Effects of distance between arc and heat sink on stress and distortion in DC-LSND welding technology

The characteristics of temperatures, stresses and strains fields have been studied numerically for a titanium alloy sheet welded with an improved gas tungsten arc welding method, in which a trailing spot heat sink is introduced to control the welding stress and distortion. The impinging jet model is employed to describe the internee heat transfer between the cooling media and the top suufuce of the workpiece. The influcnee of the distance between arc and heat sink is investigated. Results show that there is an ideal range of distance. Using the ideal distance, a low stress and no distortion welding structure can be derived.     

基于电磁力随焊控制残余应力和变形的可行性分析

提出了基于脉冲电磁力随焊控制焊接应力及变形新方法.针对平面螺旋线圈,采用ANSYS软件论证了该方法的可行性.该方法的基本思想是将电磁线圈置于焊件上方,并在焊接过程中使其始终处于靠近焊枪的合适位置.将线圈通入较大的脉冲电流,产生变化磁场,使焊件感生涡流,线圈和焊件之间产生电磁力的作用.依靠电磁力对热态焊缝及近缝区金属的延展作用控制残余应力及变形.结果表明,平面螺旋线圈轴向电磁力的方向垂直板面向下,能够延展高温金属.基于电磁力随焊控制焊接残余应力和变形是可行的.     

激光焊在解决薄壁壳体焊接变形的应用研究

基于薄壁壳体的焊接变形,研究了壳体变形理论、T形接头的激光焊工艺,利用激光焊技术解决了其焊接变形大的问题。根据激光热源、壳体材料的特点制定焊接工艺流程,通过改变激光入射角的方式,解决薄壁壳体上T形接头的激光焊问题。通过试验验证,确定激光焊参数,在保证焊接质量的前提下,做到焊接变形小、焊缝成形美观,壳体焊接变形控制在0. 12 mm以下。     

Effects of welding parameters and welding sequence on residual stress and distortion in Al6061-T6 aluminum alloy for T-shaped welded joint

The distribution of temperature and then the distribution of residual stress and distortion in the stiffened aluminum alloy Al6061-T6 plates under the metal inert gas (MIG) welding process were investigated by three dimensional thermo-mechanical coupled finite element model using Ansys software. The properties of materials were considered temperature-dependent and the filler metal was added to the workpiece by the element birth and death technique. In three modes of current, two different speeds and two various sequences, the distribution of residual stress and distortion were calculated and analyzed. The results showed that increase in welding speed decreased the vertical deflection in the plate, transverse shrinkage and angular distortion of plate and the lateral deflection of stiffener, but increased the maximum longitudinal tensile stress in the plate and stiffener. Furthermore, increase in current increased the residual stress and deformation in the plate and stiffener, and the change in the welding sequence changed the distribution of the distortion in the plate and the stiffener without significant change in the distribution of the longitudinal residual stress.     

焊接过程三维应力变形数值模拟研究进展

焊接非平衡加热、冷却过程导致产生焊接应力与变形，严重影响焊接过程及结构的服役行为，是焊接结构生产制造过程中必须解决的关键技术问题之一。作者对目前国内外焊接过程中焊接应力与变形的数值模拟研究及工程应用进行了分析。结合研究小组的研究工作，对大型复杂结构焊接过程中三维焊接应力变形数值模拟存在的困难、需要解决的主要技术问题进行了评述，并介绍了几个工程应用实例。     

Q345/316L异种钢焊接残余应力与变形数值模拟

文中基于SYSWELD有限元分析软件对Q345/316L异种钢焊接过程的瞬态温度分布、残余应力及变形进行了数值模拟,并通过试验对其模拟结果进行了验证. 试验测量结果与数值模拟结果吻合良好,证明了利用SYSWELD模拟异种钢焊接的可靠性. 结果表明,异种钢焊接温度场呈不对称分布,Q345侧的高温区域范围更大. 不论是横向残余应力还是纵向残余应力,沿焊缝方向均呈帽状分布且在焊缝中部位置存在最大残余应力;在垂直于焊缝中央截面上,纵向残余应力与横向残余应力在焊缝和焊缝附近区域分布是不连续的,存在较大的应力梯度且应力状态也较复杂,而最大残余应力出现在Q345侧的熔合线处. 不同的热输入下模拟结果表明,在保证焊接接头质量的前提下,最好采用小热输入的焊接工艺.     

An efficient approach to analysis of distortion in complex welded structures

This paper presents a methodology for evaluation of distortion in complex welded structures using an inherent strain approach. Although inherent strains were used by number of investigators earlier, they used time-consuming thermo-elastic-plastic analysis of near weld zone to obtain inherent strains. This analysis had to be performed separately for each different weld. Correlation between extensive experimental data on distortion and inherent strain is used in the work reported here and it avoids thermo-elastic-plastic analysis completely, making the FE analysis very fast. The examples taken from the literature, where experiments were performed on complex welded structure, are used as verification examples. The versatility of the method for use on any odd configuration and the accuracy of results obtained using this method is demonstrated.     

Effect of trailing heat sink on residual stresses and welding distortion in friction stir welding Al sheets

Abstract

This paper investigates a trailing heat sink, which was designed and applied to friction stir welding (FSW) in order to control the residual stresses and welding distortion. Residual stresses, residual plastic strains and welding distortion of 2024-T3 and 5083-H321 Al sheets welded by FSW with and without the trailing heat sink were compared. The optimal placement of the heat sink was discussed. The results revealed that the reductions in peak tensile stresses were 66% for 2024-T3 and 58% for 5083-H321 by application of the trailing heat sink in FSW. In addition, the welding distortion could be reduced drastically by this method. The 5083-H321 sheet with a size of 1000×100×3·5 mm welded by this method was very flat and had almost no distortion. This method achieved in-process control of stresses and welding distortion, without additional complicated work before or after welding operation.     

Controlling welding residual stress and distortion by a hybrid technology of transient thermal tensioning and trailing intensive cooling

ABSTRACT

A new method of hybrid technology for controlling welding residual stress and distortion is proposed, which contains the transient thermal tensioning with two symmetrical heat sources ahead and the trailing intensive cooling with a cooling source behind the welding heat source during the welding process. Welding temperature, stress and distortion were compared and discussed under different welding processes by experimental and numerical methods. The results reveal that the hybrid technology adjusted the temperature field during welding and redistributed the longitudinal residual stress of welding joint. Thus, the welding residual distortion was reduced. Compared with conventional metal inert gas welding, the reductions of the welding residual stress and distortion of joint by the hybrid technology reached 65% and 58%, respectively.     

Characteristics of welding distortion/residual stress generated by fillet welding with laser beam and verification of generality of its highly accurate prediction

It was found that the characteristics of welding distortion and residual stress generated by laser beam welding (LBW) had the same tendency as those by arc welding but that the absolute value was small. Moreover, the process of LBW is quite different from that of arc welding, the validity and generality of the dominant factors to predict high accuracy welding distortion and residual stress generated by welding could be verified by the high accurate prediction of welding distortion and residual stress which had been proposed based on arc welding. Inherent force was proposed as a parameter which could indicate the magnitude of compressive residual stress, which might influence the load-carrying capacity. Although inherent forces with LBW were 40% that of arc welding, it was found that control of welding heat input was important so as to improve the load-carrying capacity.     

焊接顺序对T形接头残余应力和变形的影响

采用有限元热弹塑性分析方法对T形接头不同焊接顺序的残余应力和变形进行模拟.有限元模型中选用三维实体单元,分析了材料物性参数随温度的变化和对流、辐射散热的影响.运用单元生死技术模拟T形接头多道焊接过程,获得了不同焊接顺序T形接头焊接温度场和残余应力、变形场,并对计算结果进行了分析.结果表明,焊接顺序对T形接头的残余应力和...     

Effect of welding conditions on reduction in angular distortion by welding with trailing heat sink

Abstract

The effectiveness of welding with a trailing heat sink in reducing the angular distortion of a weld has been experimentally investigated with focus on the cooling position. A numerical model of welding with a trailing heat sink is constructed through the comparison of measured values of weld penetration, thermal cycles and angular distortion with those calculated. On the basis of this model, the effect of welding heat input conditions on the reduction in angular distortion is discussed to evaluate the versatility of welding with a trailing heat sink. The results indicate that the choice of an appropriate cooling position behind the welding heat source is essential for the effective reduction in angular distortion. The reduction in angular distortion by the heat sink at the appropriate cooling position increases with the heat input parameter Q_net/h, where Q_net is the weld heat input and h is the thickness of the plate.     

壳单元应用于薄板多道焊焊接数值模拟的方法探讨

针对目前薄板焊接残余应力有限元数值模拟中效率不高的情况,采用基于薄壳和复合层理论的壳单元来取代3D实体单元进行薄板多道焊数值模拟以预测残余应力方法的尝试,通过使用定义壳单元截面材料点数鼍来表征薄板厚度,在热分析中依靠解析方法得到温度分布,使用ABAQUS及多个用户子程序来完成力场残余应力分析的实现,通过与传统的3D单元模型计算薄板多道焊模拟的结果分析可知,采用复合层壳单元进行较为复杂的薄板焊接模拟效率相对较高,而精确度并没有下降.     

FSW接头残余应力分布及控制技术

对不同搅拌头、不同工艺参数条件下的搅拌摩擦焊焊接结构宏观变形进行了测量和分析,在优化参数条件下,研究了动态控制低应力无变形焊接技术搅拌摩擦焊焊接结构宏观变形及残余应力的影响。研究表明,减小搅拌头轴肩直径、降低焊接热输入有助于减小结构宏观变形;动态控制低应力无变形焊接技术有助于减小接头残余应力,但是对结构宏观变形的作用不是很明显。     

The effect of tack welding on numerically calculated welding-induced distortion

A single-layer pulsed gas metal arc weld of structural steel S355J2+N with a thickness of 5 mm is experimentally and numerically investigated. Two tack welds are considered in the numerical simulation into two different ways. First, the tack welds are represented by elements belonging to the initial material. This implies that the “tack weld material” was not exposed to any thermal load or phase transformation before actual welding was performed. The weld seam is shortened and there is an influence on the stiffness of the whole structure affecting the calculation result. Secondly, the tack welds were simulated as conducted in the experimental welding procedure. The cases considering tack welding are compared to a simulation neglecting tack welding and to the experimental results.The influence of tack welds on the calculated welding-induced distortion is clarified and a contribution to an improved simulation-based prediction of welding-induced distortion is possible by modeling tack welding according to the realistic fabrication procedure.     

V形坡口和K形坡口Q345/SUS304异种钢对接接头残余应力和变形

以ABAQUS软件为平台,开发热-弹-塑性有限元方法模拟了V形坡口和K形坡口Q345/SUS304异种钢多层焊对接接头的温度场、残余应力和焊接变形.同时采用试验的方法测量了接头的残余应力和角变形.计算结果与试验测量结果吻合良好,验证了计算方法的妥当性.数值结果表明,不同坡口Q345/SUS304异种钢接头的Q345母材与焊缝交界处的应力分布均出现不连续性,且SUS304侧的高拉伸残余应力区明显宽于Q345侧;K形坡口开口朝向Q345侧相较于开口朝向SUS304侧的接头,Q345/焊缝交界处附近的峰值应力和高拉伸残余应力区均明显较小.试验和数值结果表明,坡口形式对接头的角变形有明显的影响.     

Effects of heat input on welding buckling distortion by experimental measurement method

An experimental method based on digital image correlation technology is proposed to measure welding buckling distortion for bead-on-plane with tungsten inert gas welding. This study focuses on the effect of welding heat input for dynamic buckling and full-field distribution. The experimental results demonstrate that heat input has a great influence on welding buckling distortion. The longitudinal shrinkage of the weld bead is in direct proportion to the heat input. In the weld bead, the longitudinal plastic strain is small, while the transverse strain is large. The key points on the line, that is perpendicular to the bisector of the weld bead, experience a distorted trend of positive increase, constant displacement, negative increase and stable displacement, although the heat inputs are different.     

电渣焊接头焊接残余应力与变形的数值模拟

为研究电渣焊接头焊接残余应力的分布规律及变形特征,基于有限元分析软件MSC. Marc,开发了用于模拟电渣焊接头温度场、残余应力与焊接变形的热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法. 在所开发的计算方法中,采用全椭球等密度体积移动热源模型来模拟电渣焊的热输入,并以生死单元技术考虑焊缝成形,数值模拟了箱型柱中的腹板与隔板处电渣焊接头的焊接残余应力与变形. 同时,采用试验方法实测了电渣焊接头的横向收缩及角变形. 结果表明,横向收缩和角变形的计算结果都与试验值比较吻合,验证了所开发的数值计算方法的妥当性. 此外,利用数值模拟方法详细研究了电渣焊接头焊接残余应力的分布特征.     

多束流电子束薄板焊接应力变形数值模拟

为了减小薄板结构的焊接变形,基于电子束高频偏转扫描技术在焊缝两侧添加辅助扫描热源实现了多束流电子束焊接及焊前预热. 建立了矩形均匀加热辅助热源模型,采用热弹塑性有限元分析方法对1.5 mm厚304不锈钢薄板进行多束流电子束焊接数值模拟,并进行了试验验证. 结果表明,焊后残余应力和变形的实测结果与模拟结果吻合良好,多束流电子束焊接方法不仅可以改变熔池前方材料的受力状态,而且可以减小熔池形成瞬间熔池前方材料的压应力峰值,有利于减小熔池的前方压缩塑性应变,进而减小薄板结构的焊接变形.