Recovering water-immiscible solvents from oilseeds

Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society - Processes used in desolventizing are reviewed. Anomalous high residuals in desolventized, deodorized and toasted flakes can be accounted for by...     

Recovery of water-soluble compounds from Ganoderma lucidum by hydrothermal treatment

The polypore fungus Ganoderma lucidum provides bioactive compounds containing several triterpenoids and polysaccharides that are reported to posses anti-cancerous and immunomodulatory properties. In this study, we determined the optimal conditions for extracting water-soluble polysaccharide compounds present in the ground form (3-mm particle size) of G. lucidum using water in subcritical conditions at distinct temperatures by two methods: batch-type subcritical water extraction and semi-continuous-type extraction. The optimal condition where solubility is higher to recover the maximum total amount of β-glucan from G. lucidum (0.44 mg/100 g dried sample) was determined to be 473 K at 10 MPa, with a water flow rate of 1 ml/min for 130 min. For batch-type and semi-continuous-type extractions, the best solubility was obtained at 473 K having efficiencies of 78.1% and 57.4%, and the highest extracted amounts of total WSOC were 328 and 241 mg WSOC/g dry sample, respectively.     

Recovery of valeric acid using green solvents

In this work, extraction of valeric acid (VA) using tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) as a reactive extractant was carried out. To reduce the toxic effects of the conventional diluents on microorganisms, non-toxic and green edible sunflower and soybean oils were tried as the diluents. The high values of the distribution coefficient and extraction efficiency advocated to use them in the bio-refinery industries. Moreover, it shows intensification of the recovery of VA using reactive extraction process. Sunflower oil appeared to be a better diluent than soybean oil. The complexation reaction stoichiometry (m and n) and equilibrium complexation reaction constant $K_{E\left(m:n\right)}$ were estimated by using the differential evolution technique. In spite of the loading ratio being less than 0.5, the estimated m/n was found to be more than 1.0. The higher values of $K_{E\left(m:n\right)}$ occurred due to the 9higher stability of the VA-TBP complex in sunflower oil than in soybean oil. The stoichiometry of VA decreased with increasing TBP concentration. The complex concentration, ${\left[{\left(\mathit{HA}\right)}_m{S}_n\right]}_{\mathrm{org}}$, was found to be higher for soybean oil. It increased with temperature and initial VA concentration but remained invariant with TBP concentration. Due to the decreasing trend of $K_{E\left(m:n\right)}$ with temperature, the complexation reaction became exothermic. The enthalpy changes due to mass transfer stipulated easier mixing of the phases in sunflower oil than in soybean oil.     

Isolation of lipase from germinating oilseeds for biotechnological processes

Germinating oilseeds have been explored as a possible source of lipases (glycerol ester hydrolase, EC.3.1.1.3) for the biotechnological processing of oils and fats. Seedlings of rape (Brassica napus) and mustard (Sinapis alba) at day 4 of germination and cotyledons of lupine (Lupinus albus) seedlings at day 3 of germination yield active crude lipase preparations upon homogenization with Tricine buffer (pH 7.5) followed by centrifugation at 23,000 g. The major portion of the lipase activity, determined with an emulsion of sunflower oil as substrate, is recovered in the supernatant fraction. These crude lipase preparations exhibit highest activity between pH 8 and 9, but they are inactive in acidic pH or at pH>10. Each of the crude lipase preparations is highly specific for thesn-1,3 positions of triacylglycerols. The crude lipase preparations exhibit excellent stability on storage at −10 C, but about 50–60% of their activity is lost upon freeze-drying. Dialysis of the crude lipase prior to freeze-drying does not prevent the loss of activity. However, acetone powder obtained from the seedlings exhibits a lipase activity as high as the undialyzed crude lipase preparation.     

离子液体预处理油料作物木质纤维素

选取了3种离子液体：氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([Bmim]Cl)、溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([Bmim]Br)以及氯化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑([Omim]Cl),对油料作物木质纤维素部分：花生秸秆、花生壳以及油菜秸秆进行了预处理。对处理前后的物料进行了组分、酶解产糖以及结构分析。原料经酶解后,花生秸秆的产糖率最高(54.31%),且木质素含量最低,表明其更利于生物燃料的生产。3种离子液体中[Bmim]Cl预处理效果最好,产糖率最高可达85.43%(花生秸秆)。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和红外光谱(FT-IR)分析,花生秸秆表面最不完整,结构松散,结晶区域少。经离子液体处理后,所有物料均变得疏松多孔,表面粗糙,提高了物料的可及度。在此基础上,分析阴阳离子对于木质纤维素的溶解过程,发现氯离子和[Bmim]⁺对于纤维素的溶解影响最显著。     

Breeding for improved oilseeds

Breeding for improved oilseeds has traditionally emphasized improvement in yield, oil content and disease resistance. Improved protein has been sought by some breeders in recent years. The soybean varieties Provar and Protana were released in 1969 because they contain higher protein percentages than other varieties. Glandless cotton varieties are being bred by public and private breeders. Two glandless varieties have been released by commercial breeder-seedsmen, but one has been withdrawn because of low yield. It probably will be several years before glandless varieties are of commercial significance. Safflower germplasm has been screened and a source of improved lysine has been identified. This lead may be pursued, but major problems of disease susceptibility and high fiber content also demand attention. Emphasis in sunflower programs will be on developing higher yielding lines and on exploiting the possibility of developing hybrids. Sunflower research personnel is so limited that there is not likely to be any major effort on quality factors for some time. Sesame research is very limited, major emphasis being on control of shattering. One of 21 papers presented at the Symposium, “Oilseed Processors Challenged by World Protein Need,” ISF-AOCS World Congress, Chicago, September 1970.     

Decorticating linseed and other oilseeds

A unique model huller capable of effectively decorticating linseed and other small oilseeds was developed. On linseed, a yield of 25 to 30% of apparently clean hulls was obtainable, but the hulls had an inherently high oil content ranging from 16 to 25%. Altho the oil in hulls has approximately the same iodine number and drying time as the kernel oil, it appears to be characteristic of the hull structure rather than absorbed from the kernel. Decorticating hempseed with this same huller noticeably improved the oil color, and materially improved the protein content and appearance of the cake. Good decorticating results were also obtained with this huller on cantaloupe seed, rapeseed, and some varieties of mustard seed. Tests on perilla were inconclusive.     

Modeling the solvent extraction of oilseeds

A computer model and an experimental procedure for generating data needed in the model have been developed for the oilseed extraction process. The experiments are relatively simple and are performed with a bench-top extractor. Experimental results and modeling calculations are presented for the extraction of cottonseed using hexane, isopropanol and ethanol. The calculations show that in an alcohol extraction using a chill separation, isopropanol’s greater oil miscibility allows for a lower solvent-to-feed ratio than does ethanol. Using the latter solvent, however, achieves lower residual lipids in the extracted meal because recycled ethanol contains less oil than recycled isopropanol. Presented in part at the AOCS meeting in Honolulu, HI, in 1986.     

脱除磷石膏中水溶磷、水溶氟的实验研究

磷石膏的综合利用对磷化工行业可持续发展和长江流域生态保护具有重大意义。但是磷石膏中含有少量磷、氟以及有机物等有害杂质影响其应用性能,不能直接利用。因此,通过采用石灰中和、水洗、浮选3种净化除杂预处理工艺研究了云南安宁某公司磷石膏中水溶磷、水溶氟的脱除规律。结果表明,石膏调浆-石灰-母液循环预处理技术能有效脱除磷石膏中的水溶磷、水溶氟,脱除率分别为74.95%、76.20%,质量分数可降至0.090%、0.043%,满足GB/T 23456—2018《磷石膏》的二级品指标限值要求;三级逆流水洗工艺也能有效脱除磷石膏中的水溶磷、水溶氟,脱除率分别为78.81%、89.94%,质量分数可降至0.087%、0.018%,预处理后的磷石膏质量也可达到GB/T 23456—2018《磷石膏》的二级品指标要求;而“一粗二精”正浮选工艺不仅能实现石膏和石英的高效分离,而且也能实现水溶磷、水溶氟的有效脱除,从而提高了产品纯度,并且达到GB/T 23456—2018《磷石膏》的一级品指标要求。从经济可行性角度和当前磷石膏的低值化利用途径分析,研究形成的石膏调浆-石灰-母液循环磷石膏预处理工艺更具有适用性。     

Some water-soluble copolymers from lignin

The utilization of lignin materials would be enhanced if lignin properties could be altered through chemical modification. Towards this end, lignosulfonate, recovered from spent pulping liquors, was grafted with acrylamide or acrylic acid, using redox initiation. Study was made of the effects of some reaction variables (such as reaction medium, lignin/monomer ratio, and initiator concentration) on the copolymerization efficiency and on the copolymer characteristics. Lignosulfonate having bivalent counterions yielded better copolymerization results than that having univalent cations. Aqueous solutions of graft copolymers displayed high viscosities, and exhibited promising stability during storage and against shearing, suggesting the potential use of copolymers as water-thickening agents.     

Trace element composition of common oilseeds

Nineteen varieties of groundnut(Aracbis bypogea), 8 of mustard(Brassica nigra), 9 of coconut(Cocos nucifera), and 6 each of sesame(Sesamum indicum) and safflower(Carthemum tinctorius) were analyzed for total ash and 9 mineral nutrients. Varietal dif-ferences were significant in magnitude for zinc in sesame-, for man-ganese, molybdenum and chromium in mustard; for calcium, iron, manganese, copper, molybdenum and chromium in groundnut; for calcium, molybdenum and chromium in safflower; and for calcium, iron, copper and molybdenum in coconut. Sesame was the richest source of most of the inorganic nutrients.     

Practical considerations in commercial utilization of oilseeds

In the past 40 years oilseeds have gained a dominant position in the U.S. agriculture. Soybeans have made more rapid progress in the feed and food industries than other oilseeds because of the low cost in their production, easy adaptability to solvent processing, and importance to the feed and food industries. The foreign markets have been a great asset to the soybean industry. However, each of the other oilseeds is finding its special place in the industry through modification of the seed by plant breeding, the development of new techniques in oil mill processing and other technical modifications. Even geographical location of a crop can be a deciding factor in the economics of successful operation. Production and processing of oilseeds in other countries often presents economic and food acceptance problems that are entirely different than those in the U.S. Both the favorable and unfavorable factors involved in production, composition, processing and conversion of the protein concentrates into acceptable foods are discussed. The recent oilseed research and development which holds promise for increasing utilization of oilseed in foods is reviewed. This includes progress in the breeding of high protein soybeans, new centrifugal techniques for reducing the gossypol in cottonseed meal, progress in the development and production of glandless cottonseed, processing new varieties of sunflower seed, the potential for new and improved oil solvents, the advantages of extrusion processing of oilseed meals, and other techniques which might be expected to improve the color, flavor, texture and other properties of oilseed proteins for foods. Presented at the AOCS-AACC Joint Protein Short Course, French Lick, Indiana, July 13–16, 1969.     

Reactive extraction of oilseeds with dialkyl carbonates

Using dialkyl carbonates as reagents for lipase‐catalyzed transesterification, the reaction is driven by the evolvement of carbon dioxide as the co‐product and thus no longer an equilibrium reaction. Therefore this transesterification method is faster and quantitative conversions can be obtained. Short‐chain dialkyl carbonates, like other short‐chain esters, are also suitable solvents for seed oil extraction. Thus, extraction and transesterification can be combined in a single reaction. This reaction, called reactive extraction, was carried out in a standard Soxhlet apparatus with rapeseed, linseed and calendula seed as the raw materials and with dimethyl and diethyl carbonate as extraction solvent and transesterification reagent at the same time. Fatty acid methyl esters and ethyl esters respectively were obtained with higher yields than those achieved by conventional two step extraction / transesterification. In the case of linseed fatty acid esters and especially calendula seed fatty acid esters, the iodine values of the products obtained by one‐pot‐two‐step reactive extraction were significantly higher.     

Processing of oilseeds using fluidbed technology

The introduction of fluidbed technology in processing soybeans is discussed. Particular emphasis is given to energy and investment savings which are most significant with the newly developed EW-dehulling-conditioning process.     

ZnTe electrodeposition from organic solvents

The electrodeposition of zinc telluride was investigated from various organic solvent baths such as methanol, acetonitrile, propylene carbonate. The potential window increases with increasing boiling point of the solvents. In particular, ZnTe with high crystallinity could be obtained in propylene carbonate by the under-potential deposition (UPD) of Zn. The current efficiency for ZnTe deposition in propylene carbonate was enhanced considerably compared to that in acidic aqueous solutions. A single-phase ZnTe film close to the ideal stoichiometric composition of ZnTe could be obtained at 423 K and −0.8 V versus Ag/AgCl in propylene carbonate with a molar ratio of Zn(II)/Te(IV) = 10 and a low Te(IV) concentration; the film had a smooth and dense granular crystal morphology.     

Volatility of solvents from polysulfone melt

The equilibrium volatilities and solvent–polymer interaction indices are measured for 23 solvents in molten polysulfone. On the basis of the results, the solvents are ranked in the order of their effectiveness: phenol, pyridine, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, methylene chloride, cyclohexanone, chlorobenzene, dimethylformamide, fluorobenzene, diglyme, toluene, xylene, chloroform, sulfolane, methyl ethyl ketone, acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, carbon tetrachloride, dimethyl sulfoxide, decane, octane, and heptane. In determining the solvency power, the basic interpretative concept is that a large value of the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter indicates an unfavorable interaction, a low positive value indicates slightly favorable interaction, and a negative value indicates a rather strong specific interaction. Two other interaction indices, namely, the exchange energy parameter of Flory, X₁₂, and χ^*, the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter based on an hypothetical characteristic state, do not yield the same order as listed above. The data presented permits calculation of Henry's law constant and equilibrium volatilities at the temperature range of 250–300°C, a processing range for polysulfone.     

Slow release of water-soluble salts from polymers

Release rates of NaCl and NaF from mixtures with polystyrene, polyethylene, thermosetting polyester, and crosslinked polyethylene have been studied. Salt/polymer granules were prepared by melt mixing under different conditions. The release process was studied in batch as well as continuous systems. The salt release from polymer into water depends on such parameters as salt content, temperature, water flow rate, and salt particle size.