EMD分解与多特征融合的齿轮故障诊断方法

为解决齿轮振动信号在现实中难以获取大量典型故障样本和分类的精确度低的问题,提出基于EMD分解与多特征融合的齿轮故障诊断方法。首先,提取反映信号特征的各项参数指标作为特征向量;其次,利用经验模式分解(EMD)对原始信号进行分解,进而提取分解后各本征模式分量(IMF)的能量指标组成特征向量;然后,将其与信号特征各项参数融合成特征向量组合,并将其作为SVM多故障分类器的训练样本进行训练,实现齿轮的智能诊断。通过实验室轴承的故障诊断研究表明:该方法对于齿轮的各种状态具有很好的分类精确度,更加有效地识别齿轮故障类型。     

基于全矢NA-MEMD的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

针对EMD分解多通道信号得到的IMF分量在数量和频率成分出现的不匹配现象和单通道分析方法存在信息利用不充分的问题,提出了一种基于噪声辅助多维经验模式分解(NA-MEMD)与全矢谱结合的滚动轴承故障诊断方法——全矢NA-MEMD。利用NA-MEMD对同源双通道信号和噪声辅助信号构成的多通道信息自适应分解成一系列IMF分量;根据相关系数从同源双通道中选取包含故障主要信息的IMF分量进行重构;将重构信号进行全矢信息融合来提取故障特征。通过仿真信号和实验信号分析验证该方法的有效性。     

基于VMD与时间序列分析的滚动轴承故障特征提取方法

为了在非线性、非平稳的滚动轴承故障振动信号中有效提取出敏感的故障特征,提出了基于变分模态分解(VMD)与时间序列分析相结合的特征提取方法。首先通过VMD将原始信号分解为不同预设尺度的本征模态分量(IMF),对各个IMF分量建立时间序列预测模型,通过叠加重构得到最终的预测模型,比较评价指标确定最优参数的选取。最后,通过仿真信号与滚动轴承实际故障数据分析,并与经验模式分解(EMD)进行对比,结果表明该方法能够有效的提取到故障特征频率。     

基于EMD和改进Teager能量算子的轴承故障诊断

为实现在非线性非平稳的轴承振动信号中提取出故障特征频率,提出了一种经验模态分解(EMD)和改进的Teager能量算子(NTEO)相结合的故障诊断方法。首先通过EMD将振动信号分解为若干阶本征模态分量(IMF),计算各阶IMF的峭度和与原信号的相关系数,利用峭度和相关系数均较大的IMF进行信号的重构,然后利用NTEO计算重构信号的瞬时Teager能量序列,最后对能量序列进行FFT变换,提取轴承的故障特征频率。分别对轴承内圈和外圈故障的振动信号进行分析,清晰地提取出了故障特征频率,并通过与传统Hilbert包络谱和Teager能量谱进行对比,验证了方法的有效性。     

基于VMD混合域特征和SSA-SVM的滚动轴承故障诊断

滚动轴承早期故障信号易受噪声干扰,故障冲击成分难以提取,故障识别困难。为从多角度提取故障轴承振动信号特征参数,利用变分模态分解(VMD)将振动信号分解为若干本征模态分量(IMFs),基于包络熵、相关系数、峭度筛选IMF分量。提取所选IMF的时域和频域特征、信号VMD能量熵及各IMF能量比组成特征向量,从时域、频域和能量角度反映故障信息。使用麻雀搜索算法(SSA)优化SVM参数,确定最优参数,克服参数选择难题。将样本特征向量输入SSA-SVM中进行故障分类,轴承故障实验数据表明：该方法故障识别平均准确率在98.71%以上;与单一域特征相比,该方法对故障类型和损伤程度识别效果更佳。     

基于奇异值差分谱降噪与经验模式分解的滚动轴承故障特征提取方法

针对滚动轴承振动信号含有大量噪声且具有非线性、非平稳特性致使故障特征难提取的问题,提出一种基于奇异值差分谱降噪与经验模式分解(EMD)相结合的滚动轴承故障特征提取方法。首先,将滚动轴承振动信号在相空间重构的基础上利用奇异值差分谱完成降噪;其次,将降噪后的信号经EMD筛分为多个含有信号局部特征的本征模式分量(IMF);最后对与原信号相关度最大的IMF进行Hilbert包络解调,进而提取故障特征频率。实验结果表明:该方法不仅有效去除信号噪声,而且准确提取滚动轴承的故障特征。     

基于EMD与BP神经网络的齿轮故障诊断

针对基于传统BP神经网络的齿轮故障诊断方法存在收敛速度慢,误差较大等问题,提出经验模式分解（EMD）与BP神经网络相结合的齿轮故障诊断方法。首先简述经验模式分解和BP神经网络的基本原理,然后采用EMD方法提取齿轮时域信号中的各个IMF分量,计算IMF分量中故障信号能量特征参数,将这些能量特征参数作为BP神经网络输入参数进行故障诊断。在齿传动故障实验台上采集足够的样本数据进行实验研究。结果表明:与传统的BP神经网络相比,可将训练误差从0.01降低至0.001左右。此外,训练迭代次数可减小至10次以内。     

齿轮传动系统齿根裂纹早期故障识别

建立齿轮系统动力学模型,分析不同深度的齿根裂纹齿轮系统的振动响应和裂纹的故障特征,采用经验模式分解EMD(Empirical Mode Decomposition)方法与频域分析对齿轮早期裂纹故障实验中振动加速度传感器获取的齿轮箱振动信号进行分析。用EMD方法分别将0 mm、2 mm、4 mm的齿轮齿根裂纹故障信号分解为本征模式IMF(intrinsic mode function),对各IMF分量进行频域分析并与仿真信号对比。结果表明:仿真结果可清晰得到齿轮早期裂纹故障的特征频率,通过频谱分析,齿轮裂纹故障其对啮合频率的幅值影响不大,但随裂纹深度增加,啮合频率及其倍频附近的边频带幅值增加;与实验信号进行对比,现象均符合裂纹故障特征。由此可以看出EMD方法可以有效的实现齿轮裂纹早期故障的识别。     

基于EEMD-FSK的滚动轴承故障诊断

为了解决轴承故障特征提取中经验模态分解(EMD)出现的模态混叠现象,提出一种集合经验模态分解(EEMD)、快速谱峭度选频和共振解调技术相结合的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。对原始振动信号进行EEMD处理,分解为多个本征模态函数(IMF);将符合峭度准则的IMF分量筛选出来,对其进行信号重构,对重构信号进行快速谱峭度计算得出快速谱峭度图,从图中选出最优频带中心和带宽,确定FIR带通滤波器设计参数;最后通过共振解调技术对滤波信号进行包络分析,得出包络谱确定滚动轴承故障特征信息。通过滚动轴承实验分析,验证了此方法的可行性。     

基于EMD与对数能量的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

滚动轴承在发生损伤时,产生周期性脉冲振动,提取冲击振动的周期特征是故障诊断的关键。为了提取滚动轴承的故障特征频率,根据滚动轴承的振动响应信号特征,提出基于经验模态分解(EMD)和对数能量的故障特征频率提取方法。首先通过经验模态分解找到包含故障信息的本征模态函数（IMF）,然后对IMF的短时能量进行积分并取自然对数,获得信号的对数能量变化曲线,最后通过对曲线的谱分析,找到轴承的故障特征频率。仿真和实验数据验证了该方法的有效性,并和Hilbert包络法与能量算子法进行了对比,表明该方法能更显著地突出故障特征频率。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.