回归制度对7A20铝合金RRA过程中组织性能的影响

系统研究了RRA处理过程回归制度对7A20铝合金组织性能的影响,测试了力学性能和电导率,利用OM和TEM(HRTEM)表征了晶界和晶内的微观组织结构。结果表明:在160 ℃的回归温度下,随回归时间的延长,抗拉强度由630 MPa降低到525 MPa;经120 ℃保温12 h的再时效处理后,抗拉强度由645 MPa升高到710 MPa;回归时间越长,再时效引起的强度增量越大,80 min时达到最大值185 MPa。在200 ℃的回归温度下,回归时间为10 min时,便达到峰值强度715 MPa。随回归温度提高,导电率先升高后降低,与回归时间呈正相关关系。经160、200和240 ℃下峰值强度对应的回归处理后,基体晶粒尺寸分别为55、65和70 μm,相差不大。200 ℃×10 min的回归处理+再时效处理后,晶界处存在不连续的MgZn₂相,尺寸在10~20 nm,与基体呈非共格关系;晶内存在弥散分布的纳米级η′强化析出相,与基体呈共格或者半共格关系;晶界处存在45~55 nm宽度的PFZ(Precipitation free zone)区。     

Al-Li合金回归机制的计算机模拟

基于离散格点形式的微扩散方程(Langevin方程),对Al-Li合金在回归过程中δ-Al_3Li相溶解进行了原子层面计算机模拟,分析了析出相在回归过程中原子图像和序参数的演化,进而探讨了Al-Li合金的回归机制.首次探明Al-Li合金的回归过程有序相演化序列为化学计量比δ′相→非化学计量比有序相→无序基体,并论证了亚稳区合金的回归过程更趋向于失稳区合金时效过程的逆过程;失稳区合金的回归过程更趋向于亚稳区合金时效过程的逆过程.     

Regulation Mechanism of Novel Thermomechanical Treatment on Microstructure and Properties in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy

Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, tensile test, exfoliation corrosion test, and slow strain rate tensile test were applied to investigate the properties and microstructure of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy processed by final thermomechanical treatment, retrogression reaging, and novel thermomechanical treatment (a combination of retrogression reaging with cold or warm rolling). The results indicate that in comparison with conventional heat treatment, the novel thermomechanical treatment reduces the stress corrosion susceptibility. A good combination of mechanical properties, stress corrosion resistance, and exfoliation corrosion resistance can be obtained by combining retrogression reaging with warm rolling. The mechanism of the novel thermomechanical treatment is the synergistic effect of composite microstructure such as grain morphology, dislocation substructures, as well as the morphology and distribution of primary phases and precipitations.     

回归再时效处理对喷射成形7055铝合金挤压厚板组织与性能的影响

采用力学性能测试、抗剥落腐蚀性能测试、透射电镜(TEM)观察等方法,研究了回归再时效(RRA)处理对喷射成形7055铝合金挤压厚板微观组织与性能的影响。结果表明:厚板采用到温装炉的方式进行回归加热时,试样升温过程仍较长,提高回归加热温度有利于缩短试样在低温阶段的停留时间。试样经120 ℃×14 h预时效+(185 ℃×130 min、190 ℃×118 min)回归+120 ℃×24 h再时效两种RRA工艺处理后纵向屈服强度分别为649.3 MPa和652.6 MPa,高于T76试样的621.5 MPa;而抗剥落腐蚀性能与T76试样接近,达到EB级。试样经RRA处理后基体沉淀析出相主要为η′相+少量GP区,其尺寸为3~10 nm,晶界析出的η相呈断续分布。提高厚板试样在回归低温阶段的加热速率有利于提高试样再时效后的强度,而提高试样回归温度有利于提高RRA试样的抗剥落腐蚀性能。     

Influence of retrogression and reaging on microstructure,mechanical properties and susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking of an Al‐Zn‐Mg alloy

The aim of the present work was to determine the influence of the retrogression and reaging (RRA) heat treatment on the correlation between microstructure, mechanical properties and susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of the AlZn5Mg1 alloy in dry air and sea water. The alloy received in the T6 temper was subjected to 9 different heat treatments, including retrogression at temperature 453–513 K for 600–3600 s, and reaging at temperature 363 K or 403 K for 16 h, 24 h or 48 h. The susceptibility to SCC was investigated by slow strain rate tensile tests at 10^?6 s^?1 strain rate; change in time to failure, fracture energy and reduction in area were taken into account. Generally, the heat treatment improving mechanical properties increased susceptibility to SCC. The observed effects were discussed in terms of change in microstructure, especially size and distribution of phase precipitates. The role of change in dislocation network was the most likely of no importance.     

Investigation of the relationship between intergranular corrosion and retrogression and reaging in the AA6063

AA6063 was heat treated with different retrogression temperatures and durations, and the effect of heat treatment conditions on the microstructure, hardness, electrical conductivity, intergranular corrosion (IGC) and electrochemical corrosion behaviours of the AA6063 was determined compared with the T6 condition. The IGC test was applied according to the BS EN ISO 11846: 2008 standard. Moreover, potentiodynamic polarization tests were applied to determine the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of the heat‐treated samples. Electrochemical corrosion tests were carried out by using a Ivium Compactstat potentiostat in 3.5 wt.%. NaCl solution at 24°C with a scanning rate of 0.5 mV/s. The corrosion test cell consisted of the reference electrode (Ag/AgCl), working electrode (test sample) and a reference electrode (platinum). The effect of IGC on the microstructure of AA6063 and corrosion depth values was investigated by using a stereo optical microscope and a light metal microscope, respectively. Corrosion depth examinations were performed on microstructures taken from the cross‐sections of the samples. The chemistry of the precipitates formed at grain boundaries and distribution of the precipitates in the microstructure were investigated by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X‐ray and transmission electron microscope analyses. The results showed that retrogression and reaging heat treatment improves both the corrosion resistance and the mechanical properties of AA6063. After 50°C/15 min RRA heat treatment, the highest corrosion resistance and a higher hardness value than the T6 level were obtained.     

新型Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金型材回归再时效处理的组织与性能

采用拉伸、硬度、电导率测试和透射电镜分析等方法研究了不同回归处理工艺对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金型材组织与性能的影响。结果表明,采用120℃×24 h+180℃×45 min+120℃×24 h回归再时效处理后,合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度、伸长率和电导率分别为613.5 MPa、599 MPa、11.1%和39.2%IASC。与T6态相比,合金在抗拉强度和伸长率相当的情况下,屈服强度和电导率显著提高,合金的抗应力腐蚀性能明显改善。合金晶内为细小的η’相和η相,晶界沉淀相断续分布,伴有较窄的晶界无析出带。     

Electrochemical assessment of laser heat treatment of an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy

The effect of laser heat treatment on the corrosion properties of the 7075 aluminum alloy was studied electrochemically. Laser retrogression and re-aging (LRRA) is proposed to replace the retrogression treatment of retrogression and re-aging. Transmission electron microscopy was used to analyze the microstructure of the alloy. The corrosion of the alloy treated using different LRRA parameters was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Using the polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, it was concluded that the best corrosion resistance was obtained by the alloy treated at 2 mm/s with a laser power of 650 W. The spacing between the precipitate-free zone and grain boundary precipitates increased. It is proved that the laser process can effectively improve the corrosion resistance of the 7075 alloy.     

Retrogression and re-aging treatment of Al-9.99%Zn-1.72%Cu-2.5%Mg-0.13%Zr aluminum alloy

1 Introduction The 7000 series aluminum alloys have been widely used as aircraft structure material because of their high strength/density ratio. This series of alloys provide high strength in the T6 condition but are prone to stress corrosion cracking(SC…     

时效析出相在强变形过程中的室温回归现象

利用透射电镜和硬度测量实验手段，研究了多相Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金在强烈塑性变形中的组织和性能变化，特别是析出相的改变。结果发现：强烈塑性变形加工可引起析出相变形、碎化，然后溶入基体形成过饱和固溶体。这种合金在重新时效处理时可再次沉淀析出。提出了析出相回溶现象的“畸变自由能”观点。认为因品格畸变导致析出相自由能显著升高，当高于基体相的自由能时，便会发生析出相室温溶解的自发过程，称此过程为应变回归以区别于由热处理时加热引起的回归。     

The Effects of Retrogression and Reaging on Aluminum Alloy 2099 (C458)

The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of performing retrogression and reaging (RRA) heat treatments on 2099 aluminum-lithium alloy. The retrogression temperatures were 200-250 °C and retrogression times were 5-60 min. Half of the samples were exposed to a salt fog environment. Interestingly, the samples exposed to salt spray had consistently higher mechanical tensile properties than those which were not exposed.     

Creep aging behavior of retrogression and re-aged 7150 aluminum alloy

Creep aging behavior of retrogression and re-aged (RRAed) 7150 aluminum alloy (AA7150) was systematically investigated using the creep aging experiments, mechanical properties tests, electrical conductivity tests and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations. Creep aging results show that the steady-state creep mechanism of RRAed alloys is mainly dislocation climb (stress exponent≈5.8), which is insensitive to the grain interior and boundary precipitates. However, the total creep deformation increases over the re-aging time. In addition, the yield strength and tensile strength of the four RRAed samples are essentially the same after creep aging at 140 °C for 16 h, but the elongation decreases slightly with the re-aging time. What's more, the retrogression and re-aging treatment are beneficial to increase the hardness and electrical conductivity of the creep-aged 7150 aluminum alloy. It can be concluded that the retrogression and re-aging treatment before creep aging forming process can improve the microstructure within grain and at grain boundary, forming efficiency and comprehensive performance of mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of 7150 aluminum alloy.     

Microstructure and Properties of 7075Al Alloy Fabricated by Directly Combined of Spray Forming and Continuous Extrusion Forming under Different Atomization Gas Pressures

A new process consisting of the spray forming and the continuous extrusion forming for manufacturing 7075Al alloy was proposed.The microstructure evolution,mechanical properties and the resistance to stress corrosion cracking of the alloy were studied.The results indicate that the spray forming process induces obviously grain refinement and greatly lower segregation microstructure.Besides,the Conform process produces finer grains and conduces to more uniform distribution of the precipitates of Al Cu and MgZn_2 phases.The fabricated alloy shows good comprehensive mechanical properties and superb performance of stress corrosion resistance.Moreover,a better combination of the mechanical properties and the resistance to stress corrosion cracking could then be obtained under a certain condition of atomization gas pressure of 0.19 MPa.The enhanced properties are attributed to the following factors,which include the grain refinement,the fine and homogeneous distribution of Al Cu and MgZn_2 phases,the high density of the extruded products,as well as the discontinuous distribution of the grain boundaries after retrogression and reaging(RRA)heat treatment.     

Influence of short-term heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of EN AW-6060 T4 extrusion profiles: Part A

Aluminium alloys are applied in various industrial fields and play an important role concerning weight reduction especially in the automotive industry. Because of their higher strength, age-hardening alloys are commonly preferred. However, the cold formability in comparison to other materials like mild steels is quite low and due to this, complex parts are hardly producible at higher temperatures. One possibility to improve the cold formability of aluminium alloys is the so called tailor heat treatment. In this approach, a short-term heat treatment is conducted to achieve a local softening of the material due to dissolution of strengthening clusters (retrogression). This effect is used to improve the material flow, relief critical forming zones and enhance the overall formability of the material. Afterwards, strength can be increased again by aging. However, up till now tailor heat treatment has mainly been used for aluminium sheet. Further, a holistic process understanding, taking into account all process parameters as well as a complete integration of microstructural findings is missing. Therefore, the dissolution and precipitation behaviour during heating of Tailor Heat Treated Profiles (THTP) from the aluminium alloy EN AW-6060 T4 is investigated. Heating curves from 20 to 600 °C with heating rates of 0.01 up to 5 K/s are recorded, using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Based on the peak temperatures of one DSC-curve, tensile tests were carried out after a comparable heat treatment. It is shown, that the mechanical properties gained by the tensile test correlate with the microstructure results of the DSC measurements. The correlation of the microstructure and the mechanical properties enables the derivation of optimal parameters for the development of THTP through a local softening. In Part B the heat treatment parameter for the subsequent forming process as well as the evolution of the mechanical properties during natural aging after different short-term heat treatments are discussed.     

回归再时效（RRA）处理对7050铝合金的影响

采用TEM和维氏硬度计研究了回归再时效 (RRA)处理对 70 5 0铝合金的影响 ,对处理后合金试样的强度和伸长率进行了测试 ,并对试样断口在SEM下进行了观察。研究发现 ,当回归温度为 45 3K ,在回归曲线上 ,随着回归时间的延长 ,硬度值下降 ,在 36 0 0s达到硬度最低值 ;继续延长回归时间 ,硬度值上升 ,在 72 0 0s硬度值达到最大值 ,随后硬度值下降 ;在RRA曲线上 ,随着回归时间的延长 ,硬度值上升 ,在 36 0 0s达到硬度峰 ,随后硬度值下降。当回归温度为 473K时 ,虽然与在 45 3K回归和再时效行为的趋势相同 ,但在回归曲线上 ,硬度的谷值和峰值时间都提前 ,并且硬度峰值稍微降低 ;在RRA曲线上 ,硬度峰提前。TEM研究结果表明 ,70 5 0铝合金在T6状态的硬化来自GP区。在回归处理过程中硬度谷值的产生与GP区的回溶有关 ,而峰值的产生与 η′和 η相的沉淀析出有关 ;在RRA处理过程中 ,峰值的产生与 η′和 η相的沉淀析出有关。回归温度对 70 5 0铝合金的影响与GP区、η′和 η相形核和时效沉淀动力学受回归温度影响有关。经过RRA(393K× 2 2h + 45 3K× 1h + 393K× 30h)处理后合金要比T745 1处理后的强度高 19% ,而伸长率稍微降低 ,经过RRA(393K× 2 2h + 473K× 5min + 393K× 30h)处理后合金要比T745 1处理后的强     

回归再时效工艺对7055铝合金板材组织及性能的影响

通过TEM、SEM、DSC等分析及拉伸试验、电导率测试,对7055铝合金板材回归再时效后的显微组织、性能进行了系统研究。结果表明,随着回归时间的延长,回归再时效处理后的合金强度先升高后降低,导电率单调升高。与T6态相比,合金经回归再时效处理后,晶界析出相间距变大,呈断续分布,且晶内强化相的尺寸也发生了一定程度的粗化。当合金板材的回归再时效工艺为121℃×24 h+170℃×30 min+121℃×24 h时,7055铝合金板材的综合性能最优,抗拉强度达630.75 MPa,屈服强度达588.75 MPa,导电率达34.75%IACS,断裂机制为混合型断裂。     

真空热处理对微波烧结93W-Ni-Fe合金显微组织及力学性能的影响

研究真空热处理对微波烧结挤压棒坯93W-Ni-Fe合金显微组织及力学性能的影响,采用高倍SEM和光学金相分别对合金断口和显微组织进行观察,采用能谱分析仪对合金真空热处理前后各元素含量进行定量分析,并对真空热处理样的相对密度、抗拉强度、延伸率和硬度进行测定和分析.结果表明:经真空热处理后,钨合金的各项力学性能都得到了提高,抗拉强度和延伸率提高显著,抗拉强度从920 MPa提高到了988 MPa,延伸率从9.7％提高到了18.6％;真空热处理后,显微组织中钨晶粒的连接度降低,合金断口中钨晶粒的穿晶解理断裂和粘结相的延性撕裂增多;真空热处理后合金粘结相中的钨含量明显降低.     

回归再时效处理对含Sc超高强Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金组织与性能的影响

通过透射电镜分析、拉伸性能和电导率测试,研究回归再时效处理(RRA)工艺对含Sc超高强Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金组织与性能的影响。结果表明：120 ℃,24 h预时效+180 ℃, 30 min回归+120 ℃, 24 h终时效的RRA处理,可以使合金保持接近T6态的强度和较高的电导率;晶内析出组织与T6态合金组织类似,而晶界析出相聚集、粗化,与双级过时效组织相似。     

Al-Li合金回归过程的数值模拟

基于离散格点形式的Langevin方程,以Al-12%Li合金为对象,模拟合金完全回归的过程。结果表明,Al-Li合金完全回归过程经过Li的固溶,δ’相的回归,δ’相的无序化;Al-Li合金完全回归,其温度需要达到一定条件才可以发生,否则即使延长回归时间,有序相也只发生部分回归;温度越高,Al-Li合金完全回归时间越短,Li含量越低,发生完全回归的温度越低。     

The Effects of Retrogression and Reaging on Aluminum Alloy 2195

A retrogression and reaging (RRA) treatment was performed on 2195 Al-Li Alloy. The exposure times were from 5 to 60 min, and the temperatures were from 200 to 250 °C. Samples that were exposed to a salt spray test had overall similar mechanical properties as compared to those that were not exposed. The percent elongation, however, was significantly deteriorated due to the salt spray exposure. The mechanical properties of the 2195 samples were compared to those of 2099 samples exposed to similar treatments in an earlier study.