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1.
SO 2 and HCl are major pollutants emitted from waste incineration processes. Both pollutants are difficult to remove completely and can enter the catalytic reactor. In this work, the effects of SO 2 and HCl on the performance of Rh/Al 2O 3 and Rh-Na/Al 2O 3 catalysts for NO removal were investigated in simulated waste incineration conditions. The characterizations of the catalysts were analyzed by BET, SEM/EDS, XRD, and ESCA. Experimental results indicated the 1%Rh/Al 2O 3 catalyst was significantly deactivated for NO and CO conversions when SO 2 and HCl coexisted in the flue gas. The addition of between 2 and 10 wt.% Na promoted the activity of the 1%Rh/Al 2O 3 catalyst for NO removal, but decreased the CO oxidation and BET surface area. The catalytic activity for NO removal was inhibited by HCl as a result of the formation of RhCl 3. Adding Na to the Rh/Al 2O 3 catalyst decreased the inhibition of SO 2 because of the formation of Na 2SO 4, which was observed in the XRD and ESCA analyses. SEM mapping/EDS showed that more S was residual on the surface of the Rh-Na/Al 2O 3 catalyst than Cl. 相似文献
2.
The effect of Na addition on the performance of Rh/Al 2O 3 catalyst for NO reduction with CO in the presence of H 2O and O 2 was investigated. The reacted catalysts were analyzed by the FTIR technique to identify the products for further investigation on the possible catalytic reaction mechanisms and the reasons behind the H 2O poisoning. Experimental results show that the removal efficiency of NO by Rh/Al 2O 3 catalyst was 63% at 250 °C but that decreased as the H 2O content increased. Adding Na to modify the Rh/Al 2O 3 catalyst significantly enhanced the conversion of NO to 99% at 250–300 °C even as the H 2O content was 1.6 vol%. The FTIR analyses results reveal that the abundant H 2O in the flue gas can compete with NO to adsorb on the surfaces of Rh/Al 2O 3 and Rh-Na/Al 2O 3 catalysts and further enhance the formation of NO 3 that reacts with H. The effects of H 2O on Rh/Al 2O 3 and Rh-Na/Al 2O 3 catalysts can be eliminated by increasing the reaction temperature to higher than 300 °C. Rh-Na/Al 2O 3 is a feasible catalyst for NO reduction at such condition with relative high H 2O and O 2 contents. 相似文献
3.
Two novel catalysts Rh/Al 2O 3 and Rh–Na/Al 2O 3 were prepared for NO removal and tested their practical performances in a laboratory-scale waste incineration system. The effects of particulates, heavy metals, and acid gases on the catalysts were evaluated and investigated through several characterization techniques, such as SEM, EA, XRPD, ESCA, and FTIR. The results indicated that the NO conversions were increased with the accumulation of particulates on the surface of catalysts, which was attributed to the increase in carbon content. However, the increase in heavy metals Cd and Pb contents on the surface of catalysts decreased the activity of catalyst for NO removal but did not change the chemical state of Rh and Na. The Rh/Al 2O 3 catalysts were poisoned when the acid gases SO 2 and HCl were present in the flue gas, because Rh and Al reacted with S and Cl to form inactive products. Adding Na to Rh/Al 2O 3 catalysts produced a promoting effect for SO 2 removal due to the formation of Na 2SO 4. The influence levels of different pollutants on the performances of Rh/Al 2O 3 and Rh–Na/Al 2O 3 catalysts for NO removal followed the sequence of HCl > heavy metals > SO 2 > particles. 相似文献
4.
This study investigated the activity of Rh/Al 2O 3 and Rh-Na/Al 2O 3 catalysts for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) removal and the influence of particulates, heavy metals, and acid gases (SO 2 and HCl) on the performance of catalysts. The experiments were carried out in a laboratory-scale waste incineration system. Experimental results show that the destruction removal efficiency (DRE) of PAHs by Rh/Al 2O 3 and Rh-Na/Al 2O 3 catalysts were 80% and 59%, respectively when the flue gas did not contain any pollutants. The concentrations of PAHs increased by using a Rh/Al 2O 3 catalyst when the flue gas contained Cd, Pb, and SO 2 and also increased by using a Rh-Na/Al 2O 3 catalyst when the flue gas contained particulates, Cd, and HCl. Adding Na to the Rh/Al 2O 3 catalyst can inhibit the increases of 3-4 ring PAHs when the flue gas contained Pb. The influence of acid gases on the performance of the Rh/Al 2O 3 and Rh-Na/Al 2O 3 catalysts followed the sequence SO 2 > HCl > SO 2 + HCl. The activity of the catalysts for PAHs removal was significantly suppressed by increased concentrations in particulates and Cd, yet promoted by a high Pb concentration. The results of ESCA analysis indicated that the presence of Cd and Pb did not change the chemical states of Rh and Na, but the presence of SO 2 and HCl did. 相似文献
5.
This paper reports a comparative kinetic investigation of the overall reduction of NO in the presence of CO or H 2 over supported Pt-, Rh- and Pd-based catalysts. Different activity sequences have been established for the NO+H 2 reaction Pt/Al 2O 3>Pd/Al 2O 3>Rh/Al 2O 3 and for the NO+CO reaction Rh/Al 2O 3>Pd/Al 2O 3> Pt/Al 2O 3. It was found that both reactions differ from the rate determining step usually ascribed to the dissociation of chemisorbed
NO molecules. The rate enhancement observed for the NO+H 2 reaction has been mainly related to the involvement of a dissociation step of chemisorbed NO molecules assisted by adjacent
chemisorbed H atoms. The calculation of the kinetic and thermodynamic constants from steady-state rate measurements and subsequent
comparisons show that Pd and Rh are predominantly covered by chemisorbed NO molecules in our operating conditions which could
explain either changes in activity or in selectivity with the lack of ammonia formation on Rh/Al 2O 3 during the NO+H 2 reaction. Interestingly, Pd and Rh exhibit similar selectivity behaviour towards the production of nitrous oxide (N 2O) irrespective of the nature of the reducing agent (CO or H 2). A weak partial pressure dependency of the selectivity is observed which can be related to the predominant formation of
N 2 via a reaction between chemisorbed NO molecules and N atoms, while over Pt-based catalysts the associative desorption of
two adjacent N atoms would occur simultaneously. Such tendencies are still observed under lean conditions in the presence
of an excess of oxygen. However, a detrimental effect is observed on the selectivity with an enhancement of the competitive
H 2+O 2 reaction, and on the activity behaviour with a strong oxygen inhibiting effect on the rate of NO conversion, particularly
on Rh. 相似文献
6.
An investigation was conducted of noble metal and metal oxide catalysts deposited on Al2O3. The noble metals Pt, Pd, Rh the metal oxides CuO, SnO2, CoO, Ag2O, In2O3, catalysts were examined. Also investigated were noble metal Pt, Pd, Rh-doped In2O3/Al2O3 catalysts prepared by single sol–gel method. Both were studied for their capability to reduce NO by propene under lean conditions. In order to improve the catalytic activity and the temperature window, the intermediate addition propene between a Pt/Al2O3 oxidation and metal oxide combined catalyst system was also studied. Pt/Al2O3 and In2O3/Al2O3 combined catalyst showed high NO reduction activity in a wider temperature window, and more than 60% NO conversion was observed in the temperature range of 300–550 °C. 相似文献
7.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and CNTs-supported rhodium were tested as catalysts for NO decomposition. For the fresh catalysts,
100% NO conversion was achieved at 600°C over CNTs; when 1 wt% Rh was loaded on CNTs, 100% NO conversion was achieved at 450°C.
If the catalysts were pre-reduced in H 2 at or above 300°C, 100% NO conversions were observed at 300°C. XPS investigation indicated that there was still metallic
rhodium (BE=307.2 eV) on Rh/CNTs after heating in air at 500°C for 2 h and after the NO decomposition reaction. As for a 1
wt% Rh/Al 2O 3 sample, the rhodium (BE = 308.2 eV) was completely in the form of Rh 2O 3 after similar treatments. These results suggest that compared to γ-Al 2O 3, the CNTs material is more capable of keeping the rhodium in its metallic state. The results obtained in H 2-TPR studies support this conclusion. In addition, TEM investigation revealed that the rhodium particles distributed rather
evenly over CNTs with a particle diameter of around 8 nm. We propose that CNTs can be used as a material for the facilitation
of NO decomposition.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
An investigation was conducted of noble metal and metal oxide catalysts deposited on Al 2O 3. The noble metals Pt, Pd, Rh the metal oxides CuO, SnO 2, CoO, Ag 2O, In 2O 3, catalysts were examined. Also investigated were noble metal Pt, Pd, Rh-doped In 2O 3/Al 2O 3 catalysts prepared by single sol–gel method. Both were studied for their capability to reduce NO by propene under lean conditions. In order to improve the catalytic activity and the temperature window, the intermediate addition propene between a Pt/Al 2O 3 oxidation and metal oxide combined catalyst system was also studied. Pt/Al 2O 3 and In 2O 3/Al 2O 3 combined catalyst showed high NO reduction activity in a wider temperature window, and more than 60% NO conversion was observed in the temperature range of 300–550 °C. 相似文献
9.
A series of Co-Pt(Pd, Rh)/γ- Al 2O 3 catalysts were prepared by successive wetness impregnation. The catalytic activities for CO oxidation, NO decomposition and
NO selective catalytic reduction (SCR) by C 2H 4 over the samples calcined at 500°C and reduced at 450°C were determined. The activities of the samples calcined at 750°C
and reduced at 450°C for NO selective catalytic reduction (SCR) by C 2H 4 were also determined. All the samples were characterized by XRD, XPS, XANES, EXAFS, TPR, TPO and TPD techniques. The results
of activity measurements show that the presence of noble metals greatly enhances the activity of Co/γ-Al 2O 3 for CO or C 2H 4 oxidation. For NO decomposition, the H 2-reduced Co-Pt(Pd, Rh)/γ- Al 2O 3 catalysts exhibit very high activities during the initial period of catalytic reaction, but with the increase of reaction
time, the activities decrease obviously because of the oxidation of surface cobalt phase. For NO selective reduction by C 2H 4, the reduced samples are oxidized more quickly by the excess oxygen in reaction gas. The oxidized samples possess very low
activities for NO selective reduction. The results of XRD, XPS and EXAFS indicate that all the cobalt in Co-Pt(Pd, Rh)/γ-Al 2O 3 has been reduced to zero valence during reduction by H 2 at 450°C, but in Co/γ-Al 2O 3 only a part of the cobalt has been reduced to zero valence, the rest exists as CoAl 2O 4-like spinel which is difficult to reduce. For the samples calcined at 750°C, the cobalt exists as CoAl 2O 4 which cannot be reduced by H 2 at 450°C and possesses better activities for NO selective reduction. The results of XANES spectra show that the cobalt in
Co/γ- Al 2O 3 has lower coordination symmetry than that in Co-Pt(Pd, Rh)/γ-Al 2O 3. This difference mainly results from the distorting tetrahedrally- coordinated Co 2+ ions which have lower coordination symmetry than Co 0 in the catalysts. The coordination number for the Co-Co shell from EXAFS has shown that the cobalt phase is highly dispersed
on Co-Pt(Pd, Rh)/γ- Al 2O 3 catalysts. The TPR results indicate that the addition of noble metals to Co/γ- Al 2O 3 makes the TPR peaks shift to lower temperatures, which implies the spillover of hydrogen species from noble metals to cobalt
oxides. The oxygen spillover from noble metals to cobalt is also inferred from the shift of TPO peaks to lower temperatures
and the increased amount of desorbed oxygen from TPD. For CO oxidation, the Co 0 is the main active phase. For NO decomposition and selective reduction, Co 0 is also catalytically active, but it can be oxidized into Co 3O 4 by oxygen at high reaction temperature.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
The catalytic decomposition of nitrous oxide to nitrogen and oxygen has been studied over Al 2O 3-supported and zeolite-supported Rh catalysts. The activities of Rh/Al 2O 3 and Rh/USY (ultrastable Y zeolite) catalysts prepared from Rh(NO 3) 3 were higher than those of Rh/ZSM-5 and Rh/ZnO reported in the literature, while the activity of a Rh/Al 2O 3 catalyst prepared from RhCl 3 was suppressed severely in spite of the high H/Rh and CO/Rh values. The catalytic activity of N 2O decomposition was sensitive not only to the Rh dispersion but also to the preparation variables such as the Rh precursors
and the supports used.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
Rh and Ru promoted Mo/Al 2O 3 catalysts were tested in HDS of thiophene in the presence of different amounts of pyridine and compared with CoMo/Al 2O 3. The Rh and Ru promoted catalysts were more nitrogen tolerant and in the presence of pyridine showed higher HDS activities than CoMo/Al 2O 3. This was explained by higher C–N bond hydrogenolysis activity and high nitrogen tolerance of the free Rh and Ru sulfides in the promoted catalysts. 相似文献
12.
The effect of combining 0.35 wt.% Pt with 0.35 wt.% of either Ir, Rh, Re or U on γ-Al 2O 3 support was investigated for the hydroconversion of n-pentane and n-hexane in a pulsed micro-reactor system at a temperature range of 300–500°C, except for Rh/Al 2O 3 (150–500°C). The dispersion of the metals in the catalysts under study was determined by H 2 chemisorption. The effect of chlorine addition between 1.0 and 6.0 wt.% was investigated and a content of 3.0 wt.% Cl being of optimum promotion. Highest activities for hydroisomerization, hydrocracking and hydrogenolysis were exhibited by Pt, Ir and Rh/Al 2O 3 catalysts, respectively, whether the catalysts were Cl-free or containing 3% Cl. However, Re and U catalysts were inactive. Maximum hydroisomerization selectivities using chlorinated bimetallic catalysts could be arranged in the following order: PtU/Al 2O 3>PtRe/Al 2O 3>PtIr/Al 2O 3>PtRh/Al 2O 3. However, PtRh/Al 2O 3, before and after chlorination, was the most active catalyst for hydrogenolysis. The apparent reaction rate constants as well as the apparent activation energies ( Ea) for the hydroconversion of n-pentane and n-hexane were calculated and the compensation effect relationship between Ea and logarithm of the pre-exponential factor was estimated. n-hexane reaction on PtRh/Al 2O 3 catalysts deviates from this relationship for mechanistic variation. 相似文献
13.
A series of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) NiMo catalysts supported on Al 2O 3-NY (denoted as ANY) composites with various amounts of nanosized H-type Y zeolite (denoted as NY) were prepared. The samples were characterized by XRD, BET, TPD, TPR, HRTEM, and FT-IR spectroscopy of pyridine adsorption. The characterization results showed that, compared with NiMo/Al 2O 3, the addition of NY reduced the Metal-support interaction and made the MoS 2 stacking degree higher, slabs shorter and dispersion of edge and corner Mo atoms bigger. The addition of NY also enhanced the overall acidity and the ratio of Brönsted acid to Lewis acid of these catalysts. The fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) diesel HDS activity was increased with the addition of NY in these catalysts compared with NiMo/Al 2O 3 catalysts. The optimal NY content was found to be 20 wt% in ANY composite support. The highest HDS activity of NiMo/ANY20 was attributed to the synergy of hydrogenation activity, acid amount and textural properties. 相似文献
14.
Rh-MoO 3/Al 2O 3, Rh/Al 2O 3 and MoO 3/Al 2O 3 catalysts have been prepared and subjected to various pretreatments including high temperature reduction, high temperature oxidation and oxidation/ reduction cycles. After each series of treatments, surfaces were analysed by XPS and FTIR of adsorbed NO. The effectiveness of these surfaces in dissociating NO was studied by TPRS in the temperature range 300–773 K. Reduction rates of Mo oxides in H 2 were determined gravimetrically while rhodium dispersion was determined from H 2 adsorption isotherms at 298 K. Results indicate that molybdenum and rhodium exist in close contact in both oxidised and reduced forms. H 2 chemisorption was suppressed following HTR of the catalyst due to coverage of rhodium by molybdenum oxide species but this could be reversed by HTO (773 K) followed by low temperature reduction. Although a small proportion of Mo could be reduced following HTR, cycles of HTR/HTO produced Rh/Mo oxide phases in which a proportion of Mo could be reduced to Mo° at 473 K. The presence of reduced Mo would appear to play an important role in the improved performance of Rh-MoO 3/Al 2O 3 catalysts. 相似文献
15.
PtSn/Al 2O 3 and PtSn/Al 2O 3–Na catalysts display important modifications of the metallic phase with respect to Pt/Al 2O 3 one. In this sense, TPR and XPS results show the presence of strong interactions between Pt and Sn, with probable alloy formation,
which would be responsible for the decrease of the reaction rate and the increase of the activation energy in cyclohexane
dehydrogenation. Besides the experiments of cyclopentane hydrogenolysis show that the alkali metal addition to bimetallic
PtSn/Al 2O 3 catalysts completely eliminates the hydrogenolytic ensembles, which could be due to a geometric modification of the metallic
phase. These important modifications in the nature of the metallic function due to the simultaneous addition of Na and Sn
to Pt/Al 2O 3 are responsible for the excellent catalytic performance in the n-butane dehydrogenation, thus giving high conversions, selectivities to butenes higher than 95%, and lower deactivation capacity
than those corresponding to bimetallic PtSn catalysts (with different Sn contents) supported on undoped alumina. The excellent
stability of PtSn/Al 2O 3–Na catalysts would be due to a low carbon formation during the reaction, such as it was observed from pulse experiments. 相似文献
16.
The present work has been undertaken to tailor Pt/Al 2O 3 catalysts active for NO oxidation even after severe heat treatments in air. For this purpose, the addition of Pd has been attempted, which is less active for this reaction but can effectively suppress thermal sintering of the active metal Pt. Various Pd-modified Pt/Al 2O 3 catalysts were prepared, subjected to heat treatments in air at 800 and 830 °C, and then applied for NO oxidation at 300 °C. The total NO oxidation activity was shown to be significantly enhanced by the addition of Pd, depending on the amount of Pd added. The Pd-modified catalysts are active even after the severe heat treatment at 830 °C for a long time of 60 h. The optimized Pd-modified Pt/Al 2O 3 catalyst can show a maximum activity limited by chemical equilibrium under the conditions used. The bulk structures of supported noble metal particles were examined by XRD and their surface properties by CO chemisorption and EDX-TEM. From these characterization results as well as the reaction ones, the size of individual metal particles, the chemical composition of their surfaces, and the overall TOF value were determined for discussing possible reasons for the improvement of the thermal stability and the enhanced catalytic activity of Pt/Al 2O 3 catalysts by the Pd addition. The Pd-modified Pt/Al 2O 3 catalysts should be a promising one for NO oxidation of practical interest. 相似文献
17.
Low temperature ethanol steam reforming (ESR) was studied over a series of 1 wt% Rh–x % Fe catalysts with various Fe loading (x = 0–10 wt%) and on different supports (Ca–Al 2O 3, SiO 2 and ZrO 2). The results show that close interaction between Rh and Fe is required to reduce the CO selectivity to almost negligible values. In addition, Rh–Fe supported on Ca–Al 2O 3 exhibits the best performance in terms of CO selectivity and hydrogen yield as compared to other supports. Characterization by XPS and XANES indicates the presence of Fe xO y species upon reduction, resulting in the formation of coordinatively unsaturated ferrous (CUF) active sites along the Rh–Fe xO y interface. These CUF sites promote water–gas shift reaction during low temperature ESR. Temperature programmed oxidation and Raman spectroscopy of spent catalysts also indicate that the addition of iron oxide reduces coke deposition and forms more reactive coke. Hence, the catalyst lifespan is significantly extended. 相似文献
18.
Reactivity of surface isocyanate (NCO(a)) species with NO, O 2 and NO+O 2 in selective reduction of NOχ over Ag/Al 2O 3 and Al 2O 3 catalysts was studied by a pulse reaction technique and an in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT)
spectroscopy. The NCO(a) species on Ag/Al 2O 3 reacted with O 2 or NO+O 2 mixture gas to produce N 2 effectively above 200°C, while the reaction of NCO(a) with NO hardly produced N 2 even at 350°C. In the case of Al 2O 3 alone, less N 2 was detected in the reaction of NCO(a) with NO+O 2, indicating that silver plays an important role in the N 2 formation from NCO(a). These behaviors of the reactivity of NCO(a) species with reactant gases were in good agreement with
the changes in NCO(a) bands shown by in situ DRIFT measurements. Based on these findings, the role of NCO(a) species in the
selective reduction of NOχ on Ag/Al 2O 3 and Al 2O 3 catalysts is discussed.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
Seven SiC supports provided by SICAT with different surface areas and pore volumes were impregnated with 12,5 wt% Co. H 2-chemisorption, N 2-adsorption, temperature programmed reduction and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis in a fixed-bed reactor at 483 K, 20 bar and H 2/CO = 2.1 were performed in order to characterize and test the samples. The performances were compared with well characterized Co/Al 2O 3 and Co-Re/Al 2O 3 reference catalysts. The selectivity towards heavier hydrocarbons (C 5+) was found to be moderately higher for the SiC supported catalysts while the site-time yields was 20 to 66 % lower than the Co-Re/Al 2O 3 catalyst. Elemental analysis showed the presence of several impurities in the SiC material. Alkali and alkaline earth elements, such as Na, K and Ca, are all known to lower the catalytic activity and also to influence the selectivity. It is proposed that these impurities in addition to sulfur and phosphorus known to be present in SiC, are responsible for the significantly lower catalytic activity of the SiC supported catalysts. 相似文献
20.
The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with C 3H 6 was studied over three noble‐metal‐based catalysts: 2% Pt/γ‐Al 2O 3, 2% Rh/γ‐Al 2O 3 and 1.5% Rh/TiO 2(4% WO 3). The SO 2 effect on the catalyst activity was examined using sulfated samples of the above catalysts and SO 2‐containing feeds. Temperature‐programmed desorption and oxidation studies were carried out to examine the adsorption characteristics
of NO and C 3H 6, respectively, in the absence or the presence of SO 2. The adsorption data were linked to variations in the NO reduction rates over fresh and sulfated samples. Modification of
the support surface as a result of the SO 2 presence affects the NO and propene sorption characteristics, the NO oxidation and the propene consumption rates.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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