蔬菜中硝酸盐的积累机制及其调控措施

综述了蔬菜中硝酸盐的累积机制,食用卫生标准,不同蔬菜种类、品种及器官中的硝酸盐含量的差异,施用氮肥对蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的影响,以及硝化抑制剂在减少蔬菜硝酸盐累积中的作用。     

氮磷钾肥配施对不同品种大白菜硝酸盐累积的影响

通过采用二次饱和D-最优回归设计(311B方案),对氮磷钾肥配施与大白菜硝酸盐累积之间的关系进行研究,建立了能调控大白菜硝酸盐含量的施肥模型。分析表明,不同品种大白菜硝酸盐含量与施肥有很大关系,但品种间存在着较大的差异。在相同施肥处理下,绿星80大白菜硝酸盐含量略低于五福菜的硝酸盐含量。不同品种大白菜硝酸盐累积量和硝酸还原酶活性具有很大的相关性,可作为大白菜体内硝酸盐累积的一项指标。     

不同施肥措施对土壤硝态氮垂直分布的特征影响

通过田间试验研究了冬小麦收获后NO3--N在土壤剖面中的累积状况。研究结果表明:不论是单独施用无机、生物有机肥还是无机、有机肥混施都会造成硝酸盐在土壤中的积累,但有机肥本身产生的硝酸盐累积量极微。生物有机、元机肥混施后减少了无机肥料中硝态氮深层累积。在0-100cm土层中,硝态氮的累积量呈递减趋势,在0-40cm的累积量最高。砂质土壤比牯质土壤更有利于硝态氮的深层迁移。     

钾、尿素与有机物料或双氰胺配施对菠菜体内硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量影响的研究

采用盆栽试验探讨了钾、尿素与有机物料或双氰胺配施对菠菜体内硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐累积量及与其相关的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性的影响。结果表明,菠菜体内硝酸盐含量的顺序为:尿素>尿素 鸭粪>尿素 猪粪>尿素 双氰胺; 亚硝酸含量顺序为:尿素>尿素与鸭粪配施>尿素与双氰胺配施>尿素与猪粪配施。有机物料的加入均可明显地增加植株体内NR的活性,在菠菜体内NR活性以:尿素 鸭粪>尿素 猪粪>尿素 双氰胺>尿素处理。在相同的氮肥处理条件下,配施适量的钾肥也能显著地降低菠菜体内硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的累积和增加NR的活性。随着追肥时间的延长,菠菜体内的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量也随之降低,特别是NR的活性在追肥后的第12天到18天之间有显著的降低过程。     

设施条件下氮肥对大青菜硝酸盐及土壤矿质氮累积的影响

采用田间实验研究了施用氮肥对设施条件下大青菜生长发育和产量,以及对土壤硝酸盐含量累积分布的影响。结果表明,在施氮肥0~500 kg hm-2范围内,氮肥施用量越大,产量越高,但到达一定量时,便不能再促进产量的提高,反而会引起减产。土壤铵态氮含量随着土壤剖面向下不断下降,表层的铵态氮含量较高,土壤硝态氮含量在整个土壤剖面的分布变化较小,但也是从表层向下处于一种缓慢减少的趋势,铵态氮的累积主要集中在上部土壤剖面,硝态氮的累积分布在整个土壤剖面,土壤硝态氮含量随施肥量增加而增加;氮肥施用量对硝酸盐含量有很大影响。在施氮肥0~700kg hm-2范围内,氮肥施用量越多,大青菜硝酸盐含量越高。     

氮磷肥对黑土浅层土壤氮素累积和移动的影响

利用D饱和最优设计研究了氮磷肥对黑土浅层土壤氮素累积和移动的影响,结果表明,氮磷肥对NO-3 -N含量的影响随着土层的加深逐渐减弱,并且施用尿素的NO-3 -N累积大于施用硝铵。在降雨高峰期存在NH 4 -N向下层土壤的移动,其移动时间滞后于NO-3 -N。尿素施入土壤后对NH 4 -N的累积无明显影响,对NO-3 -N的累积有促进作用。而不同用量的NH 4 -N肥的施入则促进了NH 4 -N的移动和累积。因此黑土玉米农田生态系统氮素做追肥时尿素和硝铵相比尿素更易造成地下水的硝酸盐污染。黑土玉米农田生态系统在作物拔节前期向土壤中施入氮素,将造成这一时期NO-3 -N对地下水的短期污染。     

硝化抑制剂对降低蔬菜硝酸盐积累的影响及其影响因素的研究进展

硝化抑制剂不仅能够提高蔬菜氮肥利用率和减少氮肥对环境的污染,有的能改善蔬菜品质。本文对硝化抑制剂对蔬菜硝酸盐累积的控制效果、作用机理、影响因素及其作用效果预测等作一综述,并对硝化抑制剂在蔬菜生产上研究与应用作了展望。     

加工型甜椒硝酸盐含量变异研究及遗传参数估算

对28份加工型甜椒品种(自交系)硝酸盐含量进行了研究,结果表明:不同基冈型的加工型甜椒硝酸盐含量存在着明显的差异,变异幅度从10.16mg kg-1到91.00 mg kg-1.经聚类分析将其划分二三大类群:高硝酸盐含量类群、中硝酸盐含量类群、低硝酸盐含量类群.进而估算其遗传参数,结果为:GCV:0.49%;广义遗传力:87.23%;遗传进度:43.097%.     

增铵对菠菜生长及品质的影响

通过水培试验研究不同NH4 -N/NO3--N比例(100/0,25/75,50/50,0/100)对4个菠菜品种地上部和根系生长、以及植株不同部位硝酸盐、水溶性糖含量的影响。结果表明,在NH4 -N/NO3--N比例为0/100时,各品种菠菜的生物量最大,而随着NH4 -N/NO3--N比例的增加,各品种菠菜的生物量和硝酸盐累积量均呈递减趋势,而水溶性糖含量则呈递增趋势,说明增铵能提高菠菜品质,但不能增加菠菜的产量。     

环境因素对蔬菜累积硝酸盐影响的研究进展

蔬菜中的硝酸盐是一种对人体有害的化学物质,其含量比其它植物都高,人体摄入它会引起多种疾病。对近年来国内外有关光照、温度、气体、土壤中的水分和养分等对蔬菜硝酸盐积累的影响进行了综述。     

有机肥对油菜硝酸盐含量和土壤盐分累积的影响

探讨了不同C/N的有机肥对油菜生物量、硝酸盐含量以及土壤EC的影响。结果表明:施用低量氮肥,增施M1能够增加油菜的生物量,硝酸盐含量无显著变化;增施M2、M3,能够降低油菜生物量和硝酸盐含量。当N用量为N0.067g kg-1土时(300kg hm-2),增施M1,油菜生物量和硝酸盐含量无显著变化;增施M2、M3时,显著降低生物量和硝酸盐含量。施用高氮肥,增施三种有机肥显著增加油菜生物量,硝酸盐含量无显著变化。三种不同C/N的有机肥在低量氮肥时对土壤EC的影响不显著,在高氮量时,增施M1能够增加土壤EC,增施M2、M3能够降低土壤EC。     

保护地菜田土壤硝酸盐积累及其调控措施的研究进展

本文概述了近年来国内外有关保护地菜田土壤硝酸盐积累方面的研究结果 ,就土壤硝酸盐积累的影响因素、调控措施做了较为详尽的评介     

Integrating local knowledge and biophysical modeling to assess nitrate losses from cropping systems in drinking water protection areas

Addressing the issue of agricultural pollution in water protection areas (WPA) requires assessing the impact of agricultural activities at regional scales. However, current water quality modeling studies often neglect the agronomic concept of a cropping system and interactions with soils. This paper presents a participatory assessment framework involving local experts in building a shared diagnosis of nitrate losses from cropping systems in a WPA. It includes a co-designed typology of landscape units and participatory assessment of nitrate losses with the modeling software Syst'N. Results show that characteristics of cropping systems depended on soils and that nitrate losses were highest in shallow soils. Intercrop periods were identified as critical periods for nitrate leaching, which demonstrates the importance of considering pluri-annual crop rotations rather than individual crops. The framework is generic for a modeling approach based on the involvement of local experts, who define their functional system in an agronomically sound way.     

Assessment of nitrate contamination of groundwater using lumped-parameter models

In this paper, lumped-parameter models (LPMs) were developed and utilized to simulate nitrate concentration in the groundwater of Gaza City and Jabalia Camp (GCJC) in the Gaza Coastal Aquifer (GCA) in Palestine. In the GCJC area, nitrate levels exceed the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 mg/L NO₃-N (45 mg/L NO₃) in many wells. Elevated nitrate concentrations in the groundwater of GCJC area are due to the disposal of untreated wastewater, the existence of heavy agriculture in the surrounding areas, and the use of cesspits for wastewater disposal. The developed LPMs utilize monthly time steps and take into consideration all the sources and sinks of water and nitrate in the study area. The main outcomes of the LPMs are the average temporal water table elevation and nitrate concentration. In order to demonstrate LPMs usability, a set of management options to reduce nitrate concentration in the groundwater of the study area were proposed and evaluated using the developed LPMs. Four broad management options were considered where these options tackle the reduction of nitrate concentration in the lateral inflow, rehabilitation of the wastewater collection system, reduction in cesspit usage, and the restriction on the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers. In addition, management options that encompass different combinations of the single management options were taken into account. Different scenarios that correspond to the different management options were investigated. It was found based on the LPMs that individual management options were not effective in meeting the MCL of nitrate. However, the combination of the four single management options with full rehabilitation and coverage of the wastewater collection network along with at least 60% reduction in both nitrate concentration in the lateral inflow and the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers would meet the MCL constraint by the end of the management period.     

Enhancing the SWAT model for simulating denitrification in riparian zones at the river basin scale

Riparian zones have significant impact on nitrate removal despite their small areas. Most research on riparian zones have been implemented at small scales. Direct measurement at large scale is infeasible, thus using models is a good alternative. This study introduces a modified SWAT model, referred as SWAT_LS. Two modifications were implemented: (i) adding hydrological routing from upland areas to riparian zones; and (ii) adding a module to simulate denitrification in riparian zones based on the Riparian Nitrogen Model. SWAT_LS was applied to the Odense river basin in Denmark, a densely tile-drained agricultural river basin. Compared to SWAT, SWAT_LS provides an equally good performance for streamflow, and a significant improvement in nitrate predictions. SWAT_LS predicts that current riparian zones remove only 4–17% of nitrate loads because 70% of the riparian areas are bypassed due to subsurface drainage implementation. This ability would dramatically increase to 25–85% if riparian zones are entirely undrained.     

Dynamic evaluation of integrated control strategies for enhanced nitrogen removal in activated sludge processes

In this paper, six different strategies for integrated control of nitrate recirculation flow rate and external carbon addition in a pre-denitrifying biological wastewater treatment system are proposed and evaluated using the COST simulation benchmark. The proposed control strategies consist of two or three feedback control loops, which manipulate the nitrate recirculation and the carbon dosage flow rates in an integrated manner, such that the consumption of external carbon is minimized while the nitrate discharge limits are met. The control systems require measurements of nitrate concentrations at the end of both the anoxic and the aerobic zones. A number of simulations are performed and the results show that the control strategies can maintain the designated effluent quality in the presence of external disturbances, while obtaining excellent results in terms of consumption of external carbon, as well as meeting the general plant performance and controller criteria as defined by the benchmark group.     

抑制小白菜、菜心硝酸盐积累的栽培技术研究

在深圳市郊某蔬菜基地进行了小白菜、菜心的硝酸盐积累试验,采用统计分析类数据挖掘技术对田间栽培、光照、施肥技术、采收时期等因素进行了研究分析,在16种处理方案中,筛选出4种适宜无公害蔬菜的栽培模式,研究发现对蔬菜硝酸盐积累影响显著的因子依次为日照、采收时期、追肥次数和基肥比例,研究结果对抑制蔬菜中的硝酸盐积累提供了依据。     

高等植物氨基酸生物效应的研究进展

本文对氨基酸营养条件下植物体内硝酸盐含量变化及其机理,土施植物激素前体色氨酸和蛋氨酸对高等植物生长和化学组成的影响。氨基酸和氨基酸肥料对植物产量和品质的影响作了综述。     

基于掺杂聚吡咯的硝酸根离子选择性电极

研究了一种基于硝酸根掺杂聚吡咯技术的硝酸根离子选择性电极。该电极以玻碳电极为载体,以包含硝酸根离子的聚吡咯薄膜为电极敏感膜。在含有硝酸根离子浓度数量级为10-4.5,10-4.0,10-3.5,10-3.0,10-2.5,10-2.0mol/L的硝酸钠测试溶液中,电极的响应电势呈现出较为理想的线性关系,且电势斜率值接近于理论值,符合能斯特响应规律;电极操作简便,具有较短的响应时间和较好的重复性。该电极的研发成功,为当前环境水质监测中总氮的实时监测提供了一种有效的解决方案。