更替 ,一次枝梗数、一次枝梗颖花数、二次枝梗数和二次枝梗颖花数等穗部性状均呈增加趋势 ;超高产品种在各个性状上都有所改进 ,并且结实率较高 ,使得其每穗实粒数显著高于其他品种 ,说明各穗部性状的均衡增加是超高产的有效途径     

辽宁省水稻品质现状的初步分析

采用聚类分析和因子分析等方法,对辽宁省近年来生产上应用面积较大的20个水稻新品种品质进行分析。结果表明,目前在辽宁省主栽品种中,品质性状能够达到国家一级优质米标准的品种占总数的20%,达到国家二级优质米的品种占总数的30%,达到国家三级优质米的品种占总数的25%,未能达到国家优质米标准的占25%。在参试水稻品种米质性状中,垩白性状变化最大,是目前在水稻生产上米质不能达标的主要因素,其次是长宽比、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量、糊化温度,而最为稳定的是糙米率和精米率。因子分析的结果表明,糙米率、精米率、整精米率、垩白度和垩白率为影响目前辽宁省粳稻品种品质的主要因子。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).