以MCM-41为载体担载Ni-Mo硫化物制备柴油深度加氢脱硫催化剂

用全硅MCM-41担载Ni-Mo双金属活性组分制备了高活性加氢脱硫催化剂,并考察了其对二苯并噻吩(DBT)、4-甲基二苯并噻吩(4-MDBT)、4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩(4,6-DMDBT)和高硫直馏柴油加氢脱硫反应的活性。结果表明,所研制的催化剂对DBT、4-MDBT、4,6-DMDBT和高硫直馏柴油(w_S=2.83％)均具有很高的加氢脱硫活性。该系列催化剂的最佳Ni/Mo原子比为0.75,高于以γ-Al_2O_3作载体的传统Ni-Mo催化剂的最佳原子比。在DBT的加氢脱硫反应中,双组分催化剂低温下(<300℃)生成环己烷基苯(CHB)的选择性高于联苯(BP),与MoO_3/MCM-41的产物分布不同。随着温度的升高,CHB的选择性显著下降,而生成苯和环己烷的选择性显著提高,说明裂解产物主要由CHB分解而得。由TPR谱图可知,Mo和Ni活性组分在表面存在相互作用,从而使得氢耗特征温度发生变化。在Ni/Mo原子比为0.75时,TPR谱上出现4个特征峰,说明Mo和Ni的配伍性和协同作用对于提高催化剂活性很重要。     

K2O对Co-Mo/MCM-41催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响

分别采用分步浸渍法和共浸渍法将K2O引入Co-Mo/MCM-41催化剂的前驱体中,制得的催化剂分别记作K-CoMo/MCM-41和KCoMo/MCM-41,并以质量分数0.8 %二苯并噻吩（DBT）的十氢萘溶液作模型化合物,考察了3种硫化物催化剂对其加氢脱硫(HDS)反应的催化性能。采用XRD、UV-Vis和TPR分析手段对所得的催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,采用共浸渍法引入K2O,不仅破坏了载体全硅MCM-41的结构,还降低了Co-Mo/MCM-41催化剂中八面体配位的Mo物种含量;采用分步浸渍法将K2O引入Co-Mo/MCM-41前驱体中,对催化剂中物种的分布和配位状态影响不大,但抑制了Co-Mo/MCM-41前驱体的还原。DBT的脱硫路径有直接脱硫(DDS)和加氢脱硫(HYD)两条路径,在Co-Mo/MCM-41硫化物催化剂上,主要通过DDS路径脱硫。KCoMo/MCM-41对DBT的DDS和HYD的催化活性都低于Co-Mo/MCM-41,因而总的DBT HDS反应活性也较低。而采用分步浸渍法引入K2O对Co-Mo/MCM-41总的DBT HDS催化活性影响不大,但提高了Co-Mo/MCM-41对DDS路径的催化活性,同时抑制了其对HYD路径的催化活性,降低了反应过程中氢气的消耗。     

MCM-41作载体制备磷化钼加氢脱硫催化剂

通过原位还原方法制备了MCM-41担载的MoP催化剂并用TPR和XRD方法对其进行了表征。选用二苯并噻吩(DBT)作模型化合物,考察了催化剂的加氢脱硫(HDS)反应活性和产物分布。结果表明,MoP/MCM-41催化剂的HDS反应活性明显高于MoP/Al2O3催化剂,从加氢脱硫产物分布看,DBT在MoP/Al2O3催化剂上主要通过直接脱硫路径脱硫,而在MoP/MCM-41催化剂上,直接脱硫和预加氢脱硫路径都发挥了重要作用。由中性和碱性浸渍液制备催化剂的HDS活性相当,高于用酸性浸渍液制备的催化剂。     

Na+、K+离子交换对Co-Mo/MCM-41加氢脱硫催化剂的影响

 用偏硅酸钠和正硅酸乙酯作硅源制备了MCM-41（分别记作MCM-41(S)和MCM-41(T)）分子筛，并用Na₂C₂O₄和K₂C₂O₄对MCM-41(S)进行了碱金属离子交换改性。以质量分数0.8 %的二苯并噻吩（DBT）的十氢萘溶液为模型化合物，考察了不同MCM-41担载的Co-Mo硫化物催化剂对DBT的加氢脱硫反应性能。结果表明，MCM-41担载的Co-Mo催化剂加氢活性较低，DBT主要通过直接脱硫反应路径脱硫。其活性顺序为：Co-Mo/MCM-41(T)>Co-Mo/MCM-41(S)>Co-Mo/MCM-41(K)>Co-Mo/MCM-41(Na)。UV-Vis结果表明，部分Co与MCM-41(S)中少量Al发生相互作用，生成了CoAl₂O₄，是造成Co-Mo/MCM-41(S)活性降低的重要因素。而在Co-Mo/MCM-41(K)和Co-Mo/MCM-41(Na)中，除CoAl₂O₄物种之外，碱金属的引入还促进了Co₃O₄物种的形成，使其活性进一步降低。     

二苯并噻吩和4-甲基二苯并噻吩在Mo和CoMo/γ-Al2O3催化剂上加氢脱硫的反应机理

研究了二苯并噻吩(DBT)和4-甲基二苯并噻吩(4-MDBT)在Mo／γ-Al2O3和CoMo／γ-Al2O3上加氢脱硫反应的产物分布及其可能的反应网络，并通过反应压力和温度对产物分布的影响，揭示了加氢脱硫反应的可能机理。DBT在Mo／γ-Al2O3上的加氢脱硫反应主要通过直接氢解路径和加氢路径进行，两种途径的作用相近；在CoMo／γ-Al2O3催化剂上的加氢脱硫主要通过直接氢解路径进行。4-MDBT在Mo／γ-Al2O3和CoMo／γ-Al2O3上的加氢脱硫反应主要通过加氢路径进行。Co的加入有助于提高Mo／γ-Al2O3催化剂的加氢脱硫活性，尤其是直接氢解脱硫活性。4-MDBT加氢脱硫反应中加氢路径的相对作用显著大于DBT加氢脱硫反应的加氢路径，间接证明4-MDBT的加氢脱硫过程存在对“端连吸附”的空间位阻。4-MDBT分子中甲基的供电子作用有利于促进苯环的加氢反应，从而有助于缩小与DBT分子间加氢脱硫活性的差别。在DBT和4-MDBT加氢脱硫反应中，反应压力和温度对加氢路径的影响大于对氢解路径的影响。     

4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩在Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3上加氢脱硫反应机理的研究

研究了4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩(4,6-DMDBT)在Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3上的加氢脱硫反应产物分布及其可能的反应网络,并通过反应压力和温度对产物分布的影响,揭示了加氢脱硫反应的可能机理.研究发现,4,6-DMDBT在Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3上存在甲基位置转移的异构化反应,而4,6-DMDBT加氢脱硫反应通过直接氢解路径和加氢路径进行,其中加氢路径起主要作用.通过4-甲基二苯并噻吩(4-MDBT),二苯并噻吩(DBT)的对比试验表明,二苯并噻吩类加氢脱硫转化率4,6-DMDBT<4-MDBT<DBT,而反应产物中联苯类与环己基苯类的摩尔分数之比,也存在上述顺序,加之实验发现的4,6-DMDBT部分加氢产物加氢脱硫的高活性,都间接证明二苯并噻吩类硫化物在催化剂表面存在通过硫原子的端连吸附,4,6-DMDBT位于4,6位的两个甲基在加氢脱硫过程存在对"端连吸附"的空间位阻,这是造成4,6-DMDBT转化率低的主要原因.实验研究表明反应压力对4,6-DMDBT加氢脱硫反应中加氢路径的影响很大,而对氢解路径影响不明显;反应温度对4,6-DMDBT加氢脱硫反应中加氢路径和氢解路径都有很大影响,但对氢解路径的影响相对较大.4,6-DMDBT分子中甲基的供电子作用有利于苯环的加氢反应,从而降低了加氢路径反应活化能,却不利于4,6-DMDBT在催化剂表面通过硫原子的端连吸附,因而使氢解路径的反应活化能升高.     

CoNiMo/MCM-41催化的二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫反应

 以质量分数为0.8 %的二苯并噻吩（DBT）的十氢萘溶液为模型化合物，考察了全硅MCM-41担载的CoMo、NiMo以及CoNiMo硫化物催化剂的加氢脱硫（HDS）反应性能。结果表明，DBT在NiMo/MCM-41催化剂上主要通过加氢反应路径脱硫，而在CoMo/MCM-41和CoNiMo/MCM-41催化剂上主要通过直接脱硫反应路径脱硫。NiMo/MCM-41催化剂的HDS活性远高于CoMo/MCM-41或CoNiMo/MCM-41催化剂。CoNiMo/MCM-41催化剂反应性能与CoMo/MCM-41催化剂相似，没有观察到明显的双助剂效应。根据紫外-可见漫反射光谱（UV-Vis）的测定结果，Co与Mo之间的相互作用比Ni与Mo之间的相互作用强，在CoNiMo/MCM-41催化剂中Co会优先与Mo结合，形成与CoMo/MCM-41催化剂中类似的活性相，表现出与CoMo/MCM-41催化剂相似的催化特性。     

哌啶对MO/MCM-41催化剂上二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫反应的影响

在固定床反应器上考察了哌啶对二苯并噻吩(DBT)的加氢脱硫(HDS)反应活性及反应路径的影响。反应所用催化剂为MCM-41分子筛担载的Co-Mo或Ni-Mo硫化物,MoO3的负载量为20%,Co(Ni)与Mo的摩尔比为0.75。反应前,催化剂用10% H2S和90% H2的混合气进行硫化,硫化温度为400℃,硫化时间为3 h。HDS反应压力为5.0 MPa,温度为260-340℃,催化剂用量为0.2 g。反应原料为含哌啶和DBT分别为0-0.3%和0.8%的十氢萘溶液,液时空速为27 h-1。研究结果表明,无论是在Co-Mo／MCM-41 催化剂上还是在Ni-Mo／MCM-41催化剂上进行DBT的HDS反应,少量哌啶的存在都会大幅度降低催化剂的活性。由DBT的HDS反应产物的选择性分析发现,哌啶对HDS的抑制作用主要体现在对加氢反应路径的毒害作用。随着反应温度的升高,哌啶的加氢脱氮活性提高,HDS的反应活性接近于原料中没有哌啶时的活性,说明哌啶的毒害作用可能是因为它与含硫化合物竞争吸附而低温下加氢脱氮活性较低所致。     

以SBA-15为载体担载Ni-Mo制备深度加氢脱硫催化剂

 以TEOS为硅源、聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物表面活性剂（P123）为模板剂，在水热条件下合成了SBA-15，用XRD、N₂ 吸附、HRTEM等方法对其进行了表征。以SBA-15作载体，担载Ni-Mo制备了深度加氢脱硫(HDS)催化剂，在高压固定床反应器上以二苯并噻吩(DBT)和4,6-二甲基-二苯并噻吩(4,6-DMDBT)为模型化合物，考察了以SBA-15作载体的催化剂对DBT和4,6-DMDBT的HDS活性。结果表明，合成的SBA-15具有较高的比表面积、均匀的孔径。SBA-15担载Ni-Mo制备的催化剂表现出较高的加氢脱硫活性，其中Ni/Mo原子比为0.25时，催化剂的加氢脱硫活性最高。     

喹啉对Ni-Mo催化剂HDS性能的影响

 考察了喹啉存在时 Ni-Mo/MCM-41、Ni-Mo/MCM-41-Y(C)和Ni-Mo/MCM-41-Y(M)催化剂对二苯并噻吩（DBT）的加氢脱硫(HDS)活性,研究了载体孔道及酸性位的分布对催化剂耐氮性能的影响。结果表明,喹啉对DBT 加氢脱硫的加氢反应路径存在明显的抑制作用,而对氢解反应路径没有抑制作用。喹啉对DBT 加氢脱硫的氢解反应和加氢反应路径的不同作用,表明 DBT 在Ni-Mo 催化剂上进行HDS 时氢解反应和加氢反应可能发生在不同的活性位。孔道结构和酸性位的分布不同的Ni-Mo/MCM-41-Y(M)催化剂的耐氮能力弱于Ni-Mo/MCM-41-Y(C)催化剂,表明载体的孔道结构和酸性位的分布对催化剂的耐氮性能具有重要影响。     

阿姆河右岸酸性气田井口冲蚀及对策

中亚土库曼斯坦阿姆河右岸气田群为高含H_2S和CO_2的碳酸盐岩气藏,单井产量高,井口设备均出现了不同程度的腐蚀。初步分析认为其原因是生产过程中仅考虑酸性介质对气井井口的化学腐蚀,而没有考虑气体流速对井口的冲蚀作用,极大地影响了气田的安全生产。为此,通过对节流阀上下游阀道、法兰面均出现明显坑状腐蚀的进一步分析,明确了化学腐蚀和气体冲蚀的交互作用是井口磨损的主要影响因素,气流冲刷腐蚀坑的化学腐蚀产物会加速冲蚀损害;进而借鉴冲蚀与腐蚀运行环境下的多相管流管道的磨损计算理论,计算了该运行环境下的冲蚀极限速度,得到了不同生产工况下节流阀的抗冲蚀流量;最后,根据气田生产情况,针对性地提出了按气井配产要求来选择采气树类型、节流阀通径及类型冲蚀的技术控制策略。此举为气田安全生产提供了工程技术保障。     

山前地区深井超深井套管防磨与减磨技术研究

针对山前地区深井超深井钻井过程中套管磨损严重的问题,在分析套管磨损机理的基础上,开展了山前地区套管防磨与减磨技术研究,基于技术研究成果及应用实践,得到如下结论:1应用Power V等垂直钻井系统控制井眼轨迹,特别是上部井段的狗腿度和井斜,可明显减小侧向力和磨损量,缩短套管磨损时间;2应综合考虑套管磨损率、磨损系数以及钻杆耐磨带本身的磨损量,优选出效果最优的耐磨带;在狗腿度严重的位置,可考虑采用一定数量的橡胶钻杆卡箍来减轻对套管的磨损;3山前地区钻井液采用CX-300减磨剂能够显著降低磨损速率,减轻套管磨损程度,但在不同钻井液体系使用之前应进行优化分析以确定最佳使用量;4在迪那204井使用高密度钻井液体系,全部采用优选的高密度重晶石粉代替铁矿粉作为加重剂,整个钻进过程中未出现钻具及套管磨损,迪那204井易损件消耗量仅为邻井迪那203井的左右,防磨减磨效果非常显著。     

Biodiesel Projects Helpful to Ease Energy Shortage

Nearly 7,000 hectares of biodiesel forest will take shape in the northern province of Hebei in 2008, part of a national campaign to fuel the fast growing economy in a green way. In no more than five years, the Pistacia chinensis Bunge, whose seeds have an oil content of up to 40 percent, will yield five tons of fruit and contribute about two tons of high-quality biological diesel oil, according to the provincial forestry administration.     

State Energy Base Proposed in Inner Mongolia

Experts recently suggested China set up a state energy base in lnner Mongolia Autonomous Region to ease its energy thirst. The survey was co-conducted by senior researchers from the National Development and Reform Commission, Development Research Center of the State Council, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Finance. To plan and establish strategic energy bases at state level is in line with the principle of ＂giving priority to energy saving and diversifying energy consumption with the utility of coal at the core.＂     

Influence of Shale Oil Boom in North America upon nternational Crude Price Flucturation

正Current stituation of shale oil development in the world The US The country is blessed with abundant shale oil resources and had matersed whole sets of theories and technologies needed for their exploration and development after years of practices.According to an assessment of shale oil resources in major countries and regions of the world issued by the U.S.Energy Information Agency(EIA),the US ranks the second in the world with its 6.8 billion tons of technically recoverable shale oil(shale oil in place is about 136.3 tons).About 8plays had been confirmed to have     

A Sintering-resistant Pd/C Composite Catalyst for Ethylbenzene DehydrogenationDeveloped by CAS Institute of Metals

Carbon deposition is a commonplace phenomenon occurringin the catalytic reaction process, in particular inthe system of direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene,because the reactant - ethylbenzene molecules on thesurface of metal oxide catalysts are prone to quickly formcarbon deposits, leading to deactivation of catalysts. Recently,the associate research fellow Mr. Liu Hongyangand the research fellow Mr. Su Dangsheng of the StateShenyang Material Science （United ） Laboratory of theInstitute of Metal Research, CAS by taking advantageof the carbon deposition process during direct dehydrogenationof ethylbenzene have ingeniously designeda Pd/C composite catalyst. This catalyst in comparisonwith the traditional commercial carbon nanotubesupported Pd catalyst shows a significantly improved performancein terms of its catalytic activity and sinteringresistantability.     

ZPEB Overseas Markets Keep Steady and Efficient Development

In recent years, Zhongyuan Petroleum Exploration Bureau （ZPEB） has made rapid development in overseas petroleum markets through its integrated reorganization. A new international business plattbrm established, aimed at becoming a highly ranked contractor with international petroleum engineering technology. ZPEB has expanded its business scope and scale, regulated the market structure,     

New Era for China-Brazil Relations

China and Brazil celebrated the 40th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries in July this year. Bilateral relations between China and Brazil have entered a new stage, and experts expect the already extensive cooperation between the two countries to deepen and broaden as Chinese President Xi Jinping made a state visit to Brazil in mid-July, which is his first state visit to Brazil since he assumed the office last year. The visit to China＇s largest trade partner in Latin America is at the invitation of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff.     

Large Scale Ethylene Production Package Technology SuccessfullyDeveloped by CNPC

The CNPC Group has successfully developed a largescaleethylene production package technology with independentintellectual property rights, which has beensuccessfully applied in the 1.2 Mt/a ethylene revamp andexpansion project at the Daqing Petrochemical Complex（DPC）.     

Recent Advancements in Petroleum E & P Equipments in China

The role of equipments in oil and gas exploration and development had never been attached with so much importance as that in shale oil and gas boom in the U.S. With the help of massive hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques, the U.S., the world＇s No. 1 oil importer even started to dream about energy self-sufficiency with its proudly high production of shale oil and gas from several major shale plays in the country. However, what behind this remarkable achievement are powerful multi-stage hydraulic fracturing machinery and smart tools for directional drilling.