不同施肥处理对西北半干旱区土壤酶活性的影响及其动态变化

在氮磷总用量一定的前提下,对春小麦不同生育期土壤酶活性的动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,在小麦生育期,休闲处理中转化酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性高于其它处理;施肥对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响较小;有机肥在增加土壤转化酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性方面可以同样发挥无机肥的作用,秸秆或者秸秆与氮磷配合施用可以提高土壤转化酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶的活性,羊粪在增加表层土壤脲酶活性方面优于秸秆.在小麦生育期内土壤酶活性的动态变化不同.各处理中过氧化氢酶、转化酶和脲酶活性分别在灌浆期或者收获期、收获期和分蘖期出现高峰,而碱性磷酸酶活性则在苗期或者灌浆期活性最高.     

长期施肥对城市边缘区不同作物土壤酶活性的影响

以开封市为例,探讨了长期施肥条件下城市边缘区不同作物土壤酶活性的变化及其与土壤养分的关系。结果表明,土壤酶活性受施肥处理影响明显,其中蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶、转化酶和脲酶活性在化肥处理中均受到抑制,在有机肥中却得到大幅提升,碱性磷酸酶活性变化与之正好相反;在混施处理中各酶活性均有不同程度的增强,其中以脲酶活性增强尤为突出。土壤酶活性在各作物之间表现出一定的差异,但总的来说差异不显著。土壤各酶之间及酶与土壤肥力因素之间存在显著或极显著相关关系,因此土壤酶活性可以作为城市边缘区土壤环境质量评价的生物肥力指标之一。     

施用有机肥和化肥对菜田土壤酶动态特性的影响

通过露地田间栽培黄瓜试验,研究施用有机肥和化肥对土壤中性磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和转化酶动态特性的影响。结果表明,露地菜田土壤酶活性随土层的加深而减弱,0～10cm土层酶活性明显高于10～20cm。菜田耕层土壤酶活性季节性变化明显,作物旺盛生长期土壤酶活性高,而作物生长初期和末期,土壤酶活性较低。施用有机肥、化肥在一定条件下可以改变土壤酶活性。施用半腐熟有机肥,生育初期酶活性低,生育后期逐渐升高;施用氮肥,在黄瓜各个生育期均不同程度地降低了酶的活性,而增施磷、钾肥却不同程度地提高了酶的活性。     

不同耕作方式对旱地土壤酶活性动态的影响

结合中长期田间定位试验,研究了传统耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、免耕结合秸秆覆盖(NTS)以及秸秆还田(TS)处理下春小麦生长期内土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶等活性的动态变化趋势.结果表明:(1)各种酶的活性随着小麦生育期的变化呈现出明显的规律性变化,并且四种耕作方式下各种酶活性的变化趋势基本一致.土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性呈现先上升,在灌浆期出现峰值后逐渐下降的变化规律.土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性呈现先上升,在拔节期出现峰值后逐渐下降,而在灌浆期到收获后又处于回升阶段.(2)在春小麦的各生育期:与T相比较,NT、NTS以及TS处理均可使土壤酶活性增加.     

不同促腐条件下秸秆直接还田对土壤酶活性动态变化的影响

通过两年田间定位试验,研究了冀东地区不同促腐条件下玉米秸秆连续直接还田对土壤酶活性动态变化的影响。结果表明,在小麦各生育期,还田处理总体酶活性均高于单施化肥处理;还田处理中,配施促腐剂处理表现出高于未配施处理的趋势。不同促腐条件下,秸秆直接还田对土壤过氧化氢酶和转化酶活性在小麦各生育期分布态势的影响没有差异,但影响了土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性在小麦各生育期的分布态势,配施促腐剂使土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性高峰期出现的时间提前。     

长期施肥对棕壤主要酶活性的影响

研究目的是揭示长期施肥对棕壤主要酶活性的影响,为土壤培肥以及合理施肥提供理论依据。研究试材采自沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院棕壤肥料长期定位试验微区,共11个施肥处理。结果表明,土壤转化酶、中性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶在玉米拔节期及灌浆期出现两个活性高峰,脲酶在玉米拔节期、过氧化氢酶在玉米大喇叭口期各出现一个活性高峰。长期施用有机肥能够提高土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶及脲酶活性,降低土壤磷酸酶活性,磷肥能够增强土壤过氧化氢酶及转化酶的活性,氮肥则对过氧化氢酶、转化酶、脲酶具有抑制作用。土壤各种酶之间及酶与土壤养分、玉米产量之间存在显著或极显著相关性。因此合理施肥营造良好的土壤生物化学环境将有利于土壤肥力的保持与提高,为作物的高产稳产提供有利保障。     

不同施肥／土地利用方式对黑土细菌多样性的影响

微生物多样性是表征土壤质量变化的敏感指标。为探讨黑土生态系统转变过程中土壤微生物多样性变化,应用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）方法对黑土区3种生态系统和豆田3种施肥制度下土壤细菌多样性进行了初步研究。结果表明：土壤细菌多样性以草地（GE）最高,其细菌丰富度（S）和Shannon多样性指数均高于农田（CK）和裸地（BE）;在豆田土壤中,长期不施肥（CK）的土壤细菌丰富度和Shannon多样性指数最高,其次为长期化肥配施有机肥（NPM）,长期单施化肥（NP）最低。UPGMA聚类分析表明,NP与CK处理细菌的群落结构相似,相似性系数达到65．5％,NPM与GE和BE处理细菌的群落结构相似,相似性系数分别为52．5％和57．3％。     

长期地膜覆盖及不同施肥处理对棕壤中全硫和有效硫的影响

对长期连续覆膜(1987年～2005年)及不同施肥处理的棕壤中土壤全硫及有效硫进行动态变化研究.结果表明:表层土壤全硫及有效硫含量差异显著,土壤全硫含量的垂直分布随土层加深而逐渐降低.四种施肥处理对全硫和有效硫含量有一定影响,全硫含量高低顺序为M2N2>M2>N2>CK;有效硫的顺序为N2>M2N2>M2>CK.裸地土壤全硫和有效硫含量随时间变化总体呈下降趋势,而覆膜土壤总体上升.     

施肥对旱地土壤供水特征的影响

陕西渭北旱塬土壤剖面中不同土层土壤的供水能力不同,呈现出“波“状分布.施肥处理均表现为“低-高-低-高“形,CK在小于12.5%含水量时为“高-低-高-低“状,大于12.5%含水量时为“低-高-低-高“状.土壤剖面中有一水势最低的土层,该土层有随施肥量增加而下移的趋势,对旱农区有限水分的吸收和保持有重要作用,土壤剖面中不同土层土壤供水能力的“锯齿“状分布也很好地发挥了这种作用.施肥提高了土壤水势,降低了土壤的水容比,增强了土壤的供水能力,从而提高了土壤对干旱的适应性和抵抗力,土壤比水容量更好地反映了土壤的保水性能,而土壤水势和土壤水容比则更好地反映了土壤的供水性能,即土壤水对植物的有效性.     

宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄基地土壤酶活性

调查了宁夏御马酿酒葡萄基地不同栽培年限下土壤的蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性,并与土壤的基本理化性质进行了回归分析.结果表明,供试土壤为强碱性反应,耕作施肥对土壤pH和全盐含量影响不显著;土壤有机质、全氮、铵态氮、速效磷、阳离子代换量大都处于最低的六级水平,但肥力随耕种年限的延长显著增加;随栽培年限的延长,表层土壤磷酸酶活性、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性显著增加;蔗糖酶、脲酶活性随剖面深度的加深而显著减小;表土过氧化氢酶活性随栽培年限的延长而显著下降,但不同土地利用下表层以下各层次土壤过氧化氢酶活性总体上高于表层,且差异显著.磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、缓效钾、速效钾之间存在着极显著相关关系;磷酸酶活性、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、缓效钾、速效钾之间存在着极显著相关关系;四种酶之间,磷酸酶与脲酶之间存在极显著相关关系,脲酶与蔗糖酶之间存在极显著相关关系.由此表明,磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性的大小可以代表宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄栽培区土壤肥力的高低.     

喷洒有效微生物群对玉米抗旱性的影响

采用孕穗期干旱处理前喷施有效微生物群（ＥＭ）研究干旱对玉米叶片膜脂过氧化和抗性酶及产量的影响。结果表明：ＥＭ能明显降低ＭＤＡ含量，提高ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活性，增强玉米的抗旱性并提高产量。     

Remote sensing of biological soil crust under simulated climate change manipulations in the Mojave Desert

Earth's arid and semiarid ecosystems are subject to novel combinations of disruptive factors and unprecedented rates of change. Biotic soil crust is believed to be sensitive to impacts caused by land use and climate changes. This study examined the potential for spectral detection of different biological soil crusts (BSC: cyanobacteria, moss and lichen) and bare soil components at a long-term manipulative experiment at the Mojave Global Change Facility (MGCF) in southwestern Nevada. We evaluated the potential for spectral detection of experimental treatments using laboratory and field measured reflectance spectra in the second and third year of the experiment, and airborne hyperspectral data obtained in the third year of the manipulations for soil disturbance, increased summer rainfall, and dry nitrogen deposition. Laboratory spectra of individual components of biological soil crust and bare soil measured under controlled laboratory conditions were spectrally different over much of the spectrum and exhibited features at 0.42, 0.50, and 0.68 μm, which could differentiate these materials. Field measured spectra were more similar in overall shape in each of the MGCF treatments and individual BSC could not be distinguished. The field spectra most closely resemble cyanobacteria from laboratory measurements, which are known to cover up to 60% of the inter-shrub spaces. There were significant treatment differences between control, soil disturbance, and irrigation treatments in field spectral measurements and a spectral feature in the 2.00-2.08 μm region could distinguish these treatments. The treatments were also apparent in high spatial resolution (~ 4 m ground IFOV) airborne hyperspectral imagery using a minimum noise fraction (MNF) analysis, although treatments were not distinct in terms of laboratory or field-based specific features. Disturbance treatments were easily apparent in color-infrared imagery although other treatments were not distinguished. Three-band composites from a MNF analysis and classification images of the six most significant MNF bands for treatment differences, revealed disturbed and irrigation treatments and combinations of these with nitrogen treatments can be observed but control treatments were not separated from the untreated background. Nitrogen treatments were generally not significantly different from controls unless combined with irrigation or disturbance treatments. These data suggest that hyperspectral imagery could be used to monitor local and perhaps regional changes in biological soil crust in the southwestern deserts of the United States, even if crust components are not individually detected.     

葡萄贮藏中SO2伤害与活性氧代谢的关系

以耐SO2品种巨峰和不耐SO2品种红地球葡萄为材料,研究了葡萄贮藏中SO2伤害与活性氧代谢的关系,结果表明,SO2伤害葡萄体内活性氧水平,GSH含理和ASP活性增加,SOD和CAT活性降低,与红地球相比,巨峰具有较高的SOD活性和GSH水平,受SO2伤害后,巨峰的ASP活性上升幅度大于红地球,其SOD活性和CAT活性的下降幅度低于红地球。     

烯效唑(S3307)对葡萄果实着色及品质的影响

以京亚和夕阳红葡萄为试材,用不同浓度S3307喷施果穗,研究S3307对葡萄果实着色及品质的影响.实验结果表明S3307显著促进葡萄果皮花色素含量增加,使可溶性糖含量增加,有机酸含量下降,提高糖酸比,维生素C含量升高.这说明S3307有促进葡萄果实着色作用,并能改善果实品质,因此在生产上有一定应用价值.进一步研究表明,花色素含量与可溶性糖含量和糖酸比呈显著正相关,与有机酸含量呈显著的负相关.     

苹果梨园土壤酶活性初报

通过对延边地区苹果梨园土壤酶活性的调查和分析表明,夏季脲酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性在不同果园存在着很大的不同,它们和有机质含量密切相关,与土壤全量养分之间,绝大部分都呈极显著相关,对有机质除直接作用外,多是通过其他酶的间接作用来影响的。     

Activities,postures and comfort perception of train passengers as input for train seat design

Working in the train is a part of new ways of working. However, the ideal working position is unknown. Moreover, the ideal position for leisure and relaxing is also unknown. This article defines what activities train passengers mainly perform and which corresponding postures are seen. Based on the observations on actual train rides, four main activities could be identified: Reading, Staring/sleeping, Talking and Working on laptop. Working on laptop was the activity with the longest duration and talking had the shortest duration. Associated with these four activities, a top eight of different postures were observed. Except for headrest comfort, comfort scores were not significantly different between activities. The top eight corresponding postures combined with comfort scores showed that per activity different postures were observed and the comfort scores varied in relation to the combination of posture and activity. Nearly for all activities, the majority of passengers preferred adjustability options to fit the seat to the performed activity.     

12年连续施用秸秆和钾肥对土壤钾素含量和分布的影响

为探索潮土钾素肥力培肥的有效途径,本文通过设计不同施钾处理进行田间定位试验。结果表明,不同的处理对土壤速效钾、缓效钾含量的影响在不同的土层深度表现不同。连续12年施入秸秆、钾肥、秸秆加钾肥(年施K2O≥150kg hm-2)对培肥耕层土壤速效钾和缓效钾有积极促进作用,均能显著或极显著提高耕层土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量,但对耕层以下土壤培肥作用不明显。     

玉米不同品种接种MDMV后叶片内过氧化物酶及其同工酶的变化

对4个感病程度不同的玉米品种接种玉米矮化花叶病毒（MDMV）7d后植株叶片内过氧化物酶（PO）活性经研究表明：玉米接种病毒后PO活性均有提高,但提高幅度不同且酶活变化波形差异大。抗病品种接毒前酶活低且波形变化平稳,接毒后第2天酶活急剧增高且波形变化大,而感病品种接毒后酶活变化不大且波形一致。玉米PO同工酶酶谱简单,与对照比较,接毒后抗、感品种带纹数目变化不大,但带纹浓重而重叠。抗病品种接毒后第2天带纹突然加重,且持续增加,而感病品种有持续减弱趋势。     

A delineation of the cognitive processes manifested in a social annotation environment

This study aims to examine how students' learning trajectories progress in an online social annotation environment, and how their cognitive processes and levels of interaction correlate with their learning outcomes. Three different types of activities (cognitive, metacognitive and social) were identified in the online environment. The time series of different levels of cognitive and metacognitive activities correlate with one another, indicating that a kind of symbiotic or ecological relationship exists among the cognitive and metacognitive processes. The multiple regression results show that low‐cognitive level activities mediate the effect of high‐cognitive level activities on student's performance in the group inquiry learning project. The results of multilevel analysis indicate that the average number of highlighted texts posted per person in a group accounted for over 50% of the variance of the group inquiry learning project scores. Further, the results also indicate that the level of collaboration within a group explains over 70% of the variance of the high‐level cognitive and metacognitive activities across different groups. In sum, group collaboration is found to be conducive to fostering high‐level cognitive and metacognitive activities.     

长期施肥对旱地土壤有机磷及其组分的影响

通过15年长期定位试验,采用Bowman和Cole提出的土壤有机磷分级方法,研究了不同耕作施肥措施对旱地耕层土壤有机磷及其组分的影响。结果显示旱地土壤各个处理的活性有机磷含量低,占有机磷总量的比例低于3.6%,中活性有机磷为有机磷的主体,约占有机磷总量的73.37%-91.54%。休闲、撂荒及磷肥与其它肥料配合使用,均增加了耕层土壤的中活性有机磷含量,增加了中稳性有机磷含量及其比重;休闲、撂荒及磷钾提高了高稳性有机磷含量及比重,而氮磷钾及其与有机肥配合处理则降低了高稳性有机磷的含量。尽管不同耕作施肥管理均影响旱地土壤有机磷含量,但是施用有机肥对有机磷的增加贡献最大;撂荒与休闲相比,前者更有利于土壤有机磷的积累。