Intelligent interaction design: the role of human-computer interaction research in the design of intelligent systems

As more intelligent systems are introduced into the marketplace, it is becoming increasingly urgent to consider usability for such systems. Historically, the two fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and human- computer interaction (HCI) have had little in common. In this paper, we consider how established HCI techniques can usefully be applied to the design and evaluation of intelligent systems, and where there is an urgent need for new approaches. Some techniques - notably those for requirements acquisition and empirical evaluation - can usefully be adopted, and indeed are, within many projects. However, many of the tools and techniques developed within HCI to support design and theory-based evaluation cannot be applied in their present forms to intelligent systems because they are based on inappropriate assumptions; there is consequently a need for new approaches. Conversely, there are approaches that have been developed within AI - e.g. in research on dialogue and on ontologies - that could usefully be adapted and encapsulated to respond to this need. These should form the core of a future research agenda for intelligent interaction design.     

On the design of human-computer interaction for administrative offices

Abstract

After pilot research in public sector administration offices of the FRG state Baden-Württemberg, the registration and update of personnel data was simulated in an experimental terminal station. The dialogue style was varied: (a) Transaction-oriented: In this mode the data of a complete mask are sent widespread to a host and checked there for input errors. The feedback is then sent back to the terminal, (b) Field-oriented: In this mode the data of every field or character is checked and feedback is sent back immediately. 25 administration officials participated in the trial sessions. They solved real tasks (full case, update) with the different program versions. The experimental data consisted of behaviour registration and interviews about learning, working style and system features. From the results certain design principles were formulated.     

Specifying control and data in the design of educational software

When using the computer as a tool for learning, it is useful to distinguish between the contents and the realization aspects of an interactive session. We describe an approach which makes this distinction explicit to the author by viewing the programming process as one of giving independent specifications of: (a) data. i.e. what is to be learned, and (b) control, i.e. the particulars of the dialogue.A system. MEDICS, for training medical students in clinical decision making is presented as an illustration of the approach. We stress the importance of providing an interactive environment supporting powerful editing operations as the primary tool for the author. The paper specifically describes the MEDICS environment for construction of medical simulations and how control of execution is specified.     

Language, communication, social interaction and the design of human-computer interfaces

The importance of human sciences to the design of information technology is now generally recognized. As part of this recognition there is an interest in employing findings about language, communication and social interaction in design. In particular there has been a great deal of recent interest in the use of the methods and findings of conversation analysis, a sociological approach to the investigation of the structure of human conversation. The paper discusses the rationale for the use of such findings, outlines directions currently being pursued in this area, and provides a bibliography of recently-published and forthcoming research.     

A review of human factors guidelines and techniques for the design of graphical human-computer interfaces

This paper aims to alert human-computer interface designers to human factors guidelines and techniques relating to computer graphics. The paper is structured according to the following three areas: Production of Graphics, Display of Graphics and Manipulation of Graphics.     

Specifying timing constraints and composite events: an application in the design of electronic brokerages

Increasingly, business applications need to capture consumers' complex preferences interactively and monitor those preferences by translating them into event-condition-action (ECA) rules and syntactically correct processing specification. An expressive event model to specify primitive and composite events that may involve timing constraints among events is critical to such applications. Relying on the work done in active databases and real-time systems, this research proposes a new composite event model based on real-time logic (RTL). The proposed event model does not require fixed event consumption policies and allows the users to represent the exact correlation of event instances in defining composite events. It also supports a wide-range of domain-specific temporal events and constraints, such as future events, time-constrained events, and relative events. This event model is validated within an electronic brokerage architecture that unbundles the required functionalities into three separable components - business rule manager, ECA rule manager, and event monitor - with well-defined interfaces. A proof-of-concept prototype was implemented in the Java programming language to demonstrate the expressiveness of the event model and the feasibility of the architecture. The performance of the composite event monitor was evaluated by varying the number of rules, event arrival rates, and type of composite events.     

基于微博交互关系算法的敏感舆情研究

传统的敏感舆情模型中,不论是基于文本或是数据挖掘的分析方法都是直接处理网络舆情,未结合网络传播特性分析.针对上述问题,研究并采用基于微博交互关系算法:通过量化微博的敏感程度,分析用户的交互关系来构建微博敏感舆论传播模型.实验基于新浪微博,搜索到一定数量的敏感用户,对用户的交互行为进行分析,得到未来有发表敏感舆论倾向的用户并进行监控.实验结果证明,与传统的舆情模型相比,该方法可行且有效,开拓了舆情分析思路,适用于当前网络舆情研究.     

As~(3+)与DNA4种碱基相互作用的理论研究

砷在进入生物体后,可通过对基因损伤和基因表达等多方面的影响而发挥其毒性。本文运用量子化学计算,研究了As3+与DNA4种碱基的配位作用。从理论上确立了As3+与4种碱基的配合特征和各种配合物的相对稳定性以及As3+对4种碱基配合的选择性。当As3+与碱基结合时,最多能与3个碱基配体形成稳定构型,我们共得到17个稳定的三配体配合物。其中,As3+与O和N所形成配位键As-O和As-N的键长范围分别为(1.76~1.85)?和(1.88~2.01)?。As3+与4种不同碱基作用时,倾向与鸟嘌呤发生配位反应,且易于结合位点羰基O处发生反应。     

Specifying comfortable driving postures for ergonomic design and evaluation of the driver workspace using digital human models

Specifying comfortable driving postures is essential for ergonomic design and evaluation of a driver workspace. The present study sought to enhance and expand upon several existing recommendations for such postures. Participants (n = 38) were involved in six driving sessions that differed by vehicle class (sedan and SUV), driving venue (laboratory-based and field) or seat (from vehicles ranked high and low by vehicle comfort). Sixteen joint angles were measured in preferred postures to more completely describe driving postures, as were corresponding perceptual responses. Driving postures were found to be bilaterally asymmetric and distinct between vehicle classes, venues, age groups and gender. A subset of preferred postural ranges was identified using a filtering mechanism that ensured desired levels of perceptual responses. Accurate ranges of joint angles for comfortable driving postures, and careful consideration of vehicle and driver factors, will facilitate ergonomic design and evaluation of a driver workspace, particularly when embedded in digital human models.     

Designing emotionally evocative homepages: an empirical study of the quantitative relations between design factors and emotional dimensions

Emotional aspects of homepages are becoming more important as people spend more time in cyberspace. This research aims to identify quantitative relationships between key design factors and generic dimensions of secondary emotions so that we may develop homepages which target emotions more effectively. In order to achieve this goal, we conducted three related studies. In the first study, we identified 13 generic dimensions of secondary emotions that people usually feel when viewing diverse homepages. In the second study, we identified key design factors that professional designers frequently use in their attempts to develop emotionally evocative homepages. Finally, in the third study, we identified quantitative relationships between the key design factors and the 13 emotional dimensions. This paper describes these three studies and concludes with the implications and limitations of the study results.     

Humans in the loop: human-computer interaction and security

The security field suffers from an endemic problem: despite our best efforts, the current infrastructure is continually full of security vulnerabilities. The systems that comprise this infrastructure also are full of boundaries and interfaces where humans and systems must interact: most secure systems exist to serve human users and carry out human-oriented processes, and are designed and built by humans. From the perspective of the human-computer interaction (HCO community), many of these interfaces do not reflect good thinking on how to make them easy to use in a manner that results in security. From the perspective of the security community, many widespread security problems arguably might stem from bad interaction between humans and systems. I recently attended a workshop (ACM/CHI 2003 Workshop on Human-Computer Interaction and Security Systems) that tried to bring together these communities to trigger further inquiry into this area. In this article, I want to discuss the workshop and how the thinking there applies to the secure systems topic this department addresses.     

Specifying the dynamic behavior of management systems

Decision making in any complex system is a very difficult task. In Man, decisions are reached as a result of trying to satisfy both conscious and unconscious goals. To emulate this in a computer system we need to find a way of representing goals and modeling the decision making process. This paper describes a model for decision making in the context of the management of distributed computer systems, and discusses the implications for the representation of goals and other information used during the decision making process. The work described in this paper was performed in the ESPRIT II project DOMAINS. This project is concerned with developing an architecture for the integrated management of all resources in a networked system. The emphasis of this paper lies in modeling rather than implementation.     

Specifying and verifying requirements of real-time systems

An approach to specification of requirements and verification of design for real-time systems is presented. A system is defined by a conventional mathematical model for a dynamic system where application specific states denote functions of real time. Specifications are formulas in duration calculus, a real-time interval logic, where predicates define durations of states. Requirements define safety and functionality constraints on the system or a component. A top-level design is given by a control law: a predicate that defines an automation controlling the transition between phases of operation. Each phase maintains certain relations among the system states; this is analogous to the control functions known from conventional control theory. The top-level design is decomposed into an architecture for a distributed system with specifications for sensor, actuator, and program components. Programs control the distributed computation through synchronous events. Sensors and actuators relate events with system states. Verification is a deduction showing that a design implies requirements     

New relations between the Schur-Cohn-Fujiwara and Nour Eldinstability criteria

The authors demonstrate relationships between two different stability criteria, including reduced-order versions of these criteria. Modifications of the criteria can also be used for root counting. The various matrices whose signatures are the key to obtaining root distributions are related by congruency transformations with triangular structure, implying that the sign patterns of the leading principal minors are identical     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Scene art design based on human-computer interaction and multimedia information system: an interactive perspective

Multimedia Tools and Applications - With the concept of the information superhighway being proposed, the educational model with the aid of information technology has developed rapidly. This paper...     

Classification of semantic relations between nominals

The NLP community has shown a renewed interest in deeper semantic analyses, among them automatic recognition of semantic relations in text. We present the development and evaluation of a semantic analysis task: automatic recognition of relations between pairs of nominals in a sentence. The task was part of SemEval-2007, the fourth edition of the semantic evaluation event previously known as SensEval. Apart from the observations we have made, the long-lasting effect of this task may be a framework for comparing approaches to the task. We introduce the problem of recognizing relations between nominals, and in particular the process of drafting and refining the definitions of the semantic relations. We show how we created the training and test data, list and briefly describe the 15 participating systems, discuss the results, and conclude with the lessons learned in the course of this exercise.     

TD-SCDMA终端的低功耗研究及设计

在深入分析TD-SCDMA系统特性的基础上,对TD-SCDMA终端的低功耗技术进行了深入研究,并成功实现了TD-SCDMA终端在待机模式下的低功耗设计。     

Sensitivity integral relations and design trade-offs in linearmultivariable feedback systems

The purpose of this paper is to develop integral relations regarding the singular values of the sensitivity function in linear multivariable feedback systems. The main utility of these integrals is that they can be used to quantify the fundamental limitations in feedback design which arise due to system characteristics such as open-loop unstable poles and nonminimum phase zeros and to such fundamental design requirements as stability and bandwidth constraints. We present extensions to both the classical Bode sensitivity integral relation and Poisson integral formula. These extended integral relations exhibit important insights toward trade-offs that must be performed between sensitivity reduction and sensitivity increase due to the aforementioned system characteristics and design constraints. Most importantly, these results display new phenomena concerning design limitations in multivariable systems which have no analog in single-input single-output systems     

计算机虚拟校园的建造与人机交互的实现

为了构建"数字校园",展示校园风貌、传播校园信息,建立了一个虚拟校园漫游交互系统.利用视景仿真工具MutiGen Creator和Vega在计算机上虚拟校园并实现人机交互.以上海电子信息职业技术学院为原型,逼真的模拟了校园场景及多方位漫游,并且在虚拟漫游系统中通过了多种方式达到了人机交互的效果.将该系统在多种硬软件平台下运行,均有较好效果,表明其具有移植性好、感觉直观、操作灵活、交互性和沉浸感强等特点.     

关于产品外型概念设计方法的研究

本文主要介绍了计算机辅助设计中实体造型常用的方法。如基于树结构、基于关键点的遗传算法、同伦映射法等,并通过实验结果进一步加深了对上述各方法的解释。